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  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(92)90324-r},
  journal       = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  publisher     = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{         lemarie_debreu_ea_12,
  author        = {Lemari\'{e}, F. and Debreu, L. and Shchepetkin, A.F. and
                  McWilliams, J.C.},
  title         = {On the stability and accuracy of the harmonic and
                  biharmonic isoneutral mixing operators in ocean models},
  year          = 2012,
  volume        = {52-53},
  month         = {Aug},
  pages         = {9–35},
  issn          = {1463-5003},
  doi           = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.04.007},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.04.007},
  journal       = {Ocean Modelling},
  publisher     = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{         lemarie_debreu_ea_15,
  author        = {Lemari\'{e}, F. and Debreu, L. and Madec, G. and Demange, J.
                  and Molines, J.M. and Honnorat, M.},
  title         = {Stability constraints for oceanic numerical models:
                  implications for the formulation of time and space
                  discretizations},
  year          = 2015,
  volume        = 92,
  month         = {Aug},
  pages         = {124–148},
  issn          = {1463-5003},
  doi           = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.06.006},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.06.006},
  journal       = {Ocean Modelling},
  publisher     = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{         lengaigne_madec_ea_03,
  author        = {M. Lengaigne and G. Madec and G. Alory and C. Menkes},
  title         = {Impact of isopycnal mixing on the tropical ocean
                  circulation},
  year          = 2003,
  volume        = 108,
  number        = {C11},
  pages         = 3345,
  issn          = {0148-0227},
  doi           = {10.1029/2002jc001704},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001704},
  journal       = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  publisher     = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)}
}

@Article{         lengaigne_boulanger_ea_02,
  author        = {Lengaigne, Matthieu and Boulanger, Jean-Philippe and
                  Menkes, Christophe and Masson, Sebastien and Madec, Gurvan
                  and Delecluse, Pascale},
  title         = {Ocean response to the March 1997 Westerly Wind Event},
  year          = 2002,
  volume        = 107,
  number        = {C12},
  month         = {Nov},
  pages         = {SRF 16–1–SRF 16–20},
  issn          = {0148-0227},
  doi           = {10.1029/2001jc000841},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000841},
  journal       = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
  publisher     = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)}
}

@Article{         lengaigne_boulanger_ea_03,
  author        = {Lengaigne, Matthieu and Boulanger, Jean-Philippe and
                  Menkes, Christophe and Madec, Gurvan and Delecluse, Pascale
                  and Guilyardi, Eric and Slingo, Julia},
  title         = {The March 1997 Westerly Wind Event and the Onset of the
                  1997/98 El Niño: Understanding the Role of the Atmospheric
                  Response},
  year          = 2003,
  volume        = 16,
  number        = 20,
  month         = {Oct},
  pages         = {3330–3343},
  issn          = {1520-0442},
  doi           = {10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3330:tmwwea>2.0.co;2},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3330:tmwwea>2.0.co;2},
  journal       = {Journal of Climate},
  publisher     = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{         lengaigne_madec_ea_09,
  author        = {Lengaigne, Matthieu and Madec, Gurvan and Bopp, Laurent
                  and Menkes, Christophe and Aumont, Olivier and Cadule,
                  Patricia},
  title         = {Bio-physical feedbacks in the Arctic Ocean using an Earth
                  system model},
  year          = 2009,
  volume        = 36,
  number        = 21,
  month         = {Nov},
  pages         = {L21602},
  issn          = {0094-8276},
  doi           = {10.1029/2009gl040145},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040145},
  journal       = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  publisher     = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)}
}

@Article{         lengaigne_menkes_ea_06,
  author        = {Lengaigne, Matthieu and Menkes, Christophe and Aumont,
                  Olivier and Gorgues, Thomas and Bopp, Laurent and Andr\'{e},
                  Jean-Michel and Madec, Gurvan},
  title         = {Influence of the oceanic biology on the tropical Pacific
                  climate in a coupled general circulation model},
  year          = 2006,
  volume        = 28,
  number        = 5,
  month         = {Nov},
  pages         = {503–516},
  issn          = {1432-0894},
  doi           = {10.1007/s00382-006-0200-2},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0200-2},
  journal       = {Climate Dynamics},
  publisher     = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{         leonard_79,
  author        = {Leonard, B.P.},
  title         = {A stable and accurate convective modelling procedure based
                  on quadratic upstream interpolation},
  year          = 1979,
  volume        = 19,
  number        = 1,
  month         = {Jun},
  pages         = {59–98},
  issn          = {0045-7825},
  doi           = {10.1016/0045-7825(79)90034-3},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7825(79)90034-3},
  journal       = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering},
  publisher     = {Elsevier BV}
}

@TechReport{      leonard_88,
  author        = {Leonard, Brian},
  year          = {1988},
  month         = {10},
  title         = {Universal limiter for transient interpolation modeling of
                  the advective transport equations: The ULTIMATE
                  conservative difference scheme},
  journal       = {NASA Technical Memorandum 100916 ICOMP-88-11}
}

@Article{         leonard_91,
  author        = {Leonard, B.P.},
  title         = {The ULTIMATE conservative difference scheme applied to
                  unsteady one-dimensional advection},
  year          = 1991,
  volume        = 88,
  number        = 1,
  month         = {Jun},
  pages         = {17–74},
  issn          = {0045-7825},
  doi           = {10.1016/0045-7825(91)90232-u},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7825(91)90232-u},
  journal       = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering},
  publisher     = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{         lermusiaux_01,
  author        = {Lermusiaux, P.F.J.},
  title         = {Evolving the subspace of the three-dimensional multiscale
                  ocean variability: Massachusetts Bay},
  year          = 2001,
  volume        = 29,
  number        = {1-4},
  month         = {May},
  pages         = {385–422},
  issn          = {0924-7963},
  doi           = {10.1016/s0924-7963(01)00025-2},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-7963(01)00025-2},
  journal       = {Journal of Marine Systems},
  publisher     = {Elsevier BV}
}

@TechReport{      levier_treguier_ea_07,
  author        = {B. Levier and A.-M. Tr\'{e}guier and G. Madec and V.
                  Garnier},
  title         = {Free surface and variable volume in the NEMO code},
  institution   = {MERSEA MERSEA IP report WP09-CNRS-STR-03-1A, 47pp,
                  available on the NEMO web site},
  year          = 2007
}

@Book{            levitus_82,
  title         = {Climatological Atlas of the world ocean},
  publisher     = {NOAA professional paper No. 13, 174pp},
  year          = 1982,
  author        = {S Levitus},
  pages         = {173 pp}
  url           = {ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/data.nodc/woa/PUBLICATIONS/levitus_atlas_1982.pdf}
}

@PhDThesis{       levy_96,
  url           = {http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066605},
  title         = {Mod\'{e}lisation des processus biog\'{e}ochimiques en
                  M\'{e}diterran\'{e}e nord-occidentale. Cycle saisonnier et
                  variabilit\'{e} m\'{e}so\'{e}chelle},
  school        = {Universit\'{e} Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France},
  author        = {L\'{e}vy, Marina},
  year          = {1996},
  pages         = {300 P.},
  note          = {1996PA066605}
}

@Article{         levy_estublier_ea_01,
  author        = {L\'{e}vy, Marina and Estublier, Audrey and Madec, Gurvan},
  title         = {Choice of an advection scheme for biogeochemical models},
  year          = 2001,
  volume        = 28,
  number        = 19,
  month         = {Oct},
  pages         = {3725–3728},
  issn          = {0094-8276},
  doi           = {10.1029/2001gl012947},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001gl012947},
  journal       = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  publisher     = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)}
}

@Article{         levy_klein_ea_10,
  author        = {L\'{e}vy, M. and Klein, P. and Tr\'{e}guier, A.-M. and Iovino,
                  D. and Madec, G. and Masson, S. and Takahashi, K.},
  title         = {Modifications of gyre circulation by sub-mesoscale
                  physics},
  year          = 2010,
  volume        = 34,
  number        = {1-2},
  month         = {Jan},
  pages         = {1–15},
  issn          = {1463-5003},
  doi           = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.001},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.001},
  journal       = {Ocean Modelling},
  publisher     = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{         levy_memery_ea_00,
  author        = {L\'{e}vy, Marina and M\'{e}mery, Laurent and Madec, Gurvan},
  title         = {Combined effects of mesoscale processes and atmospheric
                  high-frequency variability on the spring bloom in the MEDOC
                  area},
  year          = 2000,
  volume        = 47,
  number        = 1,
  month         = {Jan},
  pages         = {27–53},
  issn          = {0967-0637},
  doi           = {10.1016/s0967-0637(99)00051-5},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0637(99)00051-5},
  journal       = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
  publisher     = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{         levy_memery_ea_99,
  author        = {Lévy, Marina and Mémery, Laurent and Madec, Gurvan},
  title         = {The onset of the Spring Bloom in the MEDOC area: mesoscale
                  spatial variability},
  year          = 1999,
  volume        = 46,
  number        = 7,
  month         = {Jul},
  pages         = {1137–1160},
  issn          = {0967-0637},
  doi           = {10.1016/s0967-0637(98)00105-8},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0637(98)00105-8},
  journal       = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
  publisher     = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{         levy_memery_ea_98,
  author        = {L\'{e}vy, Marina and M\'{e}mery, Laurent and Madec, Gurvan},
  title         = {The onset of a bloom after deep winter convection in the
                  northwestern Mediterranean sea: mesoscale process study
                  with a primitive equation model},
  year          = 1998,
  volume        = 16,
  number        = {1-2},
  month         = {Sep},
  pages         = {7–21},
  issn          = {0924-7963},
  doi           = {10.1016/s0924-7963(97)00097-3},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-7963(97)00097-3},
  journal       = {Journal of Marine Systems},
  publisher     = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{         li_fox-kemper_ea_17,
  author        = {Li, Qing and Fox-Kemper, Baylor and Breivik, {\O}yvind and
                  Webb, Adrean},
  title         = {Statistical models of global Langmuir mixing},
  year          = 2017,
  volume        = 113,
  month         = {May},
  pages         = {95–114},
  issn          = {1463-5003},
  doi           = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.03.016},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.03.016},
  journal       = {Ocean Modelling},
  publisher     = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{         li_garrett_93,
  author        = {Li, Ming and Garrett, Chris},
  title         = {Cell merging and the jet/downwelling ratio in Langmuir
                  circulation},
  year          = 1993,
  volume        = 51,
  number        = 4,
  month         = {Nov},
  pages         = {737–769},
  issn          = {1543-9542},
  doi           = {10.1357/0022240933223945},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/0022240933223945},
  journal       = {Journal of Marine Research},
  publisher     = {Journal of Marine Research/Yale}
}

@Article{         losch_08,
  author        = {Losch, M.},
  title         = {Modeling ice shelf cavities in a z-coordinate ocean general
                  circulation model},
  year          = 2008,
  volume        = 113,
  number        = {C8},
  month         = {Aug},
  issn          = {0148-0227},
  doi           = {10.1029/2007jc004368},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007jc004368},
  journal       = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  publisher     = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)}
}

@TechReport{      lott_madec_89,
  author        = {F. Lott and G. Madec},
  title         = {Implementation of bottom topography in the Ocean General
                  Circulation Model OPA of the LODYC: formalism and
                  experiments.},
  institution   = {LODYC, France, 36pp.},
  year          = 1989,
  number        = 3
}

@Article{         lott_madec_ea_90,
  author        = {F. Lott and G. Madec and J. Verron},
  title         = {Topographic experiments in an Ocean General Circulation
                  Model},
  journal       = om,
  year          = 1990,
  volume        = 88,
  pages         = {1--4}
}

@Article{         luo_masson_ea_05,
  author        = {Luo, Jing-Jia and Masson, Sebastien and Roeckner, Erich
                  and Madec, Gurvan and Yamagata, Toshio},
  title         = {Reducing Climatology Bias in an Ocean–Atmosphere CGCM
                  with Improved Coupling Physics},
  year          = 2005,
  volume        = 18,
  number        = 13,
  month         = {Jul},
  pages         = {2344–2360},
  issn          = {1520-0442},
  doi           = {10.1175/jcli3404.1},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3404.1},
  journal       = {Journal of Climate},
  publisher     = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Book{            madec_01,
  title         = {Le Cycle des Masses d'Eau Oc\'{e}aniqueset sa
                  variabilit\'{e} dans le Syst\`{e}me Climatique},
  year          = 2001,
  author        = {G. Madec},
  pages         = {63pp.},
  series        = {Habilitation \`{a} Diriger des Recherches, Universit\'{e}
                  Pierre et Marie Curie}
}

@PhDThesis{       madec_90,
  url           = {http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066219},
  title         = {La formation d'eau profonde et son impact sur la
                  circulation r\'{e}gionale en M\'{e}diterran\'{e}e
                  Occidentale - une approche num\'{e}rique},
  school        = {Universit\'{e} Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France},
  pages         = {194pp.},
  author        = {Madec, Gurvan},
  year          = {1990},
  note          = {1990PA066219}
}

@Article{         madec_chartier_ea_91,
  author        = {Madec, Gurvan and Chartier, Michel and Cr\'{e}pon, Michel},
  title         = {The effect of thermohaline forcing variability on deep
                  water formation in the western Mediterranean Sea: a
                  high-resolution three-dimensional numerical study},
  year          = 1991,
  volume        = 15,
  number        = {3-5},
  month         = {Apr},
  pages         = {301–332},
  issn          = {0377-0265},
  doi           = {10.1016/0377-0265(91)90024-a},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0265(91)90024-a},
  journal       = {Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans},
  publisher     = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{         madec_delecluse_ea_91,
  author        = {Madec, Gurvan and Delecluse, Pascale and Cr\'{e}pon, Michel
                  and Chartier, Michel},
  title         = {A Three-Dimensional Numerical Study of Deep-Water
                  Formation in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea},
  year          = 1991,
  volume        = 21,
  number        = 9,
  month         = {Sep},
  pages         = {1349–1371},
  issn          = {1520-0485},
  doi           = {10.1175/1520-0485(1991)021<1349:atdnso>2.0.co;2},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1991)021<1349:atdnso>2.0.co;2},
  journal       = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
  publisher     = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@InBook{          madec_crepon_91,
  author        = {Madec, Gurvan and Cr\'{e}pon, Michel},
  chapter       = {Thermohaline-Driven Deep Water Formation in the
                  Northwestern Mediterranean Sea},
  year          = 1991,
  pages         = {241–265},
  issn          = {0422-9894},
  doi           = {10.1016/s0422-9894(08)70071-0},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0422-9894(08)70071-0},
  isbn          = 9780444887641,
  booktitle     = {Deep Convection and Deep Water Formation in the Oceans,
                  Proceedings of the International Monterey Colloquium on
                  Deep Convection and Deep Water Formation in the Oceans},
  editor        = {P.C. Chu and J.C. Gascard},
  publisher     = {Elsevier Oceanographic Series}
}

@Article{         madec_delecluse_97,
  author        = {G. Madec and P. Delecluse},
  title         = {The OPA/ARPEGE and OPA/LMD Global Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled
                  Model},
  journal       = {Int. WOCE Newsletter},
  year          = 1997,
  volume        = 26,
  pages         = {12--15},
  url           = {https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/woce/woce_v3/wocedata_2/wocedocs/newsltr/news26/news26.pdf}
}

@Article{         madec_delecluse_ea_96,
  author        = {Madec, Gurvan and Delecluse, Pascale and Cr\'{e}pon, Michel
                  and Lott, François},
  title         = {Large-Scale Preconditioning of Deep-Water Formation in the
                  Northwestern Mediterranean Sea},
  year          = 1996,
  volume        = 26,
  number        = 8,
  month         = {Aug},
  pages         = {1393–1408},
  issn          = {1520-0485},
  doi           = {10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<1393:lspodw>2.0.co;2},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<1393:lspodw>2.0.co;2},
  journal       = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
  publisher     = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Manual{          madec_delecluse_ea_98,
  title         = {{OPA 8.1 Ocean General Circulation Model reference
                  manual}},
  author        = {Madec, Gurvan and Del{\'e}cluse, Pascale and Imbard,
                  Maurice and L{\'e}vy, Claire},
  url           = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00154217},
  journal       = {{Note du Pole de Mod{\'e}lisation}},
  publisher     = {{Institut Pierre Simon Laplace des sciences de
                  l'environnement global}},
  volume        = {11},
  pages         = {91p},
  year          = {1998},
  hal_id        = {hal-00154217},
  hal_version   = {v1}
}

@Article{         madec_imbard_96,
  author        = {Madec, Gurvan and Imbard, Maurice},
  title         = {A global ocean mesh to overcome the North Pole
                  singularity},
  year          = 1996,
  volume        = 12,
  number        = 6,
  month         = {May},
  pages         = {381–388},
  issn          = {1432-0894},
  doi           = {10.1007/bf00211684},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00211684},
  journal       = {Climate Dynamics},
  publisher     = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{         madec_rahier_ea_88,
  title         = {A comparison of two-dimensional elliptic solvers for the
                  barotropic streamfunction in a multilevel OGCM},
  author        = {Madec, G and Rahier, C and Chartier, M},
  journal       = {Ocean Modelling},
  volume        = {78},
  pages         = {1--6},
  year          = {1988}
}

@Article{         maes_delecluse_ea_97,
  author        = {Maes, C. and Delecluse, P. and Madec, G.},
  title         = {Impact of westerly wind bursts on the warm pool of the
                  TOGA-COARE domain in an OGCM},
  year          = 1997,
  volume        = 14,
  number        = 1,
  month         = {Dec},
  pages         = {55–70},
  issn          = {1432-0894},
  doi           = {10.1007/s003820050208},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003820050208},
  journal       = {Climate Dynamics},
  publisher     = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{         maes_madec_ea_97,
  author        = {Maes, C. and Madec, G. and Delecluse, P.},
  title         = {Sensitivity of an Equatorial Pacific OGCM to the Lateral
                  Diffusion},
  year          = 1997,
  volume        = 125,
  number        = 5,
  month         = {May},
  pages         = {958–971},
  issn          = {1520-0493},
  doi           = {10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<0958:soaepo>2.0.co;2},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<0958:soaepo>2.0.co;2},
  journal       = {Monthly Weather Review},
  publisher     = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{         maggiore_zavatarelli_ea_98,
  author        = {Maggiore, A. and Zavatarelli, M. and Angelucci, M.G. and
                  Pinardi, N.},
  title         = {Surface heat and water fluxes in the Adriatic Sea:
                  Seasonal and internanual variability},
  year          = 1998,
  volume        = 23,
  number        = {5-6},
  month         = {Jan},
  pages         = {561–567},
  issn          = {0079-1946},
  doi           = {10.1016/s0079-1946(98)00070-6},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-1946(98)00070-6},
  journal       = {Physics and Chemistry of the Earth},
  publisher     = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{         maltrud_holloway_08,
  author        = {Maltrud, Mathew and Holloway, Greg},
  title         = {Implementing biharmonic neptune in a global eddying ocean
                  model},
  year          = 2008,
  volume        = 21,
  number        = {1-2},
  month         = {Jan},
  pages         = {22–34},
  issn          = {1463-5003},
  doi           = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.11.003},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.11.003},
  journal       = {Ocean Modelling},
  publisher     = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{         maltrud_smith_ea_98,
  author        = {Maltrud, Mathew E. and Smith, Richard D. and Semtner,
                  Albert J. and Malone, Robert C.},
  title         = {Global eddy-resolving ocean simulations driven by
                  1985-1995 atmospheric winds},
  year          = 1998,
  volume        = 103,
  number        = {C13},
  month         = {Dec},
  pages         = {30825–30853},
  issn          = {0148-0227},
  doi           = {10.1029/1998jc900013},
  url           = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998jc900013},
  journal       = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
  publisher     = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)}
}

@Article{         marchesiello_mcwilliams_ea_01,
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