source: trunk/clusters-calcul/presentation.tex @ 407

% $Id: presentation.tex 138 2007-11-30 06:15:07Z nanardon $
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}

\title{Computers cluster}
%%\subtitle{}
\author{Olivier Thauvin}
\date{\today}

\AtBeginSection[]
{
\begin{frame}<beamer>
    \frametitle{Plan}
    \begin{columns}[c]
        \column{2.5in}
            \tableofcontents[currentsection]
        \column{1in}
            \rand\includegraphics[height=25mm]{Chaton\theimg}
    \end{columns}
\end{frame}
}

\begin{document}

\frame{\titlepage}

\section*{Summary}

\begin{frame}{Plan}
\tableofcontents
\end{frame}

\section{Basis: computers units}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Network Units}
\begin{block}{Network unit}
\begin{itemize}
\item Units: Bits
\pause
\item the bits is the most basic unit: $0$ or $1$
\pause
\item $1kb = 1024b$
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\pause

\begin{block}{practice}
\begin{itemize}
\item $RTC = 56kb$
\item $ADSL \simeq 10Mb$, $Home Fiber \simeq 100-500Mb$
\pause 
\item $University Connectivity = 1Gb$
\item $Internet~DDU = 256kb$
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Storage Units}
\begin{block}{Storage unit}
\begin{itemize}
\item Units: Bytes
\pause
\item $1Bytes = 8bits$
\pause
\item $1kB = 1024B$
\pause
\item $1MB = 1024kB = 1048576B$
\pause
\item $1TB = 1024GB = 1048576MB$
\pause
\item $1EB = 1024PB = 1048576TB$
\end{itemize}
\end{block}

\begin{block}{practice}
\begin{itemize}
\item $Floppy Disk = 1.4 MB$
\pause
\item $CD-ROM = 650MB$, $DVD = 4GB$
\pause
\item $mp3 = 4MB$, $divX = 500MB$
\pause
\item $GOMOS~data = 15TB$ (medium project)
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Computation Units}
\begin{block}{Flops}
\begin{itemize}
\item floating-point operations per second
\item example: $1/2 \Rightarrow 1 flops/s$
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\pause
\begin{block}{Your computer}
\begin{itemize}
\item PC CPU: 1Gflops to 7Gflops
\item Graphic card: 250Gflops to 700Gflops
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\pause
\begin{block}{Bigger cluster around the world}
LLNL (USA, defense): 20132700Gflops
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\section{Inside the computers}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{The Motherboard}
\begin{columns}[c]
\column{2in}
\begin{exampleblock}{ASUS AV7333}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=40mm]{asus_mb}
\end{exampleblock}
\column{2.5in}
\begin{block}{}
\begin{itemize}
\item Main components (PC)
\begin{itemize}
\item \textcolor{red}{CPU}
\item \textcolor{green}{Memory}
\item \textcolor{blue}{Bus}
\item keyboard
\item graphic card
\end{itemize}
\pause
\item optionals components
\begin{itemize}
\item mouse and others rodents
\item hard drive
\item sound card
\item \ldots
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{The processor}
\begin{columns}[c]
\column{3in}
\begin{block}{CPU}
    \begin{itemize}
        \item perform computation
        \item one process at a time per processing unit
        \onslide<2->{
        \item \og{}CPU\fg{} is the physical component
        \item \og{}core\fg{} refer to processing unit
        }
        \onslide<3->{
        \item since around 2010 most CPU have multiple cores
        }
        \onslide<4->{
        \item some computers can handle multiple CPU
        }
    \end{itemize}
\end{block}
\column{1in}
\begin{exampleblock}{Intel Core 2}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=20mm]{cpu}
\end{exampleblock}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
    \frametitle{The Random Access Memory (RAM)}
\begin{columns}[c]
\column{3in}
\begin{block}{Data used by CPUs}
    \begin{itemize}
        \item the programs themself (system and applications)
        \item the program's data
        \item hard drive cache
    \end{itemize}
\end{block}

\begin{block}{Properties}
    \onslide<2->{
    \begin{itemize}
        \item is very fast
        \item is very small compared to storage
    \end{itemize}
    }
\end{block}
\column{1in}
\begin{exampleblock}{RAM}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=20mm]{ram}
\end{exampleblock}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
    \frametitle{Multitasking (long time ago)}
\begin{block}{Mono task: one thing at time}
Does not exists anymore on standard computers
\end{block}
\pause

\begin{block}{Cooperative multi taskting}
\begin{itemize}
\item More than one appplication are launch
\item Up to the running application to give back CPU
\end{itemize}
Concern:
\begin{itemize}
    \item MacOS 1 to 9 (before MacOS X)
    \item Windows 3.x, Windows 9x and Me
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Preemptive Multitasking}
\begin{block}{The system has the hand}
    \begin{itemize}
        \item the system dispatch CPU to apllication
        \item the handle user's defined priority
            \pause
        \item process can be kill:
            \begin{itemize}
                \item not enough memory
                \item memory corruption attempt
            \end{itemize}
    \end{itemize}
\end{block}
\pause

\begin{block}{The scheduler}
    It manage the order of application to run according
    \pause
    \begin{itemize}
        \item CPU resquested by applications
            \pause
        \item the number of process unit
            \pause
        \item hardware response time (hard drive)
            \pause
        \item process priority
    \end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\section{Models}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Size issues}
\begin{block}{How it works}
\begin{itemize}
\item an initial state: point representing atmosphere
\item a loop reprensenting time
  \begin{itemize}
  \item applying changes
  \item storing new step
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\pause

\begin{exampleblock}{Examples to mesure size}
\begin{itemize}
\item Cube: $O_3$ level / $m^3$ for 1km3: $1000 * 1000 * 1000 = 10^9 \simeq 1GB$
\pause
\item loop: 1 second step for 1 hour (3600 steps) 3TB of data
\end{itemize}
\end{exampleblock}
\pause

\begin{alertblock}{Issues}
\begin{itemize}
\item Take a lot of time
\item Need a lot of memory
\end{itemize}
\end{alertblock}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{The memory issue}
\begin{block}{Solutions:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Buy more memory
    \pause\\
    Necessary in some case but RAM is expensive
\pause
\item Write intermediate data / results on hard drive
    \pause\\
    Will slowdown the process, less with a proper database format
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Run the code faster}
\begin{block}{Solutions:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Buy a faster CPU
    \pause\\
    Maybe, but the CPU speed is reaching a limit\\
    Now the processor number increase, not the speed
\pause
\item Optimize the code
    \pause\\
    Of course, not enough sometimes
\pause
\item Make the code parallel
    \pause\\
    Yes ! Will split the work on all availlable cores\\
    Need some work, sometimes very complex
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\section{Clusters}

\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{About clusters}
    \begin{block}{Definition (Wikipedia)}
        A computer cluster consists of [\ldots] connected
        computers that work together so [\ldots] they can be
        viewed as a single system.
    \end{block}
    \pause

    \hfill
    \begin{block}{Pratice}
        \begin{itemize}
            \item a computer is call "node"
            \item two separate roles:
                \begin{itemize}
                    \item storage
                    \item computation
                \end{itemize}
            \item all computers share the same storages
            \item computers are independants
            \item a scheduler dispatch job on free node
        \end{itemize}
    \end{block}
    \pause

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{CICLAD}
\begin{block}{}
\begin{itemize}
\item managed by IPSL
\item located at Paris (UPMC)
\pause
\item Storage: 700TB
\item 18 calcul nodes (288 CPU)
\item 12 storage nodes, 600 hard drive
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{CICLAD}
\includegraphics[height=0.9\textheight]{ciclad}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{CLIMSERV}
\begin{block}{}
\begin{itemize}
\item managed by IPSL
\item located at Palaiseau
\pause
\item Storage: 700TB
\item 23 calcul node (248 CPU)
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Other Clusters}
\begin{block}{IDRIS}
\begin{itemize}
\item Managed by CNRS
\item Several clusters
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\pause
\begin{block}{CINES}
\begin{itemize}
\item Centre Informatique National de l’Enseignement Supérieur (Montpellier)
\item Several clusters, (ex: 23040 CPUs on 2880 nodes)
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\pause
\begin{block}{CCRT}
\begin{itemize}
\item CEA's cluster
\item Severals clusters (ex: 8736 CPUs on 1092 nodes)
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\begin{block}{}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{panoramique-IDRIS--2011-web}

\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{vue_diago-6}
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\section*{End}

\begin{frame}{Questions ?}
\vfill
\begin{block}{}
\emph{Je suis fascine par l'air. Si on enlevait l'air du ciel, tous les oiseaux
tomberaient par terre....Et les avions aussi\ldots}

\emph{I am facinated by the air. If we could remove the air from the sky all
birds would fall on the ground. Then the plane\ldots}

\hfill{}J.C. VanDamme - Philosophe
\end{block}

\begin{block}{}
\hfill{}
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{Abrichatons}
\hfill{}
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\end{document}