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1\documentclass[../main/NEMO_manual]{subfiles}
2
3\begin{document}
4% ================================================================
5% Chapter — Lateral Boundary Condition (LBC)
6% ================================================================
7\chapter{Lateral Boundary Condition (LBC)}
8\label{chap:LBC}
9
10\minitoc
11
12\newpage
13
14%gm% add here introduction to this chapter
15
16% ================================================================
17% Boundary Condition at the Coast
18% ================================================================
19\section{Boundary condition at the coast (\protect\np{rn\_shlat})}
20\label{sec:LBC_coast}
21%--------------------------------------------nam_lbc-------------------------------------------------------
22
23\nlst{namlbc}
24%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25
26%The lateral ocean boundary conditions contiguous to coastlines are Neumann conditions for heat and salt (no flux across boundaries) and Dirichlet conditions for momentum (ranging from free-slip to "strong" no-slip). They are handled automatically by the mask system (see \autoref{subsec:DOM_msk}).
27
28%OPA allows land and topography grid points in the computational domain due to the presence of continents or islands, and includes the use of a full or partial step representation of bottom topography. The computation is performed over the whole domain, \ie we do not try to restrict the computation to ocean-only points. This choice has two motivations. Firstly, working on ocean only grid points overloads the code and harms the code readability. Secondly, and more importantly, it drastically reduces the vector portion of the computation, leading to a dramatic increase of CPU time requirement on vector computers.  The current section describes how the masking affects the computation of the various terms of the equations with respect to the boundary condition at solid walls. The process of defining which areas are to be masked is described in \autoref{subsec:DOM_msk}.
29
30Options are defined through the \ngn{namlbc} namelist variables.
31The discrete representation of a domain with complex boundaries (coastlines and bottom topography) leads to
32arrays that include large portions where a computation is not required as the model variables remain at zero.
33Nevertheless, vectorial supercomputers are far more efficient when computing over a whole array,
34and the readability of a code is greatly improved when boundary conditions are applied in
35an automatic way rather than by a specific computation before or after each computational loop.
36An efficient way to work over the whole domain while specifying the boundary conditions,
37is to use multiplication by mask arrays in the computation.
38A mask array is a matrix whose elements are $1$ in the ocean domain and $0$ elsewhere.
39A simple multiplication of a variable by its own mask ensures that it will remain zero over land areas.
40Since most of the boundary conditions consist of a zero flux across the solid boundaries,
41they can be simply applied by multiplying variables by the correct mask arrays,
42\ie the mask array of the grid point where the flux is evaluated.
43For example, the heat flux in the \textbf{i}-direction is evaluated at $u$-points.
44Evaluating this quantity as,
45
46$47 % \label{eq:lbc_aaaa} 48 \frac{A^{lT} }{e_1 }\frac{\partial T}{\partial i}\equiv \frac{A_u^{lT} 49 }{e_{1u} } \; \delta_{i+1 / 2} \left[ T \right]\;\;mask_u 50$
51(where mask$_{u}$ is the mask array at a $u$-point) ensures that the heat flux is zero inside land and
52at the boundaries, since mask$_{u}$ is zero at solid boundaries which in this case are defined at $u$-points
53(normal velocity $u$ remains zero at the coast) (\autoref{fig:LBC_uv}).
54
55%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
56\begin{figure}[!t]
57  \begin{center}
58    \includegraphics[width=0.90\textwidth]{Fig_LBC_uv}
59    \caption{
60      \protect\label{fig:LBC_uv}
61      Lateral boundary (thick line) at T-level.
62      The velocity normal to the boundary is set to zero.
63    }
64  \end{center}
65\end{figure}
66%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
67
68For momentum the situation is a bit more complex as two boundary conditions must be provided along the coast
69(one each for the normal and tangential velocities).
70The boundary of the ocean in the C-grid is defined by the velocity-faces.
71For example, at a given $T$-level,
72the lateral boundary (a coastline or an intersection with the bottom topography) is made of
73segments joining $f$-points, and normal velocity points are located between two $f-$points (\autoref{fig:LBC_uv}).
74The boundary condition on the normal velocity (no flux through solid boundaries)
75can thus be easily implemented using the mask system.
76The boundary condition on the tangential velocity requires a more specific treatment.
77This boundary condition influences the relative vorticity and momentum diffusive trends,
78and is required in order to compute the vorticity at the coast.
79Four different types of lateral boundary condition are available,
80controlled by the value of the \np{rn\_shlat} namelist parameter
81(The value of the mask$_{f}$ array along the coastline is set equal to this parameter).
82These are:
83
84%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
85\begin{figure}[!p]
86  \begin{center}
87    \includegraphics[width=0.90\textwidth]{Fig_LBC_shlat}
88    \caption{
89      \protect\label{fig:LBC_shlat}
90      lateral boundary condition
91      (a) free-slip ($rn\_shlat=0$);
92      (b) no-slip ($rn\_shlat=2$);
93      (c) "partial" free-slip ($0<rn\_shlat<2$) and
94      (d) "strong" no-slip ($2<rn\_shlat$).
95      Implied "ghost" velocity inside land area is display in grey.
96    }
97  \end{center}
98\end{figure}
99%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
100
101\begin{description}
102
103\item[free-slip boundary condition (\np{rn\_shlat}\forcode{ = 0}):] the tangential velocity at
104  the coastline is equal to the offshore velocity,
105  \ie the normal derivative of the tangential velocity is zero at the coast,
106  so the vorticity: mask$_{f}$ array is set to zero inside the land and just at the coast
107  (\autoref{fig:LBC_shlat}-a).
108
109\item[no-slip boundary condition (\np{rn\_shlat}\forcode{ = 2}):] the tangential velocity vanishes at the coastline.
110  Assuming that the tangential velocity decreases linearly from
111  the closest ocean velocity grid point to the coastline,
112  the normal derivative is evaluated as if the velocities at the closest land velocity gridpoint and
113  the closest ocean velocity gridpoint were of the same magnitude but in the opposite direction
114  (\autoref{fig:LBC_shlat}-b).
115  Therefore, the vorticity along the coastlines is given by:
116
117  $118 \zeta \equiv 2 \left(\delta_{i+1/2} \left[e_{2v} v \right] - \delta_{j+1/2} \left[e_{1u} u \right] \right) / \left(e_{1f} e_{2f} \right) \ , 119$
120  where $u$ and $v$ are masked fields.
121  Setting the mask$_{f}$ array to $2$ along the coastline provides a vorticity field computed with
122  the no-slip boundary condition, simply by multiplying it by the mask$_{f}$ :
123  $124 % \label{eq:lbc_bbbb} 125 \zeta \equiv \frac{1}{e_{1f} {\kern 1pt}e_{2f} }\left( {\delta_{i+1/2} 126 \left[ {e_{2v} \,v} \right]-\delta_{j+1/2} \left[ {e_{1u} \,u} \right]} 127 \right)\;\mbox{mask}_f 128$
129
130\item["partial" free-slip boundary condition (0$<$\np{rn\_shlat}$<$2):] the tangential velocity at
131  the coastline is smaller than the offshore velocity, \ie there is a lateral friction but
132  not strong enough to make the tangential velocity at the coast vanish (\autoref{fig:LBC_shlat}-c).
133  This can be selected by providing a value of mask$_{f}$ strictly inbetween $0$ and $2$.
134
135\item["strong" no-slip boundary condition (2$<$\np{rn\_shlat}):] the viscous boundary layer is assumed to
136  be smaller than half the grid size (\autoref{fig:LBC_shlat}-d).
137  The friction is thus larger than in the no-slip case.
138
139\end{description}
140
141Note that when the bottom topography is entirely represented by the $s$-coor-dinates (pure $s$-coordinate),
142the lateral boundary condition on tangential velocity is of much less importance as
143it is only applied next to the coast where the minimum water depth can be quite shallow.
144
145
146% ================================================================
147% Boundary Condition around the Model Domain
148% ================================================================
149\section{Model domain boundary condition (\protect\np{jperio})}
150\label{sec:LBC_jperio}
151
152At the model domain boundaries several choices are offered:
153closed, cyclic east-west, cyclic north-south, a north-fold, and combination closed-north fold or
154bi-cyclic east-west and north-fold.
155The north-fold boundary condition is associated with the 3-pole ORCA mesh.
156
157% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
158%        Closed, cyclic (\np{jperio}\forcode{ = 0..2})
159% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
160\subsection{Closed, cyclic (\protect\np{jperio}\forcode{= [0127]})}
161\label{subsec:LBC_jperio012}
162
163The choice of closed or cyclic model domain boundary condition is made by
164setting \np{jperio} to 0, 1, 2 or 7 in namelist \ngn{namcfg}.
165Each time such a boundary condition is needed, it is set by a call to routine \mdl{lbclnk}.
166The computation of momentum and tracer trends proceeds from $i=2$ to $i=jpi-1$ and from $j=2$ to $j=jpj-1$,
167\ie in the model interior.
168To choose a lateral model boundary condition is to specify the first and last rows and columns of
169the model variables.
170
171\begin{description}
172
173\item[For closed boundary (\np{jperio}\forcode{ = 0})],
174  solid walls are imposed at all model boundaries:
175  first and last rows and columns are set to zero.
176
177\item[For cyclic east-west boundary (\np{jperio}\forcode{ = 1})],
178  first and last rows are set to zero (closed) whilst the first column is set to
179  the value of the last-but-one column and the last column to the value of the second one
180  (\autoref{fig:LBC_jperio}-a).
181  Whatever flows out of the eastern (western) end of the basin enters the western (eastern) end.
182
183\item[For cyclic north-south boundary (\np{jperio}\forcode{ = 2})],
184  first and last columns are set to zero (closed) whilst the first row is set to
185  the value of the last-but-one row and the last row to the value of the second one
186  (\autoref{fig:LBC_jperio}-a).
187  Whatever flows out of the northern (southern) end of the basin enters the southern (northern) end.
188
189\item[Bi-cyclic east-west and north-south boundary (\np{jperio}\forcode{ = 7})] combines cases 1 and 2.
190
191\end{description}
192
193%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
194\begin{figure}[!t]
195  \begin{center}
196    \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{Fig_LBC_jperio}
197    \caption{
198      \protect\label{fig:LBC_jperio}
199      setting of (a) east-west cyclic  (b) symmetric across the equator boundary conditions.
200    }
201  \end{center}
202\end{figure}
203%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
204
205% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
206%        North fold (\textit{jperio = 3 }to $6)$
207% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
208\subsection{North-fold (\protect\np{jperio}\forcode{ = 3..6})}
209\label{subsec:LBC_north_fold}
210
211The north fold boundary condition has been introduced in order to handle the north boundary of
212a three-polar ORCA grid.
213Such a grid has two poles in the northern hemisphere (\autoref{fig:MISC_ORCA_msh},
214and thus requires a specific treatment illustrated in \autoref{fig:North_Fold_T}.
215Further information can be found in \mdl{lbcnfd} module which applies the north fold boundary condition.
216
217%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
218\begin{figure}[!t]
219  \begin{center}
220    \includegraphics[width=0.90\textwidth]{Fig_North_Fold_T}
221    \caption{
222      \protect\label{fig:North_Fold_T}
223      North fold boundary with a $T$-point pivot and cyclic east-west boundary condition ($jperio=4$),
224      as used in ORCA 2, 1/4, and 1/12.
225      Pink shaded area corresponds to the inner domain mask (see text).
226    }
227  \end{center}
228\end{figure}
229%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
230
231% ====================================================================
232% Exchange with neighbouring processors
233% ====================================================================
234\section{Exchange with neighbouring processors (\protect\mdl{lbclnk}, \protect\mdl{lib\_mpp})}
235\label{sec:LBC_mpp}
236
237For massively parallel processing (mpp), a domain decomposition method is used.
238The basic idea of the method is to split the large computation domain of a numerical experiment into
239several smaller domains and solve the set of equations by addressing independent local problems.
240Each processor has its own local memory and computes the model equation over a subdomain of the whole model domain.
241The subdomain boundary conditions are specified through communications between processors which
242are organized by explicit statements (message passing method).
243
244A big advantage is that the method does not need many modifications of the initial \fortran code.
245From the modeller's point of view, each sub domain running on a processor is identical to the "mono-domain" code.
246In addition, the programmer manages the communications between subdomains,
247and the code is faster when the number of processors is increased.
248The porting of OPA code on an iPSC860 was achieved during Guyon's PhD [Guyon et al. 1994, 1995]
249in collaboration with CETIIS and ONERA.
250The implementation in the operational context and the studies of performance on
251a T3D and T3E Cray computers have been made in collaboration with IDRIS and CNRS.
252The present implementation is largely inspired by Guyon's work [Guyon 1995].
253
254The parallelization strategy is defined by the physical characteristics of the ocean model.
255Second order finite difference schemes lead to local discrete operators that
256depend at the very most on one neighbouring point.
257The only non-local computations concern the vertical physics
258(implicit diffusion, turbulent closure scheme, ...) (delocalization over the whole water column),
259and the solving of the elliptic equation associated with the surface pressure gradient computation
260(delocalization over the whole horizontal domain).
261Therefore, a pencil strategy is used for the data sub-structuration:
262the 3D initial domain is laid out on local processor memories following a 2D horizontal topological splitting.
263Each sub-domain computes its own surface and bottom boundary conditions and
264has a side wall overlapping interface which defines the lateral boundary conditions for
265computations in the inner sub-domain.
266The overlapping area consists of the two rows at each edge of the sub-domain.
267After a computation, a communication phase starts:
268each processor sends to its neighbouring processors the update values of the points corresponding to
269the interior overlapping area to its neighbouring sub-domain (\ie the innermost of the two overlapping rows).
270The communication is done through the Message Passing Interface (MPI).
271The data exchanges between processors are required at the very place where
272lateral domain boundary conditions are set in the mono-domain computation:
273the \rou{lbc\_lnk} routine (found in \mdl{lbclnk} module) which manages such conditions is interfaced with
274routines found in \mdl{lib\_mpp} module when running on an MPP computer (\ie when \key{mpp\_mpi} defined).
275It has to be pointed out that when using the MPP version of the model,
276the east-west cyclic boundary condition is done implicitly,
277whilst the south-symmetric boundary condition option is not available.
278
279%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
280\begin{figure}[!t]
281  \begin{center}
282    \includegraphics[width=0.90\textwidth]{Fig_mpp}
283    \caption{
284      \protect\label{fig:mpp}
285      Positioning of a sub-domain when massively parallel processing is used.
286    }
287  \end{center}
288\end{figure}
289%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
290
291In the standard version of \NEMO, the splitting is regular and arithmetic.
292The i-axis is divided by \jp{jpni} and
293the j-axis by \jp{jpnj} for a number of processors \jp{jpnij} most often equal to $jpni \times jpnj$
294(parameters set in  \ngn{nammpp} namelist).
295Each processor is independent and without message passing or synchronous process,
296programs run alone and access just its own local memory.
297For this reason, the main model dimensions are now the local dimensions of the subdomain (pencil) that
298are named \jp{jpi}, \jp{jpj}, \jp{jpk}.
299These dimensions include the internal domain and the overlapping rows.
300The number of rows to exchange (known as the halo) is usually set to one (\jp{jpreci}=1, in \mdl{par\_oce}).
301The whole domain dimensions are named \np{jpiglo}, \np{jpjglo} and \jp{jpk}.
302The relationship between the whole domain and a sub-domain is:
303$304 jpi = ( jpiglo-2*jpreci + (jpni-1) ) / jpni + 2*jpreci 305 jpj = ( jpjglo-2*jprecj + (jpnj-1) ) / jpnj + 2*jprecj 306$
307where \jp{jpni}, \jp{jpnj} are the number of processors following the i- and j-axis.
308
309One also defines variables nldi and nlei which correspond to the internal domain bounds,
310and the variables nimpp and njmpp which are the position of the (1,1) grid-point in the global domain.
311An element of $T_{l}$, a local array (subdomain) corresponds to an element of $T_{g}$,
312a global array (whole domain) by the relationship:
313$314 % \label{eq:lbc_nimpp} 315 T_{g} (i+nimpp-1,j+njmpp-1,k) = T_{l} (i,j,k), 316$
317with  $1 \leq i \leq jpi$, $1 \leq j \leq jpj$ , and  $1 \leq k \leq jpk$.
318
319Processors are numbered from 0 to $jpnij-1$, the number is saved in the variable nproc.
320In the standard version, a processor has no more than
321four neighbouring processors named nono (for north), noea (east), noso (south) and nowe (west) and
322two variables, nbondi and nbondj, indicate the relative position of the processor:
323\begin{itemize}
324\item       nbondi = -1    an east neighbour, no west processor,
325\item       nbondi =  0 an east neighbour, a west neighbour,
326\item       nbondi =  1    no east processor, a west neighbour,
327\item       nbondi =  2    no splitting following the i-axis.
328\end{itemize}
329During the simulation, processors exchange data with their neighbours.
330If there is effectively a neighbour, the processor receives variables from this processor on its overlapping row,
331and sends the data issued from internal domain corresponding to the overlapping row of the other processor.
332
333
334The \NEMO model computes equation terms with the help of mask arrays (0 on land points and 1 on sea points).
335It is easily readable and very efficient in the context of a computer with vectorial architecture.
336However, in the case of a scalar processor, computations over the land regions become more expensive in
337terms of CPU time.
338It is worse when we use a complex configuration with a realistic bathymetry like the global ocean where
339more than 50 \% of points are land points.
340For this reason, a pre-processing tool can be used to choose the mpp domain decomposition with a maximum number of
341only land points processors, which can then be eliminated (\autoref{fig:mppini2})
342(For example, the mpp\_optimiz tools, available from the DRAKKAR web site).
343This optimisation is dependent on the specific bathymetry employed.
344The user then chooses optimal parameters \jp{jpni}, \jp{jpnj} and \jp{jpnij} with $jpnij < jpni \times jpnj$,
345leading to the elimination of $jpni \times jpnj - jpnij$ land processors.
346When those parameters are specified in \ngn{nammpp} namelist,
347the algorithm in the \rou{inimpp2} routine sets each processor's parameters (nbound, nono, noea,...) so that
348the land-only processors are not taken into account.
349
350\gmcomment{Note that the inimpp2 routine is general so that the original inimpp
351routine should be suppressed from the code.}
352
353When land processors are eliminated,
354the value corresponding to these locations in the model output files is undefined.
355Note that this is a problem for the meshmask file which requires to be defined over the whole domain.
356Therefore, user should not eliminate land processors when creating a meshmask file
357(\ie when setting a non-zero value to \np{nn\_msh}).
358
359%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
360\begin{figure}[!ht]
361  \begin{center}
362    \includegraphics[width=0.90\textwidth]{Fig_mppini2}
363    \caption {
364      \protect\label{fig:mppini2}
365      Example of Atlantic domain defined for the CLIPPER projet.
366      Initial grid is composed of 773 x 1236 horizontal points.
367      (a) the domain is split onto 9 \time 20 subdomains (jpni=9, jpnj=20).
368      52 subdomains are land areas.
369      (b) 52 subdomains are eliminated (white rectangles) and
370      the resulting number of processors really used during the computation is jpnij=128.
371    }
372  \end{center}
373\end{figure}
374%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
375
376
377% ====================================================================
378% Unstructured open boundaries BDY
379% ====================================================================
380\section{Unstructured open boundary conditions (BDY)}
381\label{sec:LBC_bdy}
382
383%-----------------------------------------nambdy--------------------------------------------
384
385\nlst{nambdy}
386%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
387%-----------------------------------------nambdy_dta--------------------------------------------
388
389\nlst{nambdy_dta}
390%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
391
392Options are defined through the \ngn{nambdy} \ngn{nambdy\_dta} namelist variables.
393The BDY module is the core implementation of open boundary conditions for regional configurations on
394temperature, salinity, barotropic and baroclinic velocities, as well as ice concentration, ice and snow thicknesses).
395
396The BDY module was modelled on the OBC module (see NEMO 3.4) and shares many features and
397a similar coding structure \citep{Chanut2005}.
398The specification of the location of the open boundary is completely flexible and
399allows for example the open boundary to follow an isobath or other irregular contour.
400Boundary data files used with versions of NEMO prior to Version 3.4 may need to be re-ordered to work with this version.
401See the section on the Input Boundary Data Files for details.
402
403%----------------------------------------------
404\subsection{Namelists}
405\label{subsec:BDY_namelist}
406
407The BDY module is activated by setting \np{ln\_bdy}\forcode{ = .true.} .
408It is possible to define more than one boundary set'' and apply different boundary conditions to each set.
409The number of boundary sets is defined by \np{nb\_bdy}.
410Each boundary set may be defined as a set of straight line segments in a namelist
411(\np{ln\_coords\_file}\forcode{ = .false.}) or read in from a file (\np{ln\_coords\_file}\forcode{ = .true.}).
412If the set is defined in a namelist, then the namelists \ngn{nambdy\_index} must be included separately, one for each set.
413If the set is defined by a file, then a \ifile{coordinates.bdy}'' file must be provided.
414The coordinates.bdy file is analagous to the usual NEMO \ifile{coordinates}'' file.
415In the example above, there are two boundary sets, the first of which is defined via a file and
416the second is defined in a namelist.
417For more details of the definition of the boundary geometry see section \autoref{subsec:BDY_geometry}.
418
419For each boundary set a boundary condition has to be chosen for the barotropic solution
420(u2d'':sea-surface height and barotropic velocities), for the baroclinic velocities (u3d''),
421for the active tracers \footnote{The BDY module does not deal with passive tracers at this version} (tra''), and sea-ice (ice'').
422For each set of variables there is a choice of algorithm and a choice for the data,
423eg. for the active tracers the algorithm is set by \np{cn\_tra} and the choice of data is set by \np{nn\_tra\_dta}.\\
424
425The choice of algorithm is currently as follows:
426
427\begin{description}
428\item[\forcode{'none'}:] No boundary condition applied.
429  So the solution will see'' the land points around the edge of the edge of the domain.
430\item[\forcode{'specified'}:] Specified boundary condition applied (only available for baroclinic velocity and tracer variables).
431\item[\forcode{'neumann'}:] Value at the boundary are duplicated (No gradient). Only available for baroclinic velocity and tracer variables.
432\item[\forcode{'frs'}:] Flow Relaxation Scheme (FRS) available for all variables.
433\item[\forcode{'Orlanski'}:] Orlanski radiation scheme (fully oblique) for barotropic, baroclinic and tracer variables.
434\item[\forcode{'Orlanski_npo'}:] Orlanski radiation scheme for barotropic, baroclinic and tracer variables.
435\item[\forcode{'flather'}:] Flather radiation scheme for the barotropic variables only.
436\end{description}
437
438The main choice for the boundary data is to use initial conditions as boundary data
439(\np{nn\_tra\_dta}\forcode{ = 0}) or to use external data from a file (\np{nn\_tra\_dta}\forcode{ = 1}).
440In case the 3d velocity data contain the total velocity (ie, baroclinic and barotropic velocity),
441the bdy code can derived baroclinic and barotropic velocities by setting \np{ln\_full\_vel}\forcode{ = .true. }
442For the barotropic solution there is also the option to use tidal harmonic forcing either by
443itself (\np{nn\_dyn2d\_dta}\forcode{ = 2}) or in addition to other external data (\np{nn\_dyn2d\_dta}\forcode{ = 3}).\\
444Sea-ice salinity, temperature and age data at the boundary are constant and defined repectively by \np{rn\_ice\_sal}, \np{rn\_ice\_tem} and \np{rn\_ice\_age}.
445
446If external boundary data is required then the \ngn{nambdy\_dta} namelist must be defined.
447One \ngn{nambdy\_dta} namelist is required for each boundary set in the order in which
448the boundary sets are defined in nambdy.
449In the example given, two boundary sets have been defined. The first one is reading data file in the \ngn{nambdy\_dta} namelist shown above
450and the second one is using data from intial condition (no namelist bloc needed).
452so the \ngn{nambdy\_dta} namelist is in the format required for fldread.
453For each variable required, the filename, the frequency of the files and
454the frequency of the data in the files is given.
455Also whether or not time-interpolation is required and whether the data is climatological (time-cyclic) data.\\
456
457There is currently an option to vertically interpolate the open boundary data onto the native grid at run-time.
458If \np{nn\_bdy\_jpk} $< -1$, it is assumed that the lateral boundary data are already on the native grid.
459However, if \np{nn\_bdy\_jpk} is set to the number of vertical levels present in the boundary data,
460a bilinear interpolation onto the native grid will be triggered at runtime.
461For this to be successful the additional variables: $gdept$, $gdepu$, $gdepv$, $e3t$, $e3u$ and $e3v$, are required to be present in the lateral boundary files.
462These correspond to the depths and scale factors of the input data,
463the latter used to make any adjustment to the velocity fields due to differences in the total water depths between the two vertical grids.\\
464
465In the example namelists given, two boundary sets are defined.
466The first set is defined via a file and applies FRS conditions to temperature and salinity and
467Flather conditions to the barotropic variables. No condition specified for the baroclinic velocity and sea-ice.
468External data is provided in daily files (from a large-scale model).
469Tidal harmonic forcing is also used.
470The second set is defined in a namelist.
471FRS conditions are applied on temperature and salinity and climatological data is read from initial condition files.
472
473%----------------------------------------------
474\subsection{Flow relaxation scheme}
475\label{subsec:BDY_FRS_scheme}
476
477The Flow Relaxation Scheme (FRS) \citep{Davies_QJRMS76,Engerdahl_Tel95},
478applies a simple relaxation of the model fields to externally-specified values over
479a zone next to the edge of the model domain.
480Given a model prognostic variable $\Phi$
481$482 % \label{eq:bdy_frs1} 483 \Phi(d) = \alpha(d)\Phi_{e}(d) + (1-\alpha(d))\Phi_{m}(d)\;\;\;\;\; d=1,N 484$
485where $\Phi_{m}$ is the model solution and $\Phi_{e}$ is the specified external field,
486$d$ gives the discrete distance from the model boundary and
487$\alpha$ is a parameter that varies from $1$ at $d=1$ to a small value at $d=N$.
488It can be shown that this scheme is equivalent to adding a relaxation term to
489the prognostic equation for $\Phi$ of the form:
490$491 % \label{eq:bdy_frs2} 492 -\frac{1}{\tau}\left(\Phi - \Phi_{e}\right) 493$
494where the relaxation time scale $\tau$ is given by a function of $\alpha$ and the model time step $\Delta t$:
495$496 % \label{eq:bdy_frs3} 497 \tau = \frac{1-\alpha}{\alpha\,\rdt 498$
499Thus the model solution is completely prescribed by the external conditions at the edge of the model domain and
500is relaxed towards the external conditions over the rest of the FRS zone.
501The application of a relaxation zone helps to prevent spurious reflection of
502outgoing signals from the model boundary.
503
504The function $\alpha$ is specified as a $tanh$ function:
505$506 % \label{eq:bdy_frs4} 507 \alpha(d) = 1 - \tanh\left(\frac{d-1}{2}\right), \quad d=1,N 508$
509The width of the FRS zone is specified in the namelist as \np{nn\_rimwidth}.
510This is typically set to a value between 8 and 10.
511
512%----------------------------------------------
514\label{subsec:BDY_flather_scheme}
515
516The \citet{Flather_JPO94} scheme is a radiation condition on the normal,
517depth-mean transport across the open boundary.
518It takes the form
519\begin{equation}  \label{eq:bdy_fla1}
520U = U_{e} + \frac{c}{h}\left(\eta - \eta_{e}\right),
521\end{equation}
522where $U$ is the depth-mean velocity normal to the boundary and $\eta$ is the sea surface height,
523both from the model.
524The subscript $e$ indicates the same fields from external sources.
525The speed of external gravity waves is given by $c = \sqrt{gh}$, and $h$ is the depth of the water column.
526The depth-mean normal velocity along the edge of the model domain is set equal to
527the external depth-mean normal velocity,
528plus a correction term that allows gravity waves generated internally to exit the model boundary.
529Note that the sea-surface height gradient in \autoref{eq:bdy_fla1} is a spatial gradient across the model boundary,
530so that $\eta_{e}$ is defined on the $T$ points with $nbr=1$ and $\eta$ is defined on the $T$ points with $nbr=2$.
531$U$ and $U_{e}$ are defined on the $U$ or $V$ points with $nbr=1$, \ie between the two $T$ grid points.
532
533%----------------------------------------------
535\label{subsec:BDY_orlanski_scheme}
536
537The Orlanski scheme is based on the algorithm described by \citep{Marchesiello2001}, hereafter MMS.
538
539The adaptive Orlanski condition solves a wave plus relaxation equation at the boundary:
540\begin{equation}
541\frac{\partial\phi}{\partial t} + c_x \frac{\partial\phi}{\partial x} + c_y \frac{\partial\phi}{\partial y} =
542                                                -\frac{1}{\tau}(\phi - \phi^{ext})
543\label{eq:wave_continuous}
544\end{equation}
545
546where $\phi$ is the model field, $x$ and $y$ refer to the normal and tangential directions to the boundary respectively, and the phase
547velocities are diagnosed from the model fields as:
548
549\begin{equation} \label{eq:cx}
550c_x = -\frac{\partial\phi}{\partial t}\frac{\partial\phi / \partial x}{(\partial\phi /\partial x)^2 + (\partial\phi /\partial y)^2}
551\end{equation}
552\begin{equation}
553\label{eq:cy}
554c_y = -\frac{\partial\phi}{\partial t}\frac{\partial\phi / \partial y}{(\partial\phi /\partial x)^2 + (\partial\phi /\partial y)^2}
555\end{equation}
556
557(As noted by MMS, this is a circular diagnosis of the phase speeds which only makes sense on a discrete grid).
558Equation (\autoref{eq:wave_continuous}) is defined adaptively depending on the sign of the phase velocity normal to the boundary $c_x$.
559For $c_x$ outward, we have
560
561\begin{equation}
562\tau = \tau_{out}
563\end{equation}
564
565For $c_x$ inward, the radiation equation is not applied:
566
567\begin{equation}
568\tau = \tau_{in}\,\,\,;\,\,\, c_x = c_y = 0
569\label{eq:tau_in}
570\end{equation}
571
572Generally the relaxation time scale at inward propagation points \np{(rn\_time\_dmp}) is set much shorter than the time scale at outward propagation
573points (\np{rn\_time\_dmp\_out}) so that the solution is constrained more strongly by the external data at inward propagation points.
574See \autoref{subsec:BDY_relaxation} for detailed on the spatial shape of the scaling.\\
575The normal propagation of oblique radiation'' or NPO approximation (called \forcode{'orlanski_npo'}) involves assuming
576that $c_y$ is zero in equation (\autoref{eq:wave_continuous}), but including
577this term in the denominator of equation (\autoref{eq:cx}). Both versions of the scheme are options in BDY. Equations
578(\autoref{eq:wave_continuous}) - (\autoref{eq:tau_in}) correspond to equations (13) - (15) and (2) - (3) in MMS.\\
579
580%----------------------------------------------
581\subsection{Relaxation at the boundary}
582\label{subsec:BDY_relaxation}
583
584In addition to a specific boundary condition specified as \np{cn\_tra} and \np{cn\_dyn3d}, relaxation on baroclinic velocities and tracers variables are available.
585It is control by the namelist parameter \np{ln\_tra\_dmp} and \np{ln\_dyn3d\_dmp} for each boundary set.
586
587The relaxation time scale value (\np{rn\_time\_dmp} and \np{rn\_time\_dmp\_out}, $\tau$) are defined at the boundaries itself.
588This time scale ($\alpha$) is weighted by the distance ($d$) from the boundary over \np{nn\_rimwidth} cells ($N$):
589
590$591 \alpha = \frac{1}{\tau}(\frac{N+1-d}{N})^2, \quad d=1,N 592$
593
594The same scaling is applied in the Orlanski damping.
595
596%----------------------------------------------
597\subsection{Boundary geometry}
598\label{subsec:BDY_geometry}
599
600Each open boundary set is defined as a list of points.
601The information is stored in the arrays $nbi$, $nbj$, and $nbr$ in the $idx\_bdy$ structure.
602The $nbi$ and $nbj$ arrays define the local $(i,j)$ indices of each point in the boundary zone and
603the $nbr$ array defines the discrete distance from the boundary with $nbr=1$ meaning that
604the point is next to the edge of the model domain and $nbr>1$ showing that
605the point is increasingly further away from the edge of the model domain.
606A set of $nbi$, $nbj$, and $nbr$ arrays is defined for each of the $T$, $U$ and $V$ grids.
607Figure \autoref{fig:LBC_bdy_geom} shows an example of an irregular boundary.
608
609The boundary geometry for each set may be defined in a namelist nambdy\_index or
610by reading in a \ifile{coordinates.bdy}'' file.
611The nambdy\_index namelist defines a series of straight-line segments for north, east, south and west boundaries.
612One nambdy\_index namelist bloc is needed for each boundary condition defined by indexes.
613For the northern boundary, \np{nbdysegn} gives the number of segments,
614\np{jpjnob} gives the $j$ index for each segment and \np{jpindt} and
615\np{jpinft} give the start and end $i$ indices for each segment with similar for the other boundaries.
616These segments define a list of $T$ grid points along the outermost row of the boundary ($nbr\,=\, 1$).
617The code deduces the $U$ and $V$ points and also the points for $nbr\,>\, 1$ if \np{nn\_rimwidth}\forcode{ > 1}.
618
619The boundary geometry may also be defined from a \ifile{coordinates.bdy}'' file.
620Figure \autoref{fig:LBC_nc_header} gives an example of the header information from such a file.
621The file should contain the index arrays for each of the $T$, $U$ and $V$ grids.
622The arrays must be in order of increasing $nbr$.
623Note that the $nbi$, $nbj$ values in the file are global values and are converted to local values in the code.
624Typically this file will be used to generate external boundary data via interpolation and so
625will also contain the latitudes and longitudes of each point as shown.
626However, this is not necessary to run the model.
627
628For some choices of irregular boundary the model domain may contain areas of ocean which
629are not part of the computational domain.
630For example if an open boundary is defined along an isobath, say at the shelf break,
631then the areas of ocean outside of this boundary will need to be masked out.
633Only one mask file is used even if multiple boundary sets are defined.
634
635%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
636\begin{figure}[!t]
637  \begin{center}
638    \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{Fig_LBC_bdy_geom}
639    \caption {
640      \protect\label{fig:LBC_bdy_geom}
641      Example of geometry of unstructured open boundary
642    }
643  \end{center}
644\end{figure}
645%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
646
647%----------------------------------------------
648\subsection{Input boundary data files}
649\label{subsec:BDY_data}
650
651The data files contain the data arrays in the order in which the points are defined in the $nbi$ and $nbj$ arrays.
652The data arrays are dimensioned on:
653a time dimension;
654$xb$ which is the index of the boundary data point in the horizontal;
655and $yb$ which is a degenerate dimension of 1 to enable the file to be read by the standard NEMO I/O routines.
656The 3D fields also have a depth dimension.
657
658From Version 3.4 there are new restrictions on the order in which the boundary points are defined
659(and therefore restrictions on the order of the data in the file).
660In particular:
661
662\begin{enumerate}
663\item The data points must be in order of increasing $nbr$,
664  ie. all the $nbr=1$ points, then all the $nbr=2$ points etc.
665\item All the data for a particular boundary set must be in the same order.
666  (Prior to 3.4 it was possible to define barotropic data in a different order to
667  the data for tracers and baroclinic velocities).
668\end{enumerate}
669
670These restrictions mean that data files used with versions of the
671model prior to Version 3.4 may not work with Version 3.4 onwards.
672A \fortran utility {\it bdy\_reorder} exists in the TOOLS directory which
673will re-order the data in old BDY data files.
674
675%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
676\begin{figure}[!t]
677  \begin{center}
679    \caption {
681      Example of the header for a \protect\ifile{coordinates.bdy} file
682    }
683  \end{center}
684\end{figure}
685%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
686
687%----------------------------------------------
688\subsection{Volume correction}
689\label{subsec:BDY_vol_corr}
690
691There is an option to force the total volume in the regional model to be constant.
692This is controlled  by the \np{ln\_vol} parameter in the namelist.
693A value of \np{ln\_vol}\forcode{ = .false.} indicates that this option is not used.
694Two options to control the volume are available (\np{nn\_volctl}).
695If \np{nn\_volctl}\forcode{ = 0} then a correction is applied to the normal barotropic velocities around the boundary at
696each timestep to ensure that the integrated volume flow through the boundary is zero.
697If \np{nn\_volctl}\forcode{ = 1} then the calculation of the volume change on
698the timestep includes the change due to the freshwater flux across the surface and
699the correction velocity corrects for this as well.
700
701If more than one boundary set is used then volume correction is
702applied to all boundaries at once.
703
704%----------------------------------------------
705\subsection{Tidal harmonic forcing}
706\label{subsec:BDY_tides}
707
708%-----------------------------------------nambdy_tide--------------------------------------------
709
710\nlst{nambdy_tide}
711%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
712
713Tidal forcing at open boundaries requires the activation of surface
714tides (i.e., in \ngn{nam\_tide}, \np{ln\_tide} needs to be set to
715\forcode{.true.} and the required constituents need to be activated by
716including their names in the \np{cname} array; see
717\autoref{sec:SBC_tide}). Specific options related to the reading in of
718the complex harmonic amplitudes of elevation (SSH) and barotropic
719velocity (u,v) at open boundaries are defined through the
720\ngn{nambdy\_tide} namelist parameters.\\
721
722The tidal harmonic data at open boundaries can be specified in two
723different ways, either on a two-dimensional grid covering the entire
724model domain or along open boundary segments; these two variants can
725be selected by setting \np{ln\_bdytide\_2ddta } to \forcode{.true.} or
726\forcode{.false.}, respectively. In either case, the real and
727imaginary parts of SSH and the two barotropic velocity components for
728each activated tidal constituent \textit{tcname} have to be provided
729separately: when two-dimensional data is used, variables
730\textit{tcname\_z1} and \textit{tcname\_z2} for real and imaginary SSH,
731respectively, are expected in input file \np{filtide} with suffix
732\ifile{\_grid\_T}, variables \textit{tcname\_u1} and
733\textit{tcname\_u2} for real and imaginary u, respectively, are
734expected in input file \np{filtide} with suffix \ifile{\_grid\_U}, and
735\textit{tcname\_v1} and \textit{tcname\_v2} for real and imaginary v,
736respectively, are expected in input file \np{filtide} with suffix
737\ifile{\_grid\_V}; when data along open boundary segments is used,
738variables \textit{z1} and \textit{z2} (real and imaginary part of SSH)
739are expected to be available from file \np{filtide} with suffix
740\ifile{tcname\_grid\_T}, variables \textit{u1} and \textit{u2} (real
741and imaginary part of u) are expected to be available from file
742\np{filtide} with suffix \ifile{tcname\_grid\_U}, and variables
743\textit{v1} and \textit{v2} (real and imaginary part of v) are
744expected to be available from file \np{filtide} with suffix
745\ifile{tcname\_grid\_V}. If \np{ln\_bdytide\_conj} is set to
746\forcode{.true.}, the data is expected to be in complex conjugate
747form.
748
749Note that the barotropic velocity components are assumed to be defined
750on the native model grid and should be rotated accordingly when they
751are converted from their definition on a different source grid. To do
752so, the u, v amplitudes and phases can be converted into tidal
753ellipses, the grid rotation added to the ellipse inclination, and then
754converted back (care should be taken regarding conventions of the
755direction of rotation). %, e.g. anticlockwise or clockwise.
756
757\biblio
758
759\pindex
760
761\end{document}
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