[10414] | 1 | \documentclass[../main/NEMO_manual]{subfiles} |
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| 2 | |
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[6997] | 3 | \begin{document} |
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[707] | 4 | % ================================================================ |
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[6140] | 5 | % Chapter 1 ——— Ocean Tracers (TRA) |
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[707] | 6 | % ================================================================ |
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| 7 | \chapter{Ocean Tracers (TRA)} |
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[9407] | 8 | \label{chap:TRA} |
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[10414] | 9 | |
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[707] | 10 | \minitoc |
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| 11 | |
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| 12 | % missing/update |
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| 13 | % traqsr: need to coordinate with SBC module |
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| 14 | |
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[817] | 15 | %STEVEN : is the use of the word "positive" to describe a scheme enough, or should it be "positive definite"? I added a comment to this effect on some instances of this below |
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[707] | 16 | |
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[10502] | 17 | Using the representation described in \autoref{chap:DOM}, several semi -discrete space forms of |
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| 18 | the tracer equations are available depending on the vertical coordinate used and on the physics used. |
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[10354] | 19 | In all the equations presented here, the masking has been omitted for simplicity. |
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[10502] | 20 | One must be aware that all the quantities are masked fields and that each time a mean or |
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| 21 | difference operator is used, the resulting field is multiplied by a mask. |
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[707] | 22 | |
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[10354] | 23 | The two active tracers are potential temperature and salinity. |
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| 24 | Their prognostic equations can be summarized as follows: |
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[10406] | 25 | \[ |
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[10502] | 26 | \text{NXT} = \text{ADV} + \text{LDF} + \text{ZDF} + \text{SBC} |
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| 27 | + \{\text{QSR}, \text{BBC}, \text{BBL}, \text{DMP}\} |
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[10406] | 28 | \] |
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[707] | 29 | |
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[10354] | 30 | NXT stands for next, referring to the time-stepping. |
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| 31 | From left to right, the terms on the rhs of the tracer equations are the advection (ADV), |
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| 32 | the lateral diffusion (LDF), the vertical diffusion (ZDF), the contributions from the external forcings |
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| 33 | (SBC: Surface Boundary Condition, QSR: penetrative Solar Radiation, and BBC: Bottom Boundary Condition), |
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| 34 | the contribution from the bottom boundary Layer (BBL) parametrisation, and an internal damping (DMP) term. |
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| 35 | The terms QSR, BBC, BBL and DMP are optional. |
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| 36 | The external forcings and parameterisations require complex inputs and complex calculations |
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[10502] | 37 | (\eg bulk formulae, estimation of mixing coefficients) that are carried out in the SBC, |
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| 38 | LDF and ZDF modules and described in \autoref{chap:SBC}, \autoref{chap:LDF} and |
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| 39 | \autoref{chap:ZDF}, respectively. |
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| 40 | Note that \mdl{tranpc}, the non-penetrative convection module, although located in |
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| 41 | the \path{./src/OCE/TRA} directory as it directly modifies the tracer fields, |
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| 42 | is described with the model vertical physics (ZDF) together with |
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[10354] | 43 | other available parameterization of convection. |
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[707] | 44 | |
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[10354] | 45 | In the present chapter we also describe the diagnostic equations used to compute the sea-water properties |
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| 46 | (density, Brunt-V\"{a}is\"{a}l\"{a} frequency, specific heat and freezing point with |
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| 47 | associated modules \mdl{eosbn2} and \mdl{phycst}). |
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[707] | 48 | |
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[10354] | 49 | The different options available to the user are managed by namelist logicals or CPP keys. |
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[10502] | 50 | For each equation term \textit{TTT}, the namelist logicals are \textit{ln\_traTTT\_xxx}, |
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[10354] | 51 | where \textit{xxx} is a 3 or 4 letter acronym corresponding to each optional scheme. |
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| 52 | The CPP key (when it exists) is \key{traTTT}. |
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| 53 | The equivalent code can be found in the \textit{traTTT} or \textit{traTTT\_xxx} module, |
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[10502] | 54 | in the \path{./src/OCE/TRA} directory. |
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[707] | 55 | |
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[10354] | 56 | The user has the option of extracting each tendency term on the RHS of the tracer equation for output |
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[10502] | 57 | (\np{ln\_tra\_trd} or \np{ln\_tra\_mxl}~\forcode{= .true.}), as described in \autoref{chap:DIA}. |
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[707] | 58 | |
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| 59 | % ================================================================ |
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| 60 | % Tracer Advection |
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| 61 | % ================================================================ |
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[9393] | 62 | \section{Tracer advection (\protect\mdl{traadv})} |
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[9407] | 63 | \label{sec:TRA_adv} |
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[2282] | 64 | %------------------------------------------namtra_adv----------------------------------------------------- |
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[10146] | 65 | |
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| 66 | \nlst{namtra_adv} |
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[707] | 67 | %------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| 68 | |
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[10442] | 69 | When considered (\ie when \np{ln\_traadv\_NONE} is not set to \forcode{.true.}), |
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[10354] | 70 | the advection tendency of a tracer is expressed in flux form, |
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[10442] | 71 | \ie as the divergence of the advective fluxes. |
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[10354] | 72 | Its discrete expression is given by : |
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[10414] | 73 | \begin{equation} |
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| 74 | \label{eq:tra_adv} |
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[10502] | 75 | ADV_\tau = - \frac{1}{b_t} \Big( \delta_i [ e_{2u} \, e_{3u} \; u \; \tau_u] |
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| 76 | + \delta_j [ e_{1v} \, e_{3v} \; v \; \tau_v] \Big) |
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| 77 | - \frac{1}{e_{3t}} \delta_k [w \; \tau_w] |
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[707] | 78 | \end{equation} |
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[10502] | 79 | where $\tau$ is either T or S, and $b_t = e_{1t} \, e_{2t} \, e_{3t}$ is the volume of $T$-cells. |
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[10354] | 80 | The flux form in \autoref{eq:tra_adv} implicitly requires the use of the continuity equation. |
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[10502] | 81 | Indeed, it is obtained by using the following equality: $\nabla \cdot (\vect U \, T) = \vect U \cdot \nabla T$ which |
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| 82 | results from the use of the continuity equation, $\partial_t e_3 + e_3 \; \nabla \cdot \vect U = 0$ |
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| 83 | (which reduces to $\nabla \cdot \vect U = 0$ in linear free surface, \ie \np{ln\_linssh}~\forcode{= .true.}). |
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[10354] | 84 | Therefore it is of paramount importance to design the discrete analogue of the advection tendency so that |
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| 85 | it is consistent with the continuity equation in order to enforce the conservation properties of |
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| 86 | the continuous equations. |
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| 87 | In other words, by setting $\tau = 1$ in (\autoref{eq:tra_adv}) we recover the discrete form of |
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[817] | 88 | the continuity equation which is used to calculate the vertical velocity. |
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[707] | 89 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
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[10354] | 90 | \begin{figure}[!t] |
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| 91 | \begin{center} |
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[10502] | 92 | \includegraphics[]{Fig_adv_scheme} |
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[10414] | 93 | \caption{ |
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| 94 | \protect\label{fig:adv_scheme} |
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[10354] | 95 | Schematic representation of some ways used to evaluate the tracer value at $u$-point and |
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| 96 | the amount of tracer exchanged between two neighbouring grid points. |
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| 97 | Upsteam biased scheme (ups): |
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| 98 | the upstream value is used and the black area is exchanged. |
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| 99 | Piecewise parabolic method (ppm): |
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| 100 | a parabolic interpolation is used and the black and dark grey areas are exchanged. |
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| 101 | Monotonic upstream scheme for conservative laws (muscl): |
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| 102 | a parabolic interpolation is used and black, dark grey and grey areas are exchanged. |
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| 103 | Second order scheme (cen2): |
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| 104 | the mean value is used and black, dark grey, grey and light grey areas are exchanged. |
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| 105 | Note that this illustration does not include the flux limiter used in ppm and muscl schemes. |
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| 106 | } |
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| 107 | \end{center} |
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| 108 | \end{figure} |
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[707] | 109 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
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[817] | 110 | |
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[10354] | 111 | The key difference between the advection schemes available in \NEMO is the choice made in space and |
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| 112 | time interpolation to define the value of the tracer at the velocity points |
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| 113 | (\autoref{fig:adv_scheme}). |
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[817] | 114 | |
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[10354] | 115 | Along solid lateral and bottom boundaries a zero tracer flux is automatically specified, |
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| 116 | since the normal velocity is zero there. |
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| 117 | At the sea surface the boundary condition depends on the type of sea surface chosen: |
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[10502] | 118 | |
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[817] | 119 | \begin{description} |
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[10354] | 120 | \item[linear free surface:] |
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[10502] | 121 | (\np{ln\_linssh}~\forcode{= .true.}) |
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[10354] | 122 | the first level thickness is constant in time: |
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[10502] | 123 | the vertical boundary condition is applied at the fixed surface $z = 0$ rather than on |
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| 124 | the moving surface $z = \eta$. |
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[10354] | 125 | There is a non-zero advective flux which is set for all advection schemes as |
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[10502] | 126 | $\tau_w|_{k = 1/2} = T_{k = 1}$, \ie the product of surface velocity (at $z = 0$) by |
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| 127 | the first level tracer value. |
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[10354] | 128 | \item[non-linear free surface:] |
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[10502] | 129 | (\np{ln\_linssh}~\forcode{= .false.}) |
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[10354] | 130 | convergence/divergence in the first ocean level moves the free surface up/down. |
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| 131 | There is no tracer advection through it so that the advective fluxes through the surface are also zero. |
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[817] | 132 | \end{description} |
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[10502] | 133 | |
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[10354] | 134 | In all cases, this boundary condition retains local conservation of tracer. |
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| 135 | Global conservation is obtained in non-linear free surface case, but \textit{not} in the linear free surface case. |
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| 136 | Nevertheless, in the latter case, it is achieved to a good approximation since |
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| 137 | the non-conservative term is the product of the time derivative of the tracer and the free surface height, |
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[11123] | 138 | two quantities that are not correlated \citep{roullet.madec_JGR00, griffies.pacanowski.ea_MWR01, campin.adcroft.ea_OM04}. |
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[707] | 139 | |
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[11123] | 140 | The velocity field that appears in (\autoref{eq:tra_adv} and \autoref{eq:tra_adv_zco?}) is |
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[10502] | 141 | the centred (\textit{now}) \textit{effective} ocean velocity, \ie the \textit{eulerian} velocity |
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| 142 | (see \autoref{chap:DYN}) plus the eddy induced velocity (\textit{eiv}) and/or |
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| 143 | the mixed layer eddy induced velocity (\textit{eiv}) when those parameterisations are used |
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| 144 | (see \autoref{chap:LDF}). |
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[707] | 145 | |
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[10354] | 146 | Several tracer advection scheme are proposed, namely a $2^{nd}$ or $4^{th}$ order centred schemes (CEN), |
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[10502] | 147 | a $2^{nd}$ or $4^{th}$ order Flux Corrected Transport scheme (FCT), a Monotone Upstream Scheme for |
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| 148 | Conservative Laws scheme (MUSCL), a $3^{rd}$ Upstream Biased Scheme (UBS, also often called UP3), |
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| 149 | and a Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinematics with Estimated Streaming Terms scheme (QUICKEST). |
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| 150 | The choice is made in the \ngn{namtra\_adv} namelist, by setting to \forcode{.true.} one of |
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| 151 | the logicals \textit{ln\_traadv\_xxx}. |
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| 152 | The corresponding code can be found in the \textit{traadv\_xxx.F90} module, where |
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| 153 | \textit{xxx} is a 3 or 4 letter acronym corresponding to each scheme. |
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| 154 | By default (\ie in the reference namelist, \textit{namelist\_ref}), all the logicals are set to \forcode{.false.}. |
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| 155 | If the user does not select an advection scheme in the configuration namelist (\textit{namelist\_cfg}), |
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[10354] | 156 | the tracers will \textit{not} be advected! |
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[6140] | 157 | |
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[10354] | 158 | Details of the advection schemes are given below. |
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| 159 | The choosing an advection scheme is a complex matter which depends on the model physics, model resolution, |
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[6140] | 160 | type of tracer, as well as the issue of numerical cost. In particular, we note that |
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[10502] | 161 | |
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| 162 | \begin{enumerate} |
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| 163 | \item |
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| 164 | CEN and FCT schemes require an explicit diffusion operator while the other schemes are diffusive enough so that |
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| 165 | they do not necessarily need additional diffusion; |
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| 166 | \item |
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| 167 | CEN and UBS are not \textit{positive} schemes |
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| 168 | \footnote{negative values can appear in an initially strictly positive tracer field which is advected}, |
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| 169 | implying that false extrema are permitted. |
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| 170 | Their use is not recommended on passive tracers; |
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| 171 | \item |
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| 172 | It is recommended that the same advection-diffusion scheme is used on both active and passive tracers. |
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| 173 | \end{enumerate} |
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| 174 | |
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| 175 | Indeed, if a source or sink of a passive tracer depends on an active one, the difference of treatment of active and |
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| 176 | passive tracers can create very nice-looking frontal structures that are pure numerical artefacts. |
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[10354] | 177 | Nevertheless, most of our users set a different treatment on passive and active tracers, |
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| 178 | that's the reason why this possibility is offered. |
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[10502] | 179 | We strongly suggest them to perform a sensitivity experiment using a same treatment to assess the robustness of |
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| 180 | their results. |
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[707] | 181 | |
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| 182 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[6140] | 183 | % 2nd and 4th order centred schemes |
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[707] | 184 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[10502] | 185 | \subsection{CEN: Centred scheme (\protect\np{ln\_traadv\_cen}~\forcode{= .true.})} |
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[9407] | 186 | \label{subsec:TRA_adv_cen} |
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[707] | 187 | |
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[6140] | 188 | % 2nd order centred scheme |
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| 189 | |
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[10502] | 190 | The centred advection scheme (CEN) is used when \np{ln\_traadv\_cen}~\forcode{= .true.}. |
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[10354] | 191 | Its order ($2^{nd}$ or $4^{th}$) can be chosen independently on horizontal (iso-level) and vertical direction by |
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| 192 | setting \np{nn\_cen\_h} and \np{nn\_cen\_v} to $2$ or $4$. |
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[6140] | 193 | CEN implementation can be found in the \mdl{traadv\_cen} module. |
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| 194 | |
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[10354] | 195 | In the $2^{nd}$ order centred formulation (CEN2), the tracer at velocity points is evaluated as the mean of |
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| 196 | the two neighbouring $T$-point values. |
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[817] | 197 | For example, in the $i$-direction : |
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[10414] | 198 | \begin{equation} |
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| 199 | \label{eq:tra_adv_cen2} |
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[10502] | 200 | \tau_u^{cen2} = \overline T ^{i + 1/2} |
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[707] | 201 | \end{equation} |
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| 202 | |
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[10502] | 203 | CEN2 is non diffusive (\ie it conserves the tracer variance, $\tau^2$) but dispersive |
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[10442] | 204 | (\ie it may create false extrema). |
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[10354] | 205 | It is therefore notoriously noisy and must be used in conjunction with an explicit diffusion operator to |
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| 206 | produce a sensible solution. |
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| 207 | The associated time-stepping is performed using a leapfrog scheme in conjunction with an Asselin time-filter, |
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[10502] | 208 | so $T$ in (\autoref{eq:tra_adv_cen2}) is the \textit{now} tracer value. |
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[707] | 209 | |
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[10354] | 210 | Note that using the CEN2, the overall tracer advection is of second order accuracy since |
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| 211 | both (\autoref{eq:tra_adv}) and (\autoref{eq:tra_adv_cen2}) have this order of accuracy. |
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[707] | 212 | |
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| 213 | % 4nd order centred scheme |
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| 214 | |
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[10354] | 215 | In the $4^{th}$ order formulation (CEN4), tracer values are evaluated at u- and v-points as |
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| 216 | a $4^{th}$ order interpolation, and thus depend on the four neighbouring $T$-points. |
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[6140] | 217 | For example, in the $i$-direction: |
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[10414] | 218 | \begin{equation} |
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| 219 | \label{eq:tra_adv_cen4} |
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[10502] | 220 | \tau_u^{cen4} = \overline{T - \frac{1}{6} \, \delta_i \Big[ \delta_{i + 1/2}[T] \, \Big]}^{\,i + 1/2} |
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[707] | 221 | \end{equation} |
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[10502] | 222 | In the vertical direction (\np{nn\_cen\_v}~\forcode{= 4}), |
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[11123] | 223 | a $4^{th}$ COMPACT interpolation has been prefered \citep{demange_phd14}. |
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[10354] | 224 | In the COMPACT scheme, both the field and its derivative are interpolated, which leads, after a matrix inversion, |
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[11123] | 225 | spectral characteristics similar to schemes of higher order \citep{lele_JCP92}. |
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[707] | 226 | |
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[10354] | 227 | Strictly speaking, the CEN4 scheme is not a $4^{th}$ order advection scheme but |
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| 228 | a $4^{th}$ order evaluation of advective fluxes, |
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| 229 | since the divergence of advective fluxes \autoref{eq:tra_adv} is kept at $2^{nd}$ order. |
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| 230 | The expression \textit{$4^{th}$ order scheme} used in oceanographic literature is usually associated with |
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| 231 | the scheme presented here. |
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| 232 | Introducing a \forcode{.true.} $4^{th}$ order advection scheme is feasible but, for consistency reasons, |
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| 233 | it requires changes in the discretisation of the tracer advection together with changes in the continuity equation, |
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| 234 | and the momentum advection and pressure terms. |
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[707] | 235 | |
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[10354] | 236 | A direct consequence of the pseudo-fourth order nature of the scheme is that it is not non-diffusive, |
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[10442] | 237 | \ie the global variance of a tracer is not preserved using CEN4. |
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[10354] | 238 | Furthermore, it must be used in conjunction with an explicit diffusion operator to produce a sensible solution. |
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| 239 | As in CEN2 case, the time-stepping is performed using a leapfrog scheme in conjunction with an Asselin time-filter, |
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| 240 | so $T$ in (\autoref{eq:tra_adv_cen4}) is the \textit{now} tracer. |
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[707] | 241 | |
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[10354] | 242 | At a $T$-grid cell adjacent to a boundary (coastline, bottom and surface), |
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[10406] | 243 | an additional hypothesis must be made to evaluate $\tau_u^{cen4}$. |
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[10354] | 244 | This hypothesis usually reduces the order of the scheme. |
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| 245 | Here we choose to set the gradient of $T$ across the boundary to zero. |
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| 246 | Alternative conditions can be specified, such as a reduction to a second order scheme for |
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| 247 | these near boundary grid points. |
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[707] | 248 | |
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| 249 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[6140] | 250 | % FCT scheme |
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[707] | 251 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[10502] | 252 | \subsection{FCT: Flux Corrected Transport scheme (\protect\np{ln\_traadv\_fct}~\forcode{= .true.})} |
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[9407] | 253 | \label{subsec:TRA_adv_tvd} |
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[707] | 254 | |
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[10502] | 255 | The Flux Corrected Transport schemes (FCT) is used when \np{ln\_traadv\_fct}~\forcode{= .true.}. |
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[10354] | 256 | Its order ($2^{nd}$ or $4^{th}$) can be chosen independently on horizontal (iso-level) and vertical direction by |
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| 257 | setting \np{nn\_fct\_h} and \np{nn\_fct\_v} to $2$ or $4$. |
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[6140] | 258 | FCT implementation can be found in the \mdl{traadv\_fct} module. |
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| 259 | |
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[10354] | 260 | In FCT formulation, the tracer at velocity points is evaluated using a combination of an upstream and |
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| 261 | a centred scheme. |
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| 262 | For example, in the $i$-direction : |
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[10414] | 263 | \begin{equation} |
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| 264 | \label{eq:tra_adv_fct} |
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| 265 | \begin{split} |
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[10502] | 266 | \tau_u^{ups} &= |
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[10414] | 267 | \begin{cases} |
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[10502] | 268 | T_{i + 1} & \text{if~} u_{i + 1/2} < 0 \\ |
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| 269 | T_i & \text{if~} u_{i + 1/2} \geq 0 \\ |
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[10414] | 270 | \end{cases} |
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[10502] | 271 | \\ |
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| 272 | \tau_u^{fct} &= \tau_u^{ups} + c_u \, \big( \tau_u^{cen} - \tau_u^{ups} \big) |
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[10414] | 273 | \end{split} |
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[707] | 274 | \end{equation} |
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[10354] | 275 | where $c_u$ is a flux limiter function taking values between 0 and 1. |
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| 276 | The FCT order is the one of the centred scheme used |
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[10442] | 277 | (\ie it depends on the setting of \np{nn\_fct\_h} and \np{nn\_fct\_v}). |
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[10354] | 278 | There exist many ways to define $c_u$, each corresponding to a different FCT scheme. |
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[11123] | 279 | The one chosen in \NEMO is described in \citet{zalesak_JCP79}. |
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[10354] | 280 | $c_u$ only departs from $1$ when the advective term produces a local extremum in the tracer field. |
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[10502] | 281 | The resulting scheme is quite expensive but \textit{positive}. |
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[10354] | 282 | It can be used on both active and passive tracers. |
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[11123] | 283 | A comparison of FCT-2 with MUSCL and a MPDATA scheme can be found in \citet{levy.estublier.ea_GRL01}. |
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[707] | 284 | |
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[10354] | 285 | An additional option has been added controlled by \np{nn\_fct\_zts}. |
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| 286 | By setting this integer to a value larger than zero, |
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| 287 | a $2^{nd}$ order FCT scheme is used on both horizontal and vertical direction, but on the latter, |
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| 288 | a split-explicit time stepping is used, with a number of sub-timestep equals to \np{nn\_fct\_zts}. |
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[11123] | 289 | This option can be useful when the size of the timestep is limited by vertical advection \citep{lemarie.debreu.ea_OM15}. |
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[10354] | 290 | Note that in this case, a similar split-explicit time stepping should be used on vertical advection of momentum to |
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| 291 | insure a better stability (see \autoref{subsec:DYN_zad}). |
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[707] | 292 | |
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[10354] | 293 | For stability reasons (see \autoref{chap:STP}), |
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[10406] | 294 | $\tau_u^{cen}$ is evaluated in (\autoref{eq:tra_adv_fct}) using the \textit{now} tracer while |
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| 295 | $\tau_u^{ups}$ is evaluated using the \textit{before} tracer. |
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[10354] | 296 | In other words, the advective part of the scheme is time stepped with a leap-frog scheme |
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[10502] | 297 | while a forward scheme is used for the diffusive part. |
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[6140] | 298 | |
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[707] | 299 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| 300 | % MUSCL scheme |
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| 301 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[10502] | 302 | \subsection{MUSCL: Monotone Upstream Scheme for Conservative Laws (\protect\np{ln\_traadv\_mus}~\forcode{= .true.})} |
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[9407] | 303 | \label{subsec:TRA_adv_mus} |
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[707] | 304 | |
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[10502] | 305 | The Monotone Upstream Scheme for Conservative Laws (MUSCL) is used when \np{ln\_traadv\_mus}~\forcode{= .true.}. |
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[6140] | 306 | MUSCL implementation can be found in the \mdl{traadv\_mus} module. |
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| 307 | |
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[11123] | 308 | MUSCL has been first implemented in \NEMO by \citet{levy.estublier.ea_GRL01}. |
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[10354] | 309 | In its formulation, the tracer at velocity points is evaluated assuming a linear tracer variation between |
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| 310 | two $T$-points (\autoref{fig:adv_scheme}). |
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| 311 | For example, in the $i$-direction : |
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[10502] | 312 | \begin{equation} |
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[10414] | 313 | % \label{eq:tra_adv_mus} |
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[10502] | 314 | \tau_u^{mus} = \lt\{ |
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| 315 | \begin{split} |
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| 316 | \tau_i &+ \frac{1}{2} \lt( 1 - \frac{u_{i + 1/2} \, \rdt}{e_{1u}} \rt) |
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| 317 | \widetilde{\partial_i \tau} & \text{if~} u_{i + 1/2} \geqslant 0 \\ |
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| 318 | \tau_{i + 1/2} &+ \frac{1}{2} \lt( 1 + \frac{u_{i + 1/2} \, \rdt}{e_{1u}} \rt) |
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| 319 | \widetilde{\partial_{i + 1/2} \tau} & \text{if~} u_{i + 1/2} < 0 |
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| 320 | \end{split} |
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| 321 | \rt. |
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| 322 | \end{equation} |
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| 323 | where $\widetilde{\partial_i \tau}$ is the slope of the tracer on which a limitation is imposed to |
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[10354] | 324 | ensure the \textit{positive} character of the scheme. |
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[707] | 325 | |
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[10502] | 326 | The time stepping is performed using a forward scheme, that is the \textit{before} tracer field is used to |
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| 327 | evaluate $\tau_u^{mus}$. |
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[707] | 328 | |
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[10354] | 329 | For an ocean grid point adjacent to land and where the ocean velocity is directed toward land, |
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| 330 | an upstream flux is used. |
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| 331 | This choice ensure the \textit{positive} character of the scheme. |
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| 332 | In addition, fluxes round a grid-point where a runoff is applied can optionally be computed using upstream fluxes |
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[10502] | 333 | (\np{ln\_mus\_ups}~\forcode{= .true.}). |
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[707] | 334 | |
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| 335 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| 336 | % UBS scheme |
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| 337 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[10502] | 338 | \subsection{UBS a.k.a. UP3: Upstream-Biased Scheme (\protect\np{ln\_traadv\_ubs}~\forcode{= .true.})} |
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[9407] | 339 | \label{subsec:TRA_adv_ubs} |
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[707] | 340 | |
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[10502] | 341 | The Upstream-Biased Scheme (UBS) is used when \np{ln\_traadv\_ubs}~\forcode{= .true.}. |
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[6140] | 342 | UBS implementation can be found in the \mdl{traadv\_mus} module. |
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| 343 | |
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[10354] | 344 | The UBS scheme, often called UP3, is also known as the Cell Averaged QUICK scheme |
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| 345 | (Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinematics). |
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| 346 | It is an upstream-biased third order scheme based on an upstream-biased parabolic interpolation. |
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| 347 | For example, in the $i$-direction: |
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[10414] | 348 | \begin{equation} |
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| 349 | \label{eq:tra_adv_ubs} |
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[10502] | 350 | \tau_u^{ubs} = \overline T ^{i + 1/2} - \frac{1}{6} |
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| 351 | \begin{cases} |
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| 352 | \tau"_i & \text{if~} u_{i + 1/2} \geqslant 0 \\ |
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| 353 | \tau"_{i + 1} & \text{if~} u_{i + 1/2} < 0 |
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| 354 | \end{cases} |
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| 355 | \quad |
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| 356 | \text{where~} \tau"_i = \delta_i \lt[ \delta_{i + 1/2} [\tau] \rt] |
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[707] | 357 | \end{equation} |
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| 358 | |
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[10502] | 359 | This results in a dissipatively dominant (i.e. hyper-diffusive) truncation error |
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[11123] | 360 | \citep{shchepetkin.mcwilliams_OM05}. |
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| 361 | The overall performance of the advection scheme is similar to that reported in \cite{farrow.stevens_JPO95}. |
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[10354] | 362 | It is a relatively good compromise between accuracy and smoothness. |
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[10502] | 363 | Nevertheless the scheme is not \textit{positive}, meaning that false extrema are permitted, |
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[10354] | 364 | but the amplitude of such are significantly reduced over the centred second or fourth order method. |
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| 365 | Therefore it is not recommended that it should be applied to a passive tracer that requires positivity. |
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[707] | 366 | |
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[10354] | 367 | The intrinsic diffusion of UBS makes its use risky in the vertical direction where |
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| 368 | the control of artificial diapycnal fluxes is of paramount importance |
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[11123] | 369 | \citep{shchepetkin.mcwilliams_OM05, demange_phd14}. |
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[10354] | 370 | Therefore the vertical flux is evaluated using either a $2^nd$ order FCT scheme or a $4^th$ order COMPACT scheme |
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[10502] | 371 | (\np{nn\_cen\_v}~\forcode{= 2 or 4}). |
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[707] | 372 | |
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[10354] | 373 | For stability reasons (see \autoref{chap:STP}), the first term in \autoref{eq:tra_adv_ubs} |
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| 374 | (which corresponds to a second order centred scheme) |
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| 375 | is evaluated using the \textit{now} tracer (centred in time) while the second term |
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| 376 | (which is the diffusive part of the scheme), |
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| 377 | is evaluated using the \textit{before} tracer (forward in time). |
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[11123] | 378 | This choice is discussed by \citet{webb.de-cuevas.ea_JAOT98} in the context of the QUICK advection scheme. |
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[10354] | 379 | UBS and QUICK schemes only differ by one coefficient. |
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[11123] | 380 | Replacing 1/6 with 1/8 in \autoref{eq:tra_adv_ubs} leads to the QUICK advection scheme \citep{webb.de-cuevas.ea_JAOT98}. |
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[10354] | 381 | This option is not available through a namelist parameter, since the 1/6 coefficient is hard coded. |
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| 382 | Nevertheless it is quite easy to make the substitution in the \mdl{traadv\_ubs} module and obtain a QUICK scheme. |
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[707] | 383 | |
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[9407] | 384 | Note that it is straightforward to rewrite \autoref{eq:tra_adv_ubs} as follows: |
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[10502] | 385 | \begin{gather} |
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[10414] | 386 | \label{eq:traadv_ubs2} |
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[10502] | 387 | \tau_u^{ubs} = \tau_u^{cen4} + \frac{1}{12} |
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| 388 | \begin{cases} |
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| 389 | + \tau"_i & \text{if} \ u_{i + 1/2} \geqslant 0 \\ |
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| 390 | - \tau"_{i + 1} & \text{if} \ u_{i + 1/2} < 0 |
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| 391 | \end{cases} |
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| 392 | \intertext{or equivalently} |
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[10414] | 393 | % \label{eq:traadv_ubs2b} |
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[10502] | 394 | u_{i + 1/2} \ \tau_u^{ubs} = u_{i + 1/2} \, \overline{T - \frac{1}{6} \, \delta_i \Big[ \delta_{i + 1/2}[T] \Big]}^{\,i + 1/2} |
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| 395 | - \frac{1}{2} |u|_{i + 1/2} \, \frac{1}{6} \, \delta_{i + 1/2} [\tau"_i] \nonumber |
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| 396 | \end{gather} |
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[1224] | 397 | |
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[10354] | 398 | \autoref{eq:traadv_ubs2} has several advantages. |
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| 399 | Firstly, it clearly reveals that the UBS scheme is based on the fourth order scheme to which |
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| 400 | an upstream-biased diffusion term is added. |
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| 401 | Secondly, this emphasises that the $4^{th}$ order part (as well as the $2^{nd}$ order part as stated above) has to |
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[10502] | 402 | be evaluated at the \textit{now} time step using \autoref{eq:tra_adv_ubs}. |
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[10354] | 403 | Thirdly, the diffusion term is in fact a biharmonic operator with an eddy coefficient which |
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[10502] | 404 | is simply proportional to the velocity: $A_u^{lm} = \frac{1}{12} \, {e_{1u}}^3 \, |u|$. |
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[10354] | 405 | Note the current version of NEMO uses the computationally more efficient formulation \autoref{eq:tra_adv_ubs}. |
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[707] | 406 | |
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| 407 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| 408 | % QCK scheme |
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| 409 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[10502] | 410 | \subsection{QCK: QuiCKest scheme (\protect\np{ln\_traadv\_qck}~\forcode{= .true.})} |
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[9407] | 411 | \label{subsec:TRA_adv_qck} |
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[707] | 412 | |
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[10354] | 413 | The Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinematics with Estimated Streaming Terms (QUICKEST) scheme |
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[11123] | 414 | proposed by \citet{leonard_CMAME79} is used when \np{ln\_traadv\_qck}~\forcode{= .true.}. |
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[6289] | 415 | QUICKEST implementation can be found in the \mdl{traadv\_qck} module. |
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[6140] | 416 | |
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[10354] | 417 | QUICKEST is the third order Godunov scheme which is associated with the ULTIMATE QUICKEST limiter |
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[11123] | 418 | \citep{leonard_CMAME91}. |
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[10354] | 419 | It has been implemented in NEMO by G. Reffray (MERCATOR-ocean) and can be found in the \mdl{traadv\_qck} module. |
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[10502] | 420 | The resulting scheme is quite expensive but \textit{positive}. |
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[10354] | 421 | It can be used on both active and passive tracers. |
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| 422 | However, the intrinsic diffusion of QCK makes its use risky in the vertical direction where |
---|
| 423 | the control of artificial diapycnal fluxes is of paramount importance. |
---|
| 424 | Therefore the vertical flux is evaluated using the CEN2 scheme. |
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| 425 | This no longer guarantees the positivity of the scheme. |
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| 426 | The use of FCT in the vertical direction (as for the UBS case) should be implemented to restore this property. |
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[707] | 427 | |
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[6140] | 428 | %%%gmcomment : Cross term are missing in the current implementation.... |
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[707] | 429 | |
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| 430 | % ================================================================ |
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| 431 | % Tracer Lateral Diffusion |
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| 432 | % ================================================================ |
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[9393] | 433 | \section{Tracer lateral diffusion (\protect\mdl{traldf})} |
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[9407] | 434 | \label{sec:TRA_ldf} |
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[707] | 435 | %-----------------------------------------nam_traldf------------------------------------------------------ |
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[10146] | 436 | |
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| 437 | \nlst{namtra_ldf} |
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[707] | 438 | %------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| 439 | |
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[6289] | 440 | Options are defined through the \ngn{namtra\_ldf} namelist variables. |
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| 441 | They are regrouped in four items, allowing to specify |
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[10354] | 442 | $(i)$ the type of operator used (none, laplacian, bilaplacian), |
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| 443 | $(ii)$ the direction along which the operator acts (iso-level, horizontal, iso-neutral), |
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[10442] | 444 | $(iii)$ some specific options related to the rotated operators (\ie non-iso-level operator), and |
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[6289] | 445 | $(iv)$ the specification of eddy diffusivity coefficient (either constant or variable in space and time). |
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[10354] | 446 | Item $(iv)$ will be described in \autoref{chap:LDF}. |
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| 447 | The direction along which the operators act is defined through the slope between |
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| 448 | this direction and the iso-level surfaces. |
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| 449 | The slope is computed in the \mdl{ldfslp} module and will also be described in \autoref{chap:LDF}. |
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[6289] | 450 | |
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[10354] | 451 | The lateral diffusion of tracers is evaluated using a forward scheme, |
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[10442] | 452 | \ie the tracers appearing in its expression are the \textit{before} tracers in time, |
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[10354] | 453 | except for the pure vertical component that appears when a rotation tensor is used. |
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| 454 | This latter component is solved implicitly together with the vertical diffusion term (see \autoref{chap:STP}). |
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[10502] | 455 | When \np{ln\_traldf\_msc}~\forcode{= .true.}, a Method of Stabilizing Correction is used in which |
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[11123] | 456 | the pure vertical component is split into an explicit and an implicit part \citep{lemarie.debreu.ea_OM12}. |
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[707] | 457 | |
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| 458 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[6289] | 459 | % Type of operator |
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[707] | 460 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[10502] | 461 | \subsection[Type of operator (\protect\np{ln\_traldf}\{\_NONE,\_lap,\_blp\}\})]{Type of operator (\protect\np{ln\_traldf\_NONE}, \protect\np{ln\_traldf\_lap}, or \protect\np{ln\_traldf\_blp}) } |
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[9407] | 462 | \label{subsec:TRA_ldf_op} |
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[707] | 463 | |
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[6289] | 464 | Three operator options are proposed and, one and only one of them must be selected: |
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[10502] | 465 | |
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[6289] | 466 | \begin{description} |
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[10502] | 467 | \item[\np{ln\_traldf\_NONE}~\forcode{= .true.}:] |
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[10354] | 468 | no operator selected, the lateral diffusive tendency will not be applied to the tracer equation. |
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| 469 | This option can be used when the selected advection scheme is diffusive enough (MUSCL scheme for example). |
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[10502] | 470 | \item[\np{ln\_traldf\_lap}~\forcode{= .true.}:] |
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[10354] | 471 | a laplacian operator is selected. |
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[10502] | 472 | This harmonic operator takes the following expression: $\mathpzc{L}(T) = \nabla \cdot A_{ht} \; \nabla T $, |
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[10354] | 473 | where the gradient operates along the selected direction (see \autoref{subsec:TRA_ldf_dir}), |
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| 474 | and $A_{ht}$ is the eddy diffusivity coefficient expressed in $m^2/s$ (see \autoref{chap:LDF}). |
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[10502] | 475 | \item[\np{ln\_traldf\_blp}~\forcode{= .true.}]: |
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[10354] | 476 | a bilaplacian operator is selected. |
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| 477 | This biharmonic operator takes the following expression: |
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[10502] | 478 | $\mathpzc{B} = - \mathpzc{L}(\mathpzc{L}(T)) = - \nabla \cdot b \nabla (\nabla \cdot b \nabla T)$ |
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[10354] | 479 | where the gradient operats along the selected direction, |
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[10502] | 480 | and $b^2 = B_{ht}$ is the eddy diffusivity coefficient expressed in $m^4/s$ (see \autoref{chap:LDF}). |
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[10354] | 481 | In the code, the bilaplacian operator is obtained by calling the laplacian twice. |
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[6289] | 482 | \end{description} |
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| 483 | |
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[10354] | 484 | Both laplacian and bilaplacian operators ensure the total tracer variance decrease. |
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| 485 | Their primary role is to provide strong dissipation at the smallest scale supported by the grid while |
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| 486 | minimizing the impact on the larger scale features. |
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| 487 | The main difference between the two operators is the scale selectiveness. |
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[10442] | 488 | The bilaplacian damping time (\ie its spin down time) scales like $\lambda^{-4}$ for |
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[10354] | 489 | disturbances of wavelength $\lambda$ (so that short waves damped more rapidelly than long ones), |
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[6289] | 490 | whereas the laplacian damping time scales only like $\lambda^{-2}$. |
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| 491 | |
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| 492 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| 493 | % Direction of action |
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| 494 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[10502] | 495 | \subsection[Action direction (\protect\np{ln\_traldf}\{\_lev,\_hor,\_iso,\_triad\})]{Direction of action (\protect\np{ln\_traldf\_lev}, \protect\np{ln\_traldf\_hor}, \protect\np{ln\_traldf\_iso}, or \protect\np{ln\_traldf\_triad}) } |
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[9407] | 496 | \label{subsec:TRA_ldf_dir} |
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[6289] | 497 | |
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[10354] | 498 | The choice of a direction of action determines the form of operator used. |
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| 499 | The operator is a simple (re-entrant) laplacian acting in the (\textbf{i},\textbf{j}) plane when |
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[10502] | 500 | iso-level option is used (\np{ln\_traldf\_lev}~\forcode{= .true.}) or |
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| 501 | when a horizontal (\ie geopotential) operator is demanded in \textit{z}-coordinate |
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[10354] | 502 | (\np{ln\_traldf\_hor} and \np{ln\_zco} equal \forcode{.true.}). |
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[6289] | 503 | The associated code can be found in the \mdl{traldf\_lap\_blp} module. |
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[10354] | 504 | The operator is a rotated (re-entrant) laplacian when |
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| 505 | the direction along which it acts does not coincide with the iso-level surfaces, |
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| 506 | that is when standard or triad iso-neutral option is used |
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| 507 | (\np{ln\_traldf\_iso} or \np{ln\_traldf\_triad} equals \forcode{.true.}, |
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| 508 | see \mdl{traldf\_iso} or \mdl{traldf\_triad} module, resp.), or |
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[10442] | 509 | when a horizontal (\ie geopotential) operator is demanded in \textit{s}-coordinate |
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[9393] | 510 | (\np{ln\_traldf\_hor} and \np{ln\_sco} equal \forcode{.true.}) |
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[10354] | 511 | \footnote{In this case, the standard iso-neutral operator will be automatically selected}. |
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| 512 | In that case, a rotation is applied to the gradient(s) that appears in the operator so that |
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| 513 | diffusive fluxes acts on the three spatial direction. |
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[6289] | 514 | |
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[10354] | 515 | The resulting discret form of the three operators (one iso-level and two rotated one) is given in |
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[10502] | 516 | the next two sub-sections. |
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[6289] | 517 | |
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| 518 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| 519 | % iso-level operator |
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| 520 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[10502] | 521 | \subsection{Iso-level (bi -)laplacian operator ( \protect\np{ln\_traldf\_iso}) } |
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[9407] | 522 | \label{subsec:TRA_ldf_lev} |
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[6289] | 523 | |
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| 524 | The laplacian diffusion operator acting along the model (\textit{i,j})-surfaces is given by: |
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[10414] | 525 | \begin{equation} |
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| 526 | \label{eq:tra_ldf_lap} |
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[10502] | 527 | D_t^{lT} = \frac{1}{b_t} \Bigg( \delta_{i} \lt[ A_u^{lT} \; \frac{e_{2u} \, e_{3u}}{e_{1u}} \; \delta_{i + 1/2} [T] \rt] |
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| 528 | + \delta_{j} \lt[ A_v^{lT} \; \frac{e_{1v} \, e_{3v}}{e_{2v}} \; \delta_{j + 1/2} [T] \rt] \Bigg) |
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[707] | 529 | \end{equation} |
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[10502] | 530 | where $b_t = e_{1t} \, e_{2t} \, e_{3t}$ is the volume of $T$-cells and |
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[10354] | 531 | where zero diffusive fluxes is assumed across solid boundaries, |
---|
| 532 | first (and third in bilaplacian case) horizontal tracer derivative are masked. |
---|
| 533 | It is implemented in the \rou{traldf\_lap} subroutine found in the \mdl{traldf\_lap} module. |
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| 534 | The module also contains \rou{traldf\_blp}, the subroutine calling twice \rou{traldf\_lap} in order to |
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[10502] | 535 | compute the iso-level bilaplacian operator. |
---|
[707] | 536 | |
---|
[10502] | 537 | It is a \textit{horizontal} operator (\ie acting along geopotential surfaces) in |
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[10354] | 538 | the $z$-coordinate with or without partial steps, but is simply an iso-level operator in the $s$-coordinate. |
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[10502] | 539 | It is thus used when, in addition to \np{ln\_traldf\_lap} or \np{ln\_traldf\_blp}~\forcode{= .true.}, |
---|
| 540 | we have \np{ln\_traldf\_lev}~\forcode{= .true.} or \np{ln\_traldf\_hor}~=~\np{ln\_zco}~\forcode{= .true.}. |
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[10354] | 541 | In both cases, it significantly contributes to diapycnal mixing. |
---|
[6289] | 542 | It is therefore never recommended, even when using it in the bilaplacian case. |
---|
[707] | 543 | |
---|
[10502] | 544 | Note that in the partial step $z$-coordinate (\np{ln\_zps}~\forcode{= .true.}), |
---|
[10354] | 545 | tracers in horizontally adjacent cells are located at different depths in the vicinity of the bottom. |
---|
| 546 | In this case, horizontal derivatives in (\autoref{eq:tra_ldf_lap}) at the bottom level require a specific treatment. |
---|
| 547 | They are calculated in the \mdl{zpshde} module, described in \autoref{sec:TRA_zpshde}. |
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[707] | 548 | |
---|
| 549 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[6289] | 550 | % Rotated laplacian operator |
---|
[707] | 551 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[10502] | 552 | \subsection{Standard and triad (bi -)laplacian operator} |
---|
[9407] | 553 | \label{subsec:TRA_ldf_iso_triad} |
---|
[6289] | 554 | |
---|
[10502] | 555 | %&& Standard rotated (bi -)laplacian operator |
---|
[6289] | 556 | %&& ---------------------------------------------- |
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[10502] | 557 | \subsubsection{Standard rotated (bi -)laplacian operator (\protect\mdl{traldf\_iso})} |
---|
[9407] | 558 | \label{subsec:TRA_ldf_iso} |
---|
[10354] | 559 | The general form of the second order lateral tracer subgrid scale physics (\autoref{eq:PE_zdf}) |
---|
[10502] | 560 | takes the following semi -discrete space form in $z$- and $s$-coordinates: |
---|
[10414] | 561 | \begin{equation} |
---|
| 562 | \label{eq:tra_ldf_iso} |
---|
| 563 | \begin{split} |
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[10502] | 564 | D_T^{lT} = \frac{1}{b_t} \Bigg[ \quad &\delta_i A_u^{lT} \lt( \frac{e_{2u} e_{3u}}{e_{1u}} \, \delta_{i + 1/2} [T] |
---|
| 565 | - e_{2u} r_{1u} \, \overline{\overline{\delta_{k + 1/2} [T]}}^{\,i + 1/2,k} \rt) \Bigg. \\ |
---|
| 566 | + &\delta_j A_v^{lT} \lt( \frac{e_{1v} e_{3v}}{e_{2v}} \, \delta_{j + 1/2} [T] |
---|
| 567 | - e_{1v} r_{2v} \, \overline{\overline{\delta_{k + 1/2} [T]}}^{\,j + 1/2,k} \rt) \\ |
---|
| 568 | + &\delta_k A_w^{lT} \lt( \frac{e_{1w} e_{2w}}{e_{3w}} (r_{1w}^2 + r_{2w}^2) \, \delta_{k + 1/2} [T] \rt. \\ |
---|
| 569 | & \qquad \quad \Bigg. \lt. - e_{2w} r_{1w} \, \overline{\overline{\delta_{i + 1/2} [T]}}^{\,i,k + 1/2} |
---|
| 570 | - e_{1w} r_{2w} \, \overline{\overline{\delta_{j + 1/2} [T]}}^{\,j,k + 1/2} \rt) \Bigg] |
---|
[10414] | 571 | \end{split} |
---|
[10354] | 572 | \end{equation} |
---|
[10502] | 573 | where $b_t = e_{1t} \, e_{2t} \, e_{3t}$ is the volume of $T$-cells, |
---|
[10354] | 574 | $r_1$ and $r_2$ are the slopes between the surface of computation ($z$- or $s$-surfaces) and |
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[10442] | 575 | the surface along which the diffusion operator acts (\ie horizontal or iso-neutral surfaces). |
---|
[10502] | 576 | It is thus used when, in addition to \np{ln\_traldf\_lap}~\forcode{= .true.}, |
---|
| 577 | we have \np{ln\_traldf\_iso}~\forcode{= .true.}, |
---|
| 578 | or both \np{ln\_traldf\_hor}~\forcode{= .true.} and \np{ln\_zco}~\forcode{= .true.}. |
---|
[10354] | 579 | The way these slopes are evaluated is given in \autoref{sec:LDF_slp}. |
---|
| 580 | At the surface, bottom and lateral boundaries, the turbulent fluxes of heat and salt are set to zero using |
---|
[10502] | 581 | the mask technique (see \autoref{sec:LBC_coast}). |
---|
[707] | 582 | |
---|
[10354] | 583 | The operator in \autoref{eq:tra_ldf_iso} involves both lateral and vertical derivatives. |
---|
| 584 | For numerical stability, the vertical second derivative must be solved using the same implicit time scheme as that |
---|
| 585 | used in the vertical physics (see \autoref{sec:TRA_zdf}). |
---|
| 586 | For computer efficiency reasons, this term is not computed in the \mdl{traldf\_iso} module, |
---|
| 587 | but in the \mdl{trazdf} module where, if iso-neutral mixing is used, |
---|
[10502] | 588 | the vertical mixing coefficient is simply increased by $\frac{e_{1w} e_{2w}}{e_{3w}}(r_{1w}^2 + r_{2w}^2)$. |
---|
[707] | 589 | |
---|
[10354] | 590 | This formulation conserves the tracer but does not ensure the decrease of the tracer variance. |
---|
| 591 | Nevertheless the treatment performed on the slopes (see \autoref{chap:LDF}) allows the model to run safely without |
---|
[11123] | 592 | any additional background horizontal diffusion \citep{guilyardi.madec.ea_CD01}. |
---|
[6289] | 593 | |
---|
[10502] | 594 | Note that in the partial step $z$-coordinate (\np{ln\_zps}~\forcode{= .true.}), |
---|
[10354] | 595 | the horizontal derivatives at the bottom level in \autoref{eq:tra_ldf_iso} require a specific treatment. |
---|
[9407] | 596 | They are calculated in module zpshde, described in \autoref{sec:TRA_zpshde}. |
---|
[6289] | 597 | |
---|
[10502] | 598 | %&& Triad rotated (bi -)laplacian operator |
---|
[6289] | 599 | %&& ------------------------------------------- |
---|
[10502] | 600 | \subsubsection{Triad rotated (bi -)laplacian operator (\protect\np{ln\_traldf\_triad})} |
---|
[9407] | 601 | \label{subsec:TRA_ldf_triad} |
---|
[6289] | 602 | |
---|
[10502] | 603 | If the Griffies triad scheme is employed (\np{ln\_traldf\_triad}~\forcode{= .true.}; see \autoref{apdx:triad}) |
---|
[6289] | 604 | |
---|
[11123] | 605 | An alternative scheme developed by \cite{griffies.gnanadesikan.ea_JPO98} which ensures tracer variance decreases |
---|
[10502] | 606 | is also available in \NEMO (\np{ln\_traldf\_grif}~\forcode{= .true.}). |
---|
[10354] | 607 | A complete description of the algorithm is given in \autoref{apdx:triad}. |
---|
[707] | 608 | |
---|
[10354] | 609 | The lateral fourth order bilaplacian operator on tracers is obtained by applying (\autoref{eq:tra_ldf_lap}) twice. |
---|
| 610 | The operator requires an additional assumption on boundary conditions: |
---|
| 611 | both first and third derivative terms normal to the coast are set to zero. |
---|
[707] | 612 | |
---|
[10354] | 613 | The lateral fourth order operator formulation on tracers is obtained by applying (\autoref{eq:tra_ldf_iso}) twice. |
---|
| 614 | It requires an additional assumption on boundary conditions: |
---|
| 615 | first and third derivative terms normal to the coast, |
---|
[10502] | 616 | normal to the bottom and normal to the surface are set to zero. |
---|
[707] | 617 | |
---|
[6289] | 618 | %&& Option for the rotated operators |
---|
| 619 | %&& ---------------------------------------------- |
---|
[9393] | 620 | \subsubsection{Option for the rotated operators} |
---|
[9407] | 621 | \label{subsec:TRA_ldf_options} |
---|
[707] | 622 | |
---|
[10502] | 623 | \begin{itemize} |
---|
| 624 | \item \np{ln\_traldf\_msc} = Method of Stabilizing Correction (both operators) |
---|
| 625 | \item \np{rn\_slpmax} = slope limit (both operators) |
---|
| 626 | \item \np{ln\_triad\_iso} = pure horizontal mixing in ML (triad only) |
---|
| 627 | \item \np{rn\_sw\_triad} $= 1$ switching triad; $= 0$ all 4 triads used (triad only) |
---|
| 628 | \item \np{ln\_botmix\_triad} = lateral mixing on bottom (triad only) |
---|
| 629 | \end{itemize} |
---|
[6289] | 630 | |
---|
[707] | 631 | % ================================================================ |
---|
| 632 | % Tracer Vertical Diffusion |
---|
| 633 | % ================================================================ |
---|
[9393] | 634 | \section{Tracer vertical diffusion (\protect\mdl{trazdf})} |
---|
[9407] | 635 | \label{sec:TRA_zdf} |
---|
[707] | 636 | %--------------------------------------------namzdf--------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[10146] | 637 | |
---|
| 638 | \nlst{namzdf} |
---|
[707] | 639 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 640 | |
---|
[6289] | 641 | Options are defined through the \ngn{namzdf} namelist variables. |
---|
[10354] | 642 | The formulation of the vertical subgrid scale tracer physics is the same for all the vertical coordinates, |
---|
| 643 | and is based on a laplacian operator. |
---|
[10502] | 644 | The vertical diffusion operator given by (\autoref{eq:PE_zdf}) takes the following semi -discrete space form: |
---|
| 645 | \begin{gather*} |
---|
[10414] | 646 | % \label{eq:tra_zdf} |
---|
[10502] | 647 | D^{vT}_T = \frac{1}{e_{3t}} \, \delta_k \lt[ \, \frac{A^{vT}_w}{e_{3w}} \delta_{k + 1/2}[T] \, \rt] \\ |
---|
| 648 | D^{vS}_T = \frac{1}{e_{3t}} \; \delta_k \lt[ \, \frac{A^{vS}_w}{e_{3w}} \delta_{k + 1/2}[S] \, \rt] |
---|
| 649 | \end{gather*} |
---|
[10354] | 650 | where $A_w^{vT}$ and $A_w^{vS}$ are the vertical eddy diffusivity coefficients on temperature and salinity, |
---|
| 651 | respectively. |
---|
[10502] | 652 | Generally, $A_w^{vT} = A_w^{vS}$ except when double diffusive mixing is parameterised |
---|
| 653 | (\ie \key{zdfddm} is defined). |
---|
[10354] | 654 | The way these coefficients are evaluated is given in \autoref{chap:ZDF} (ZDF). |
---|
| 655 | Furthermore, when iso-neutral mixing is used, both mixing coefficients are increased by |
---|
[10502] | 656 | $\frac{e_{1w} e_{2w}}{e_{3w} }({r_{1w}^2 + r_{2w}^2})$ to account for the vertical second derivative of |
---|
| 657 | \autoref{eq:tra_ldf_iso}. |
---|
[707] | 658 | |
---|
[10354] | 659 | At the surface and bottom boundaries, the turbulent fluxes of heat and salt must be specified. |
---|
| 660 | At the surface they are prescribed from the surface forcing and added in a dedicated routine |
---|
| 661 | (see \autoref{subsec:TRA_sbc}), whilst at the bottom they are set to zero for heat and salt unless |
---|
[10502] | 662 | a geothermal flux forcing is prescribed as a bottom boundary condition (see \autoref{subsec:TRA_bbc}). |
---|
[707] | 663 | |
---|
[10354] | 664 | The large eddy coefficient found in the mixed layer together with high vertical resolution implies that |
---|
[10502] | 665 | in the case of explicit time stepping (\np{ln\_zdfexp}~\forcode{= .true.}) |
---|
[10354] | 666 | there would be too restrictive a constraint on the time step. |
---|
| 667 | Therefore, the default implicit time stepping is preferred for the vertical diffusion since |
---|
| 668 | it overcomes the stability constraint. |
---|
[10502] | 669 | A forward time differencing scheme (\np{ln\_zdfexp}~\forcode{= .true.}) using |
---|
[10354] | 670 | a time splitting technique (\np{nn\_zdfexp} $> 1$) is provided as an alternative. |
---|
[10502] | 671 | Namelist variables \np{ln\_zdfexp} and \np{nn\_zdfexp} apply to both tracers and dynamics. |
---|
[707] | 672 | |
---|
| 673 | % ================================================================ |
---|
| 674 | % External Forcing |
---|
| 675 | % ================================================================ |
---|
[9393] | 676 | \section{External forcing} |
---|
[9407] | 677 | \label{sec:TRA_sbc_qsr_bbc} |
---|
[707] | 678 | |
---|
| 679 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 680 | % surface boundary condition |
---|
| 681 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[9393] | 682 | \subsection{Surface boundary condition (\protect\mdl{trasbc})} |
---|
[9407] | 683 | \label{subsec:TRA_sbc} |
---|
[707] | 684 | |
---|
[10354] | 685 | The surface boundary condition for tracers is implemented in a separate module (\mdl{trasbc}) instead of |
---|
| 686 | entering as a boundary condition on the vertical diffusion operator (as in the case of momentum). |
---|
| 687 | This has been found to enhance readability of the code. |
---|
| 688 | The two formulations are completely equivalent; |
---|
[10502] | 689 | the forcing terms in trasbc are the surface fluxes divided by the thickness of the top model layer. |
---|
[707] | 690 | |
---|
[10354] | 691 | Due to interactions and mass exchange of water ($F_{mass}$) with other Earth system components |
---|
[10442] | 692 | (\ie atmosphere, sea-ice, land), the change in the heat and salt content of the surface layer of the ocean is due |
---|
[10354] | 693 | both to the heat and salt fluxes crossing the sea surface (not linked with $F_{mass}$) and |
---|
| 694 | to the heat and salt content of the mass exchange. |
---|
| 695 | They are both included directly in $Q_{ns}$, the surface heat flux, |
---|
| 696 | and $F_{salt}$, the surface salt flux (see \autoref{chap:SBC} for further details). |
---|
[6289] | 697 | By doing this, the forcing formulation is the same for any tracer (including temperature and salinity). |
---|
[2286] | 698 | |
---|
[10354] | 699 | The surface module (\mdl{sbcmod}, see \autoref{chap:SBC}) provides the following forcing fields (used on tracers): |
---|
[817] | 700 | |
---|
[10502] | 701 | \begin{itemize} |
---|
| 702 | \item |
---|
| 703 | $Q_{ns}$, the non-solar part of the net surface heat flux that crosses the sea surface |
---|
| 704 | (\ie the difference between the total surface heat flux and the fraction of the short wave flux that |
---|
| 705 | penetrates into the water column, see \autoref{subsec:TRA_qsr}) |
---|
| 706 | plus the heat content associated with of the mass exchange with the atmosphere and lands. |
---|
| 707 | \item |
---|
| 708 | $\textit{sfx}$, the salt flux resulting from ice-ocean mass exchange (freezing, melting, ridging...) |
---|
| 709 | \item |
---|
| 710 | \textit{emp}, the mass flux exchanged with the atmosphere (evaporation minus precipitation) and |
---|
| 711 | possibly with the sea-ice and ice-shelves. |
---|
| 712 | \item |
---|
| 713 | \textit{rnf}, the mass flux associated with runoff |
---|
| 714 | (see \autoref{sec:SBC_rnf} for further detail of how it acts on temperature and salinity tendencies) |
---|
| 715 | \item |
---|
| 716 | \textit{fwfisf}, the mass flux associated with ice shelf melt, |
---|
| 717 | (see \autoref{sec:SBC_isf} for further details on how the ice shelf melt is computed and applied). |
---|
| 718 | \end{itemize} |
---|
[2282] | 719 | |
---|
[6289] | 720 | The surface boundary condition on temperature and salinity is applied as follows: |
---|
[10414] | 721 | \begin{equation} |
---|
| 722 | \label{eq:tra_sbc} |
---|
[10502] | 723 | \begin{alignedat}{2} |
---|
| 724 | F^T &= \frac{1}{C_p} &\frac{1}{\rho_o \lt. e_{3t} \rt|_{k = 1}} &\overline{Q_{ns} }^t \\ |
---|
| 725 | F^S &= &\frac{1}{\rho_o \lt. e_{3t} \rt|_{k = 1}} &\overline{\textit{sfx}}^t |
---|
| 726 | \end{alignedat} |
---|
| 727 | \end{equation} |
---|
| 728 | where $\overline x^t$ means that $x$ is averaged over two consecutive time steps |
---|
| 729 | ($t - \rdt / 2$ and $t + \rdt / 2$). |
---|
[10354] | 730 | Such time averaging prevents the divergence of odd and even time step (see \autoref{chap:STP}). |
---|
[707] | 731 | |
---|
[10502] | 732 | In the linear free surface case (\np{ln\_linssh}~\forcode{= .true.}), an additional term has to be added on |
---|
[10354] | 733 | both temperature and salinity. |
---|
| 734 | On temperature, this term remove the heat content associated with mass exchange that has been added to $Q_{ns}$. |
---|
| 735 | On salinity, this term mimics the concentration/dilution effect that would have resulted from a change in |
---|
| 736 | the volume of the first level. |
---|
[6289] | 737 | The resulting surface boundary condition is applied as follows: |
---|
[10414] | 738 | \begin{equation} |
---|
| 739 | \label{eq:tra_sbc_lin} |
---|
[10502] | 740 | \begin{alignedat}{2} |
---|
| 741 | F^T &= \frac{1}{C_p} &\frac{1}{\rho_o \lt. e_{3t} \rt|_{k = 1}} |
---|
| 742 | &\overline{(Q_{ns} - C_p \, \textit{emp} \lt. T \rt|_{k = 1})}^t \\ |
---|
| 743 | F^S &= &\frac{1}{\rho_o \lt. e_{3t} \rt|_{k = 1}} |
---|
| 744 | &\overline{(\textit{sfx} - \textit{emp} \lt. S \rt|_{k = 1})}^t |
---|
| 745 | \end{alignedat} |
---|
[707] | 746 | \end{equation} |
---|
[10354] | 747 | Note that an exact conservation of heat and salt content is only achieved with non-linear free surface. |
---|
| 748 | In the linear free surface case, there is a small imbalance. |
---|
[11123] | 749 | The imbalance is larger than the imbalance associated with the Asselin time filter \citep{leclair.madec_OM09}. |
---|
[9407] | 750 | This is the reason why the modified filter is not applied in the linear free surface case (see \autoref{chap:STP}). |
---|
[707] | 751 | |
---|
| 752 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 753 | % Solar Radiation Penetration |
---|
| 754 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[9393] | 755 | \subsection{Solar radiation penetration (\protect\mdl{traqsr})} |
---|
[9407] | 756 | \label{subsec:TRA_qsr} |
---|
[817] | 757 | %--------------------------------------------namqsr-------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[10146] | 758 | |
---|
| 759 | \nlst{namtra_qsr} |
---|
[707] | 760 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 761 | |
---|
[9407] | 762 | Options are defined through the \ngn{namtra\_qsr} namelist variables. |
---|
[10502] | 763 | When the penetrative solar radiation option is used (\np{ln\_flxqsr}~\forcode{= .true.}), |
---|
[10354] | 764 | the solar radiation penetrates the top few tens of meters of the ocean. |
---|
[10502] | 765 | If it is not used (\np{ln\_flxqsr}~\forcode{= .false.}) all the heat flux is absorbed in the first ocean level. |
---|
[10354] | 766 | Thus, in the former case a term is added to the time evolution equation of temperature \autoref{eq:PE_tra_T} and |
---|
| 767 | the surface boundary condition is modified to take into account only the non-penetrative part of the surface |
---|
[817] | 768 | heat flux: |
---|
[10414] | 769 | \begin{equation} |
---|
| 770 | \label{eq:PE_qsr} |
---|
[10502] | 771 | \begin{gathered} |
---|
| 772 | \pd[T]{t} = \ldots + \frac{1}{\rho_o \, C_p \, e_3} \; \pd[I]{k} \\ |
---|
| 773 | Q_{ns} = Q_\text{Total} - Q_{sr} |
---|
| 774 | \end{gathered} |
---|
[707] | 775 | \end{equation} |
---|
[10442] | 776 | where $Q_{sr}$ is the penetrative part of the surface heat flux (\ie the shortwave radiation) and |
---|
[10502] | 777 | $I$ is the downward irradiance ($\lt. I \rt|_{z = \eta} = Q_{sr}$). |
---|
[9407] | 778 | The additional term in \autoref{eq:PE_qsr} is discretized as follows: |
---|
[10414] | 779 | \begin{equation} |
---|
| 780 | \label{eq:tra_qsr} |
---|
[10502] | 781 | \frac{1}{\rho_o \, C_p \, e_3} \, \pd[I]{k} \equiv \frac{1}{\rho_o \, C_p \, e_{3t}} \delta_k [I_w] |
---|
[707] | 782 | \end{equation} |
---|
| 783 | |
---|
[10354] | 784 | The shortwave radiation, $Q_{sr}$, consists of energy distributed across a wide spectral range. |
---|
| 785 | The ocean is strongly absorbing for wavelengths longer than 700~nm and these wavelengths contribute to |
---|
| 786 | heating the upper few tens of centimetres. |
---|
| 787 | The fraction of $Q_{sr}$ that resides in these almost non-penetrative wavebands, $R$, is $\sim 58\%$ |
---|
| 788 | (specified through namelist parameter \np{rn\_abs}). |
---|
| 789 | It is assumed to penetrate the ocean with a decreasing exponential profile, with an e-folding depth scale, $\xi_0$, |
---|
[10502] | 790 | of a few tens of centimetres (typically $\xi_0 = 0.35~m$ set as \np{rn\_si0} in the \ngn{namtra\_qsr} namelist). |
---|
[10354] | 791 | For shorter wavelengths (400-700~nm), the ocean is more transparent, and solar energy propagates to |
---|
| 792 | larger depths where it contributes to local heating. |
---|
| 793 | The way this second part of the solar energy penetrates into the ocean depends on which formulation is chosen. |
---|
[10502] | 794 | In the simple 2-waveband light penetration scheme (\np{ln\_qsr\_2bd}~\forcode{= .true.}) |
---|
[10354] | 795 | a chlorophyll-independent monochromatic formulation is chosen for the shorter wavelengths, |
---|
[11123] | 796 | leading to the following expression \citep{paulson.simpson_JPO77}: |
---|
[10414] | 797 | \[ |
---|
| 798 | % \label{eq:traqsr_iradiance} |
---|
[10502] | 799 | I(z) = Q_{sr} \lt[ Re^{- z / \xi_0} + (1 - R) e^{- z / \xi_1} \rt] |
---|
[10414] | 800 | \] |
---|
[10354] | 801 | where $\xi_1$ is the second extinction length scale associated with the shorter wavelengths. |
---|
| 802 | It is usually chosen to be 23~m by setting the \np{rn\_si0} namelist parameter. |
---|
[10502] | 803 | The set of default values ($\xi_0, \xi_1, R$) corresponds to a Type I water in Jerlov's (1968) classification |
---|
[10354] | 804 | (oligotrophic waters). |
---|
[2282] | 805 | |
---|
[10354] | 806 | Such assumptions have been shown to provide a very crude and simplistic representation of |
---|
[11123] | 807 | observed light penetration profiles (\cite{morel_JGR88}, see also \autoref{fig:traqsr_irradiance}). |
---|
[10354] | 808 | Light absorption in the ocean depends on particle concentration and is spectrally selective. |
---|
[11123] | 809 | \cite{morel_JGR88} has shown that an accurate representation of light penetration can be provided by |
---|
[10354] | 810 | a 61 waveband formulation. |
---|
| 811 | Unfortunately, such a model is very computationally expensive. |
---|
[11123] | 812 | Thus, \cite{lengaigne.menkes.ea_CD07} have constructed a simplified version of this formulation in which |
---|
[10354] | 813 | visible light is split into three wavebands: blue (400-500 nm), green (500-600 nm) and red (600-700nm). |
---|
| 814 | For each wave-band, the chlorophyll-dependent attenuation coefficient is fitted to the coefficients computed from |
---|
[11123] | 815 | the full spectral model of \cite{morel_JGR88} (as modified by \cite{morel.maritorena_JGR01}), |
---|
[10354] | 816 | assuming the same power-law relationship. |
---|
| 817 | As shown in \autoref{fig:traqsr_irradiance}, this formulation, called RGB (Red-Green-Blue), |
---|
| 818 | reproduces quite closely the light penetration profiles predicted by the full spectal model, |
---|
| 819 | but with much greater computational efficiency. |
---|
[10502] | 820 | The 2-bands formulation does not reproduce the full model very well. |
---|
[2282] | 821 | |
---|
[10502] | 822 | The RGB formulation is used when \np{ln\_qsr\_rgb}~\forcode{= .true.}. |
---|
[10442] | 823 | The RGB attenuation coefficients (\ie the inverses of the extinction length scales) are tabulated over |
---|
[10354] | 824 | 61 nonuniform chlorophyll classes ranging from 0.01 to 10 g.Chl/L |
---|
| 825 | (see the routine \rou{trc\_oce\_rgb} in \mdl{trc\_oce} module). |
---|
| 826 | Four types of chlorophyll can be chosen in the RGB formulation: |
---|
[10502] | 827 | |
---|
| 828 | \begin{description} |
---|
| 829 | \item[\np{nn\_chdta}~\forcode{= 0}] |
---|
[10354] | 830 | a constant 0.05 g.Chl/L value everywhere ; |
---|
[10502] | 831 | \item[\np{nn\_chdta}~\forcode{= 1}] |
---|
[10354] | 832 | an observed time varying chlorophyll deduced from satellite surface ocean color measurement spread uniformly in |
---|
| 833 | the vertical direction; |
---|
[10502] | 834 | \item[\np{nn\_chdta}~\forcode{= 2}] |
---|
[10354] | 835 | same as previous case except that a vertical profile of chlorophyl is used. |
---|
[11123] | 836 | Following \cite{morel.berthon_LO89}, the profile is computed from the local surface chlorophyll value; |
---|
[10502] | 837 | \item[\np{ln\_qsr\_bio}~\forcode{= .true.}] |
---|
[10354] | 838 | simulated time varying chlorophyll by TOP biogeochemical model. |
---|
| 839 | In this case, the RGB formulation is used to calculate both the phytoplankton light limitation in |
---|
[10502] | 840 | PISCES or LOBSTER and the oceanic heating rate. |
---|
[6497] | 841 | \end{description} |
---|
[10502] | 842 | |
---|
[10354] | 843 | The trend in \autoref{eq:tra_qsr} associated with the penetration of the solar radiation is added to |
---|
| 844 | the temperature trend, and the surface heat flux is modified in routine \mdl{traqsr}. |
---|
[2282] | 845 | |
---|
[10354] | 846 | When the $z$-coordinate is preferred to the $s$-coordinate, |
---|
| 847 | the depth of $w-$levels does not significantly vary with location. |
---|
| 848 | The level at which the light has been totally absorbed |
---|
[10442] | 849 | (\ie it is less than the computer precision) is computed once, |
---|
[10354] | 850 | and the trend associated with the penetration of the solar radiation is only added down to that level. |
---|
| 851 | Finally, note that when the ocean is shallow ($<$ 200~m), part of the solar radiation can reach the ocean floor. |
---|
| 852 | In this case, we have chosen that all remaining radiation is absorbed in the last ocean level |
---|
[10502] | 853 | (\ie $I$ is masked). |
---|
[707] | 854 | |
---|
[2282] | 855 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
---|
[10354] | 856 | \begin{figure}[!t] |
---|
| 857 | \begin{center} |
---|
[10502] | 858 | \includegraphics[]{Fig_TRA_Irradiance} |
---|
[10414] | 859 | \caption{ |
---|
| 860 | \protect\label{fig:traqsr_irradiance} |
---|
[10354] | 861 | Penetration profile of the downward solar irradiance calculated by four models. |
---|
| 862 | Two waveband chlorophyll-independent formulation (blue), |
---|
| 863 | a chlorophyll-dependent monochromatic formulation (green), |
---|
| 864 | 4 waveband RGB formulation (red), |
---|
| 865 | 61 waveband Morel (1988) formulation (black) for a chlorophyll concentration of |
---|
| 866 | (a) Chl=0.05 mg/m$^3$ and (b) Chl=0.5 mg/m$^3$. |
---|
[11123] | 867 | From \citet{lengaigne.menkes.ea_CD07}. |
---|
[10354] | 868 | } |
---|
| 869 | \end{center} |
---|
| 870 | \end{figure} |
---|
[2282] | 871 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
---|
[707] | 872 | |
---|
| 873 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 874 | % Bottom Boundary Condition |
---|
| 875 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[9393] | 876 | \subsection{Bottom boundary condition (\protect\mdl{trabbc})} |
---|
[9407] | 877 | \label{subsec:TRA_bbc} |
---|
[707] | 878 | %--------------------------------------------nambbc-------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[10146] | 879 | |
---|
| 880 | \nlst{nambbc} |
---|
[707] | 881 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 882 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
---|
[10354] | 883 | \begin{figure}[!t] |
---|
| 884 | \begin{center} |
---|
[10502] | 885 | \includegraphics[]{Fig_TRA_geoth} |
---|
[10414] | 886 | \caption{ |
---|
| 887 | \protect\label{fig:geothermal} |
---|
[11123] | 888 | Geothermal Heat flux (in $mW.m^{-2}$) used by \cite{emile-geay.madec_OS09}. |
---|
| 889 | It is inferred from the age of the sea floor and the formulae of \citet{stein.stein_N92}. |
---|
[10354] | 890 | } |
---|
| 891 | \end{center} |
---|
| 892 | \end{figure} |
---|
[707] | 893 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
---|
| 894 | |
---|
[10354] | 895 | Usually it is assumed that there is no exchange of heat or salt through the ocean bottom, |
---|
[10442] | 896 | \ie a no flux boundary condition is applied on active tracers at the bottom. |
---|
[10354] | 897 | This is the default option in \NEMO, and it is implemented using the masking technique. |
---|
| 898 | However, there is a non-zero heat flux across the seafloor that is associated with solid earth cooling. |
---|
[11123] | 899 | This flux is weak compared to surface fluxes (a mean global value of $\sim 0.1 \, W/m^2$ \citep{stein.stein_N92}), |
---|
[10354] | 900 | but it warms systematically the ocean and acts on the densest water masses. |
---|
| 901 | Taking this flux into account in a global ocean model increases the deepest overturning cell |
---|
[11123] | 902 | (\ie the one associated with the Antarctic Bottom Water) by a few Sverdrups \citep{emile-geay.madec_OS09}. |
---|
[707] | 903 | |
---|
[4147] | 904 | Options are defined through the \ngn{namtra\_bbc} namelist variables. |
---|
[10354] | 905 | The presence of geothermal heating is controlled by setting the namelist parameter \np{ln\_trabbc} to true. |
---|
| 906 | Then, when \np{nn\_geoflx} is set to 1, a constant geothermal heating is introduced whose value is given by |
---|
| 907 | the \np{nn\_geoflx\_cst}, which is also a namelist parameter. |
---|
| 908 | When \np{nn\_geoflx} is set to 2, a spatially varying geothermal heat flux is introduced which is provided in |
---|
[11123] | 909 | the \ifile{geothermal\_heating} NetCDF file (\autoref{fig:geothermal}) \citep{emile-geay.madec_OS09}. |
---|
[707] | 910 | |
---|
| 911 | % ================================================================ |
---|
| 912 | % Bottom Boundary Layer |
---|
| 913 | % ================================================================ |
---|
[9393] | 914 | \section{Bottom boundary layer (\protect\mdl{trabbl} - \protect\key{trabbl})} |
---|
[9407] | 915 | \label{sec:TRA_bbl} |
---|
[707] | 916 | %--------------------------------------------nambbl--------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[10146] | 917 | |
---|
| 918 | \nlst{nambbl} |
---|
[707] | 919 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 920 | |
---|
[10502] | 921 | Options are defined through the \ngn{nambbl} namelist variables. |
---|
[10354] | 922 | In a $z$-coordinate configuration, the bottom topography is represented by a series of discrete steps. |
---|
| 923 | This is not adequate to represent gravity driven downslope flows. |
---|
| 924 | Such flows arise either downstream of sills such as the Strait of Gibraltar or Denmark Strait, |
---|
| 925 | where dense water formed in marginal seas flows into a basin filled with less dense water, |
---|
| 926 | or along the continental slope when dense water masses are formed on a continental shelf. |
---|
| 927 | The amount of entrainment that occurs in these gravity plumes is critical in determining the density and |
---|
| 928 | volume flux of the densest waters of the ocean, such as Antarctic Bottom Water, or North Atlantic Deep Water. |
---|
| 929 | $z$-coordinate models tend to overestimate the entrainment, |
---|
| 930 | because the gravity flow is mixed vertically by convection as it goes ''downstairs'' following the step topography, |
---|
| 931 | sometimes over a thickness much larger than the thickness of the observed gravity plume. |
---|
| 932 | A similar problem occurs in the $s$-coordinate when the thickness of the bottom level varies rapidly downstream of |
---|
[11123] | 933 | a sill \citep{willebrand.barnier.ea_PO01}, and the thickness of the plume is not resolved. |
---|
[707] | 934 | |
---|
[11123] | 935 | The idea of the bottom boundary layer (BBL) parameterisation, first introduced by \citet{beckmann.doscher_JPO97}, |
---|
[10354] | 936 | is to allow a direct communication between two adjacent bottom cells at different levels, |
---|
| 937 | whenever the densest water is located above the less dense water. |
---|
| 938 | The communication can be by a diffusive flux (diffusive BBL), an advective flux (advective BBL), or both. |
---|
| 939 | In the current implementation of the BBL, only the tracers are modified, not the velocities. |
---|
| 940 | Furthermore, it only connects ocean bottom cells, and therefore does not include all the improvements introduced by |
---|
[11123] | 941 | \citet{campin.goosse_T99}. |
---|
[707] | 942 | |
---|
| 943 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 944 | % Diffusive BBL |
---|
| 945 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[10502] | 946 | \subsection{Diffusive bottom boundary layer (\protect\np{nn\_bbl\_ldf}~\forcode{= 1})} |
---|
[9407] | 947 | \label{subsec:TRA_bbl_diff} |
---|
[707] | 948 | |
---|
[10354] | 949 | When applying sigma-diffusion (\key{trabbl} defined and \np{nn\_bbl\_ldf} set to 1), |
---|
[2282] | 950 | the diffusive flux between two adjacent cells at the ocean floor is given by |
---|
[10414] | 951 | \[ |
---|
| 952 | % \label{eq:tra_bbl_diff} |
---|
[10502] | 953 | \vect F_\sigma = A_l^\sigma \, \nabla_\sigma T |
---|
[10414] | 954 | \] |
---|
[10502] | 955 | with $\nabla_\sigma$ the lateral gradient operator taken between bottom cells, and |
---|
| 956 | $A_l^\sigma$ the lateral diffusivity in the BBL. |
---|
[11123] | 957 | Following \citet{beckmann.doscher_JPO97}, the latter is prescribed with a spatial dependence, |
---|
[10442] | 958 | \ie in the conditional form |
---|
[10414] | 959 | \begin{equation} |
---|
| 960 | \label{eq:tra_bbl_coef} |
---|
[10502] | 961 | A_l^\sigma (i,j,t) = |
---|
| 962 | \begin{cases} |
---|
| 963 | A_{bbl} & \text{if~} \nabla_\sigma \rho \cdot \nabla H < 0 \\ |
---|
| 964 | \\ |
---|
| 965 | 0 & \text{otherwise} \\ |
---|
| 966 | \end{cases} |
---|
| 967 | \end{equation} |
---|
[10354] | 968 | where $A_{bbl}$ is the BBL diffusivity coefficient, given by the namelist parameter \np{rn\_ahtbbl} and |
---|
| 969 | usually set to a value much larger than the one used for lateral mixing in the open ocean. |
---|
| 970 | The constraint in \autoref{eq:tra_bbl_coef} implies that sigma-like diffusion only occurs when |
---|
| 971 | the density above the sea floor, at the top of the slope, is larger than in the deeper ocean |
---|
| 972 | (see green arrow in \autoref{fig:bbl}). |
---|
| 973 | In practice, this constraint is applied separately in the two horizontal directions, |
---|
[9407] | 974 | and the density gradient in \autoref{eq:tra_bbl_coef} is evaluated with the log gradient formulation: |
---|
[10414] | 975 | \[ |
---|
| 976 | % \label{eq:tra_bbl_Drho} |
---|
[10502] | 977 | \nabla_\sigma \rho / \rho = \alpha \, \nabla_\sigma T + \beta \, \nabla_\sigma S |
---|
[10414] | 978 | \] |
---|
[10502] | 979 | where $\rho$, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are functions of $\overline T^\sigma$, $\overline S^\sigma$ and |
---|
| 980 | $\overline H^\sigma$, the along bottom mean temperature, salinity and depth, respectively. |
---|
[707] | 981 | |
---|
| 982 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 983 | % Advective BBL |
---|
| 984 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[10502] | 985 | \subsection{Advective bottom boundary layer (\protect\np{nn\_bbl\_adv}~\forcode{= 1..2})} |
---|
[9407] | 986 | \label{subsec:TRA_bbl_adv} |
---|
[707] | 987 | |
---|
[10502] | 988 | %\sgacomment{ |
---|
| 989 | % "downsloping flow" has been replaced by "downslope flow" in the following |
---|
| 990 | % if this is not what is meant then "downwards sloping flow" is also a possibility" |
---|
| 991 | %} |
---|
[707] | 992 | |
---|
[817] | 993 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
---|
[10354] | 994 | \begin{figure}[!t] |
---|
| 995 | \begin{center} |
---|
[10502] | 996 | \includegraphics[]{Fig_BBL_adv} |
---|
[10414] | 997 | \caption{ |
---|
| 998 | \protect\label{fig:bbl} |
---|
[10354] | 999 | Advective/diffusive Bottom Boundary Layer. |
---|
[10502] | 1000 | The BBL parameterisation is activated when $\rho^i_{kup}$ is larger than $\rho^{i + 1}_{kdnw}$. |
---|
[10354] | 1001 | Red arrows indicate the additional overturning circulation due to the advective BBL. |
---|
| 1002 | The transport of the downslope flow is defined either as the transport of the bottom ocean cell (black arrow), |
---|
| 1003 | or as a function of the along slope density gradient. |
---|
| 1004 | The green arrow indicates the diffusive BBL flux directly connecting $kup$ and $kdwn$ ocean bottom cells. |
---|
| 1005 | } |
---|
| 1006 | \end{center} |
---|
| 1007 | \end{figure} |
---|
[817] | 1008 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
---|
[707] | 1009 | |
---|
[2282] | 1010 | %!! nn_bbl_adv = 1 use of the ocean velocity as bbl velocity |
---|
| 1011 | %!! nn_bbl_adv = 2 follow Campin and Goosse (1999) implentation |
---|
[10502] | 1012 | %!! i.e. transport proportional to the along-slope density gradient |
---|
[2282] | 1013 | |
---|
[817] | 1014 | %%%gmcomment : this section has to be really written |
---|
| 1015 | |
---|
[10502] | 1016 | When applying an advective BBL (\np{nn\_bbl\_adv}~\forcode{= 1..2}), an overturning circulation is added which |
---|
[10354] | 1017 | connects two adjacent bottom grid-points only if dense water overlies less dense water on the slope. |
---|
[10502] | 1018 | The density difference causes dense water to move down the slope. |
---|
[817] | 1019 | |
---|
[10502] | 1020 | \np{nn\_bbl\_adv}~\forcode{= 1}: |
---|
[10354] | 1021 | the downslope velocity is chosen to be the Eulerian ocean velocity just above the topographic step |
---|
[11123] | 1022 | (see black arrow in \autoref{fig:bbl}) \citep{beckmann.doscher_JPO97}. |
---|
[10354] | 1023 | It is a \textit{conditional advection}, that is, advection is allowed only |
---|
[10502] | 1024 | if dense water overlies less dense water on the slope (\ie $\nabla_\sigma \rho \cdot \nabla H < 0$) and |
---|
| 1025 | if the velocity is directed towards greater depth (\ie $\vect U \cdot \nabla H > 0$). |
---|
[817] | 1026 | |
---|
[10502] | 1027 | \np{nn\_bbl\_adv}~\forcode{= 2}: |
---|
[10354] | 1028 | the downslope velocity is chosen to be proportional to $\Delta \rho$, |
---|
[11123] | 1029 | the density difference between the higher cell and lower cell densities \citep{campin.goosse_T99}. |
---|
[10354] | 1030 | The advection is allowed only if dense water overlies less dense water on the slope |
---|
[10502] | 1031 | (\ie $\nabla_\sigma \rho \cdot \nabla H < 0$). |
---|
[10354] | 1032 | For example, the resulting transport of the downslope flow, here in the $i$-direction (\autoref{fig:bbl}), |
---|
| 1033 | is simply given by the following expression: |
---|
[10414] | 1034 | \[ |
---|
| 1035 | % \label{eq:bbl_Utr} |
---|
[10502] | 1036 | u^{tr}_{bbl} = \gamma g \frac{\Delta \rho}{\rho_o} e_{1u} \, min ({e_{3u}}_{kup},{e_{3u}}_{kdwn}) |
---|
[10414] | 1037 | \] |
---|
[10354] | 1038 | where $\gamma$, expressed in seconds, is the coefficient of proportionality provided as \np{rn\_gambbl}, |
---|
| 1039 | a namelist parameter, and \textit{kup} and \textit{kdwn} are the vertical index of the higher and lower cells, |
---|
| 1040 | respectively. |
---|
| 1041 | The parameter $\gamma$ should take a different value for each bathymetric step, but for simplicity, |
---|
| 1042 | and because no direct estimation of this parameter is available, a uniform value has been assumed. |
---|
[11123] | 1043 | The possible values for $\gamma$ range between 1 and $10~s$ \citep{campin.goosse_T99}. |
---|
[2282] | 1044 | |
---|
[10502] | 1045 | Scalar properties are advected by this additional transport $(u^{tr}_{bbl},v^{tr}_{bbl})$ using the upwind scheme. |
---|
[10354] | 1046 | Such a diffusive advective scheme has been chosen to mimic the entrainment between the downslope plume and |
---|
| 1047 | the surrounding water at intermediate depths. |
---|
| 1048 | The entrainment is replaced by the vertical mixing implicit in the advection scheme. |
---|
| 1049 | Let us consider as an example the case displayed in \autoref{fig:bbl} where |
---|
| 1050 | the density at level $(i,kup)$ is larger than the one at level $(i,kdwn)$. |
---|
| 1051 | The advective BBL scheme modifies the tracer time tendency of the ocean cells near the topographic step by |
---|
| 1052 | the downslope flow \autoref{eq:bbl_dw}, the horizontal \autoref{eq:bbl_hor} and |
---|
| 1053 | the upward \autoref{eq:bbl_up} return flows as follows: |
---|
[10502] | 1054 | \begin{alignat}{3} |
---|
| 1055 | \label{eq:bbl_dw} |
---|
[10414] | 1056 | \partial_t T^{do}_{kdw} &\equiv \partial_t T^{do}_{kdw} |
---|
[10502] | 1057 | &&+ \frac{u^{tr}_{bbl}}{{b_t}^{do}_{kdw}} &&\lt( T^{sh}_{kup} - T^{do}_{kdw} \rt) \\ |
---|
| 1058 | \label{eq:bbl_hor} |
---|
[10414] | 1059 | \partial_t T^{sh}_{kup} &\equiv \partial_t T^{sh}_{kup} |
---|
[10502] | 1060 | &&+ \frac{u^{tr}_{bbl}}{{b_t}^{sh}_{kup}} &&\lt( T^{do}_{kup} - T^{sh}_{kup} \rt) \\ |
---|
| 1061 | % |
---|
[10414] | 1062 | \intertext{and for $k =kdw-1,\;..., \; kup$ :} |
---|
| 1063 | % |
---|
[10502] | 1064 | \label{eq:bbl_up} |
---|
[10414] | 1065 | \partial_t T^{do}_{k} &\equiv \partial_t S^{do}_{k} |
---|
[10502] | 1066 | &&+ \frac{u^{tr}_{bbl}}{{b_t}^{do}_{k}} &&\lt( T^{do}_{k +1} - T^{sh}_{k} \rt) |
---|
| 1067 | \end{alignat} |
---|
| 1068 | where $b_t$ is the $T$-cell volume. |
---|
[2282] | 1069 | |
---|
[10502] | 1070 | Note that the BBL transport, $(u^{tr}_{bbl},v^{tr}_{bbl})$, is available in the model outputs. |
---|
[10354] | 1071 | It has to be used to compute the effective velocity as well as the effective overturning circulation. |
---|
[2282] | 1072 | |
---|
[707] | 1073 | % ================================================================ |
---|
| 1074 | % Tracer damping |
---|
| 1075 | % ================================================================ |
---|
[9393] | 1076 | \section{Tracer damping (\protect\mdl{tradmp})} |
---|
[9407] | 1077 | \label{sec:TRA_dmp} |
---|
[2282] | 1078 | %--------------------------------------------namtra_dmp------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[10146] | 1079 | |
---|
| 1080 | \nlst{namtra_dmp} |
---|
[707] | 1081 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 1082 | |
---|
[10354] | 1083 | In some applications it can be useful to add a Newtonian damping term into the temperature and salinity equations: |
---|
[10414] | 1084 | \begin{equation} |
---|
| 1085 | \label{eq:tra_dmp} |
---|
[10502] | 1086 | \begin{gathered} |
---|
| 1087 | \pd[T]{t} = \cdots - \gamma (T - T_o) \\ |
---|
| 1088 | \pd[S]{t} = \cdots - \gamma (S - S_o) |
---|
| 1089 | \end{gathered} |
---|
[10354] | 1090 | \end{equation} |
---|
| 1091 | where $\gamma$ is the inverse of a time scale, and $T_o$ and $S_o$ are given temperature and salinity fields |
---|
| 1092 | (usually a climatology). |
---|
[4147] | 1093 | Options are defined through the \ngn{namtra\_dmp} namelist variables. |
---|
[10354] | 1094 | The restoring term is added when the namelist parameter \np{ln\_tradmp} is set to true. |
---|
| 1095 | It also requires that both \np{ln\_tsd\_init} and \np{ln\_tsd\_tradmp} are set to true in |
---|
[10502] | 1096 | \ngn{namtsd} namelist as well as \np{sn\_tem} and \np{sn\_sal} structures are correctly set |
---|
[10442] | 1097 | (\ie that $T_o$ and $S_o$ are provided in input files and read using \mdl{fldread}, |
---|
[10354] | 1098 | see \autoref{subsec:SBC_fldread}). |
---|
| 1099 | The restoring coefficient $\gamma$ is a three-dimensional array read in during the \rou{tra\_dmp\_init} routine. |
---|
| 1100 | The file name is specified by the namelist variable \np{cn\_resto}. |
---|
| 1101 | The DMP\_TOOLS tool is provided to allow users to generate the netcdf file. |
---|
[707] | 1102 | |
---|
[10354] | 1103 | The two main cases in which \autoref{eq:tra_dmp} is used are |
---|
| 1104 | \textit{(a)} the specification of the boundary conditions along artificial walls of a limited domain basin and |
---|
| 1105 | \textit{(b)} the computation of the velocity field associated with a given $T$-$S$ field |
---|
| 1106 | (for example to build the initial state of a prognostic simulation, |
---|
| 1107 | or to use the resulting velocity field for a passive tracer study). |
---|
| 1108 | The first case applies to regional models that have artificial walls instead of open boundaries. |
---|
| 1109 | In the vicinity of these walls, $\gamma$ takes large values (equivalent to a time scale of a few days) whereas |
---|
| 1110 | it is zero in the interior of the model domain. |
---|
[11123] | 1111 | The second case corresponds to the use of the robust diagnostic method \citep{sarmiento.bryan_JGR82}. |
---|
[10354] | 1112 | It allows us to find the velocity field consistent with the model dynamics whilst |
---|
[10502] | 1113 | having a $T$, $S$ field close to a given climatological field ($T_o$, $S_o$). |
---|
[707] | 1114 | |
---|
[10354] | 1115 | The robust diagnostic method is very efficient in preventing temperature drift in intermediate waters but |
---|
| 1116 | it produces artificial sources of heat and salt within the ocean. |
---|
| 1117 | It also has undesirable effects on the ocean convection. |
---|
| 1118 | It tends to prevent deep convection and subsequent deep-water formation, by stabilising the water column too much. |
---|
[707] | 1119 | |
---|
[10354] | 1120 | The namelist parameter \np{nn\_zdmp} sets whether the damping should be applied in the whole water column or |
---|
| 1121 | only below the mixed layer (defined either on a density or $S_o$ criterion). |
---|
| 1122 | It is common to set the damping to zero in the mixed layer as the adjustment time scale is short here |
---|
[11123] | 1123 | \citep{madec.delecluse.ea_JPO96}. |
---|
[707] | 1124 | |
---|
[10502] | 1125 | For generating \ifile{resto}, see the documentation for the DMP tool provided with the source code under |
---|
| 1126 | \path{./tools/DMP_TOOLS}. |
---|
[5102] | 1127 | |
---|
[707] | 1128 | % ================================================================ |
---|
| 1129 | % Tracer time evolution |
---|
| 1130 | % ================================================================ |
---|
[9393] | 1131 | \section{Tracer time evolution (\protect\mdl{tranxt})} |
---|
[9407] | 1132 | \label{sec:TRA_nxt} |
---|
[707] | 1133 | %--------------------------------------------namdom----------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[10146] | 1134 | |
---|
| 1135 | \nlst{namdom} |
---|
[707] | 1136 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 1137 | |
---|
[10502] | 1138 | Options are defined through the \ngn{namdom} namelist variables. |
---|
[11123] | 1139 | The general framework for tracer time stepping is a modified leap-frog scheme \citep{leclair.madec_OM09}, |
---|
[10442] | 1140 | \ie a three level centred time scheme associated with a Asselin time filter (cf. \autoref{sec:STP_mLF}): |
---|
[10414] | 1141 | \begin{equation} |
---|
| 1142 | \label{eq:tra_nxt} |
---|
[10502] | 1143 | \begin{alignedat}{3} |
---|
| 1144 | &(e_{3t}T)^{t + \rdt} &&= (e_{3t}T)_f^{t - \rdt} &&+ 2 \, \rdt \,e_{3t}^t \ \text{RHS}^t \\ |
---|
| 1145 | &(e_{3t}T)_f^t &&= (e_{3t}T)^t &&+ \, \gamma \, \lt[ (e_{3t}T)_f^{t - \rdt} - 2(e_{3t}T)^t + (e_{3t}T)^{t + \rdt} \rt] \\ |
---|
| 1146 | & && &&- \, \gamma \, \rdt \, \lt[ Q^{t + \rdt/2} - Q^{t - \rdt/2} \rt] |
---|
| 1147 | \end{alignedat} |
---|
[707] | 1148 | \end{equation} |
---|
[10354] | 1149 | where RHS is the right hand side of the temperature equation, the subscript $f$ denotes filtered values, |
---|
| 1150 | $\gamma$ is the Asselin coefficient, and $S$ is the total forcing applied on $T$ |
---|
[10442] | 1151 | (\ie fluxes plus content in mass exchanges). |
---|
[10354] | 1152 | $\gamma$ is initialized as \np{rn\_atfp} (\textbf{namelist} parameter). |
---|
[10502] | 1153 | Its default value is \np{rn\_atfp}~\forcode{= 10.e-3}. |
---|
[10354] | 1154 | Note that the forcing correction term in the filter is not applied in linear free surface |
---|
[10502] | 1155 | (\jp{lk\_vvl}~\forcode{= .false.}) (see \autoref{subsec:TRA_sbc}). |
---|
[10354] | 1156 | Not also that in constant volume case, the time stepping is performed on $T$, not on its content, $e_{3t}T$. |
---|
[707] | 1157 | |
---|
[10502] | 1158 | When the vertical mixing is solved implicitly, the update of the \textit{next} tracer fields is done in |
---|
| 1159 | \mdl{trazdf} module. |
---|
[10354] | 1160 | In this case only the swapping of arrays and the Asselin filtering is done in the \mdl{tranxt} module. |
---|
[707] | 1161 | |
---|
[10354] | 1162 | In order to prepare for the computation of the \textit{next} time step, a swap of tracer arrays is performed: |
---|
[10502] | 1163 | $T^{t - \rdt} = T^t$ and $T^t = T_f$. |
---|
[707] | 1164 | |
---|
| 1165 | % ================================================================ |
---|
| 1166 | % Equation of State (eosbn2) |
---|
| 1167 | % ================================================================ |
---|
[9393] | 1168 | \section{Equation of state (\protect\mdl{eosbn2}) } |
---|
[9407] | 1169 | \label{sec:TRA_eosbn2} |
---|
[707] | 1170 | %--------------------------------------------nameos----------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[10146] | 1171 | |
---|
| 1172 | \nlst{nameos} |
---|
[707] | 1173 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 1174 | |
---|
| 1175 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 1176 | % Equation of State |
---|
| 1177 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[10502] | 1178 | \subsection{Equation of seawater (\protect\np{nn\_eos}~\forcode{= -1..1})} |
---|
[9407] | 1179 | \label{subsec:TRA_eos} |
---|
[707] | 1180 | |
---|
[10354] | 1181 | The Equation Of Seawater (EOS) is an empirical nonlinear thermodynamic relationship linking seawater density, |
---|
| 1182 | $\rho$, to a number of state variables, most typically temperature, salinity and pressure. |
---|
| 1183 | Because density gradients control the pressure gradient force through the hydrostatic balance, |
---|
| 1184 | the equation of state provides a fundamental bridge between the distribution of active tracers and |
---|
| 1185 | the fluid dynamics. |
---|
| 1186 | Nonlinearities of the EOS are of major importance, in particular influencing the circulation through |
---|
| 1187 | determination of the static stability below the mixed layer, |
---|
[11123] | 1188 | thus controlling rates of exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean interior \citep{roquet.madec.ea_JPO15}. |
---|
| 1189 | Therefore an accurate EOS based on either the 1980 equation of state (EOS-80, \cite{fofonoff.millard_bk83}) or |
---|
| 1190 | TEOS-10 \citep{ioc.iapso_bk10} standards should be used anytime a simulation of the real ocean circulation is attempted |
---|
| 1191 | \citep{roquet.madec.ea_JPO15}. |
---|
[10354] | 1192 | The use of TEOS-10 is highly recommended because |
---|
| 1193 | \textit{(i)} it is the new official EOS, |
---|
| 1194 | \textit{(ii)} it is more accurate, being based on an updated database of laboratory measurements, and |
---|
| 1195 | \textit{(iii)} it uses Conservative Temperature and Absolute Salinity (instead of potential temperature and |
---|
| 1196 | practical salinity for EOS-980, both variables being more suitable for use as model variables |
---|
[11123] | 1197 | \citep{ioc.iapso_bk10, graham.mcdougall_JPO13}. |
---|
[6140] | 1198 | EOS-80 is an obsolescent feature of the NEMO system, kept only for backward compatibility. |
---|
[10354] | 1199 | For process studies, it is often convenient to use an approximation of the EOS. |
---|
[11123] | 1200 | To that purposed, a simplified EOS (S-EOS) inspired by \citet{vallis_bk06} is also available. |
---|
[707] | 1201 | |
---|
[10502] | 1202 | In the computer code, a density anomaly, $d_a = \rho / \rho_o - 1$, is computed, with $\rho_o$ a reference density. |
---|
[10354] | 1203 | Called \textit{rau0} in the code, $\rho_o$ is set in \mdl{phycst} to a value of $1,026~Kg/m^3$. |
---|
| 1204 | This is a sensible choice for the reference density used in a Boussinesq ocean climate model, as, |
---|
| 1205 | with the exception of only a small percentage of the ocean, |
---|
[11123] | 1206 | density in the World Ocean varies by no more than 2$\%$ from that value \citep{gill_bk82}. |
---|
[2282] | 1207 | |
---|
[10502] | 1208 | Options are defined through the \ngn{nameos} namelist variables, and in particular \np{nn\_eos} which |
---|
[10354] | 1209 | controls the EOS used (\forcode{= -1} for TEOS10 ; \forcode{= 0} for EOS-80 ; \forcode{= 1} for S-EOS). |
---|
[10502] | 1210 | |
---|
[6140] | 1211 | \begin{description} |
---|
[10502] | 1212 | \item[\np{nn\_eos}~\forcode{= -1}] |
---|
[11123] | 1213 | the polyTEOS10-bsq equation of seawater \citep{roquet.madec.ea_OM15} is used. |
---|
[10354] | 1214 | The accuracy of this approximation is comparable to the TEOS-10 rational function approximation, |
---|
| 1215 | but it is optimized for a boussinesq fluid and the polynomial expressions have simpler and |
---|
| 1216 | more computationally efficient expressions for their derived quantities which make them more adapted for |
---|
| 1217 | use in ocean models. |
---|
| 1218 | Note that a slightly higher precision polynomial form is now used replacement of |
---|
[11123] | 1219 | the TEOS-10 rational function approximation for hydrographic data analysis \citep{ioc.iapso_bk10}. |
---|
[10354] | 1220 | A key point is that conservative state variables are used: |
---|
[10544] | 1221 | Absolute Salinity (unit: g/kg, notation: $S_A$) and Conservative Temperature (unit: \deg{C}, notation: $\Theta$). |
---|
[10354] | 1222 | The pressure in decibars is approximated by the depth in meters. |
---|
| 1223 | With TEOS10, the specific heat capacity of sea water, $C_p$, is a constant. |
---|
[11123] | 1224 | It is set to $C_p = 3991.86795711963~J\,Kg^{-1}\,^{\circ}K^{-1}$, according to \citet{ioc.iapso_bk10}. |
---|
[10354] | 1225 | Choosing polyTEOS10-bsq implies that the state variables used by the model are $\Theta$ and $S_A$. |
---|
| 1226 | In particular, the initial state deined by the user have to be given as \textit{Conservative} Temperature and |
---|
| 1227 | \textit{Absolute} Salinity. |
---|
| 1228 | In addition, setting \np{ln\_useCT} to \forcode{.true.} convert the Conservative SST to potential SST prior to |
---|
| 1229 | either computing the air-sea and ice-sea fluxes (forced mode) or |
---|
| 1230 | sending the SST field to the atmosphere (coupled mode). |
---|
[10502] | 1231 | \item[\np{nn\_eos}~\forcode{= 0}] |
---|
[10354] | 1232 | the polyEOS80-bsq equation of seawater is used. |
---|
| 1233 | It takes the same polynomial form as the polyTEOS10, but the coefficients have been optimized to |
---|
| 1234 | accurately fit EOS80 (Roquet, personal comm.). |
---|
| 1235 | The state variables used in both the EOS80 and the ocean model are: |
---|
| 1236 | the Practical Salinity ((unit: psu, notation: $S_p$)) and |
---|
| 1237 | Potential Temperature (unit: $^{\circ}C$, notation: $\theta$). |
---|
| 1238 | The pressure in decibars is approximated by the depth in meters. |
---|
| 1239 | With thsi EOS, the specific heat capacity of sea water, $C_p$, is a function of temperature, salinity and |
---|
[11123] | 1240 | pressure \citep{fofonoff.millard_bk83}. |
---|
[10354] | 1241 | Nevertheless, a severe assumption is made in order to have a heat content ($C_p T_p$) which |
---|
[10502] | 1242 | is conserved by the model: $C_p$ is set to a constant value, the TEOS10 value. |
---|
| 1243 | \item[\np{nn\_eos}~\forcode{= 1}] |
---|
[11123] | 1244 | a simplified EOS (S-EOS) inspired by \citet{vallis_bk06} is chosen, |
---|
[10354] | 1245 | the coefficients of which has been optimized to fit the behavior of TEOS10 |
---|
[11123] | 1246 | (Roquet, personal comm.) (see also \citet{roquet.madec.ea_JPO15}). |
---|
[10354] | 1247 | It provides a simplistic linear representation of both cabbeling and thermobaricity effects which |
---|
[11123] | 1248 | is enough for a proper treatment of the EOS in theoretical studies \citep{roquet.madec.ea_JPO15}. |
---|
[10354] | 1249 | With such an equation of state there is no longer a distinction between |
---|
| 1250 | \textit{conservative} and \textit{potential} temperature, |
---|
| 1251 | as well as between \textit{absolute} and \textit{practical} salinity. |
---|
| 1252 | S-EOS takes the following expression: |
---|
[10502] | 1253 | \begin{gather*} |
---|
[10414] | 1254 | % \label{eq:tra_S-EOS} |
---|
[10502] | 1255 | \begin{alignedat}{2} |
---|
| 1256 | &d_a(T,S,z) = \frac{1}{\rho_o} \big[ &- a_0 \; ( 1 + 0.5 \; \lambda_1 \; T_a + \mu_1 \; z ) * &T_a \big. \\ |
---|
| 1257 | & &+ b_0 \; ( 1 - 0.5 \; \lambda_2 \; S_a - \mu_2 \; z ) * &S_a \\ |
---|
| 1258 | & \big. &- \nu \; T_a &S_a \big] \\ |
---|
| 1259 | \end{alignedat} |
---|
| 1260 | \\ |
---|
| 1261 | \text{with~} T_a = T - 10 \, ; \, S_a = S - 35 \, ; \, \rho_o = 1026~Kg/m^3 |
---|
| 1262 | \end{gather*} |
---|
[10354] | 1263 | where the computer name of the coefficients as well as their standard value are given in \autoref{tab:SEOS}. |
---|
[10502] | 1264 | In fact, when choosing S-EOS, various approximation of EOS can be specified simply by |
---|
| 1265 | changing the associated coefficients. |
---|
| 1266 | Setting to zero the two thermobaric coefficients $(\mu_1,\mu_2)$ remove thermobaric effect from S-EOS. |
---|
| 1267 | setting to zero the three cabbeling coefficients $(\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\nu)$ remove cabbeling effect from |
---|
| 1268 | S-EOS. |
---|
[10354] | 1269 | Keeping non-zero value to $a_0$ and $b_0$ provide a linear EOS function of T and S. |
---|
[6140] | 1270 | \end{description} |
---|
| 1271 | |
---|
| 1272 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
---|
| 1273 | \begin{table}[!tb] |
---|
[10414] | 1274 | \begin{center} |
---|
[10502] | 1275 | \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|} |
---|
[10414] | 1276 | \hline |
---|
[10502] | 1277 | coeff. & computer name & S-EOS & description \\ |
---|
| 1278 | \hline |
---|
| 1279 | $a_0$ & \np{rn\_a0} & $1.6550~10^{-1}$ & linear thermal expansion coeff. \\ |
---|
| 1280 | \hline |
---|
| 1281 | $b_0$ & \np{rn\_b0} & $7.6554~10^{-1}$ & linear haline expansion coeff. \\ |
---|
| 1282 | \hline |
---|
| 1283 | $\lambda_1$ & \np{rn\_lambda1}& $5.9520~10^{-2}$ & cabbeling coeff. in $T^2$ \\ |
---|
| 1284 | \hline |
---|
| 1285 | $\lambda_2$ & \np{rn\_lambda2}& $5.4914~10^{-4}$ & cabbeling coeff. in $S^2$ \\ |
---|
| 1286 | \hline |
---|
| 1287 | $\nu$ & \np{rn\_nu} & $2.4341~10^{-3}$ & cabbeling coeff. in $T \, S$ \\ |
---|
| 1288 | \hline |
---|
| 1289 | $\mu_1$ & \np{rn\_mu1} & $1.4970~10^{-4}$ & thermobaric coeff. in T \\ |
---|
| 1290 | \hline |
---|
| 1291 | $\mu_2$ & \np{rn\_mu2} & $1.1090~10^{-5}$ & thermobaric coeff. in S \\ |
---|
| 1292 | \hline |
---|
[10414] | 1293 | \end{tabular} |
---|
| 1294 | \caption{ |
---|
| 1295 | \protect\label{tab:SEOS} |
---|
| 1296 | Standard value of S-EOS coefficients. |
---|
| 1297 | } |
---|
[10502] | 1298 | \end{center} |
---|
[6140] | 1299 | \end{table} |
---|
| 1300 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
---|
| 1301 | |
---|
[707] | 1302 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[6289] | 1303 | % Brunt-V\"{a}is\"{a}l\"{a} Frequency |
---|
[707] | 1304 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[10502] | 1305 | \subsection{Brunt-V\"{a}is\"{a}l\"{a} frequency (\protect\np{nn\_eos}~\forcode{= 0..2})} |
---|
[9407] | 1306 | \label{subsec:TRA_bn2} |
---|
[707] | 1307 | |
---|
[10502] | 1308 | An accurate computation of the ocean stability (i.e. of $N$, the brunt-V\"{a}is\"{a}l\"{a} frequency) is of |
---|
[10354] | 1309 | paramount importance as determine the ocean stratification and is used in several ocean parameterisations |
---|
| 1310 | (namely TKE, GLS, Richardson number dependent vertical diffusion, enhanced vertical diffusion, |
---|
| 1311 | non-penetrative convection, tidal mixing parameterisation, iso-neutral diffusion). |
---|
| 1312 | In particular, $N^2$ has to be computed at the local pressure |
---|
| 1313 | (pressure in decibar being approximated by the depth in meters). |
---|
| 1314 | The expression for $N^2$ is given by: |
---|
[10414] | 1315 | \[ |
---|
| 1316 | % \label{eq:tra_bn2} |
---|
[10502] | 1317 | N^2 = \frac{g}{e_{3w}} \lt( \beta \; \delta_{k + 1/2}[S] - \alpha \; \delta_{k + 1/2}[T] \rt) |
---|
[10414] | 1318 | \] |
---|
[10502] | 1319 | where $(T,S) = (\Theta,S_A)$ for TEOS10, $(\theta,S_p)$ for TEOS-80, or $(T,S)$ for S-EOS, and, |
---|
| 1320 | $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are the thermal and haline expansion coefficients. |
---|
| 1321 | The coefficients are a polynomial function of temperature, salinity and depth which expression depends on |
---|
| 1322 | the chosen EOS. |
---|
[10442] | 1323 | They are computed through \textit{eos\_rab}, a \fortran function that can be found in \mdl{eosbn2}. |
---|
[707] | 1324 | |
---|
| 1325 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 1326 | % Freezing Point of Seawater |
---|
| 1327 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
[9393] | 1328 | \subsection{Freezing point of seawater} |
---|
[9407] | 1329 | \label{subsec:TRA_fzp} |
---|
[707] | 1330 | |
---|
[11123] | 1331 | The freezing point of seawater is a function of salinity and pressure \citep{fofonoff.millard_bk83}: |
---|
[10414] | 1332 | \begin{equation} |
---|
| 1333 | \label{eq:tra_eos_fzp} |
---|
| 1334 | \begin{split} |
---|
[10502] | 1335 | &T_f (S,p) = \lt( a + b \, \sqrt{S} + c \, S \rt) \, S + d \, p \\ |
---|
| 1336 | &\text{where~} a = -0.0575, \, b = 1.710523~10^{-3}, \, c = -2.154996~10^{-4} \\ |
---|
| 1337 | &\text{and~} d = -7.53~10^{-3} |
---|
| 1338 | \end{split} |
---|
[707] | 1339 | \end{equation} |
---|
| 1340 | |
---|
[10354] | 1341 | \autoref{eq:tra_eos_fzp} is only used to compute the potential freezing point of sea water |
---|
[10502] | 1342 | (\ie referenced to the surface $p = 0$), |
---|
[10354] | 1343 | thus the pressure dependent terms in \autoref{eq:tra_eos_fzp} (last term) have been dropped. |
---|
| 1344 | The freezing point is computed through \textit{eos\_fzp}, |
---|
[10502] | 1345 | a \fortran function that can be found in \mdl{eosbn2}. |
---|
[707] | 1346 | |
---|
[6140] | 1347 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 1348 | % Potential Energy |
---|
| 1349 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
| 1350 | %\subsection{Potential Energy anomalies} |
---|
[9407] | 1351 | %\label{subsec:TRA_bn2} |
---|
[6140] | 1352 | |
---|
| 1353 | % =====>>>>> TO BE written |
---|
| 1354 | % |
---|
| 1355 | |
---|
[707] | 1356 | % ================================================================ |
---|
| 1357 | % Horizontal Derivative in zps-coordinate |
---|
| 1358 | % ================================================================ |
---|
[9393] | 1359 | \section{Horizontal derivative in \textit{zps}-coordinate (\protect\mdl{zpshde})} |
---|
[9407] | 1360 | \label{sec:TRA_zpshde} |
---|
[707] | 1361 | |
---|
[6289] | 1362 | \gmcomment{STEVEN: to be consistent with earlier discussion of differencing and averaging operators, |
---|
[10354] | 1363 | I've changed "derivative" to "difference" and "mean" to "average"} |
---|
[817] | 1364 | |
---|
[10502] | 1365 | With partial cells (\np{ln\_zps}~\forcode{= .true.}) at bottom and top (\np{ln\_isfcav}~\forcode{= .true.}), |
---|
[10354] | 1366 | in general, tracers in horizontally adjacent cells live at different depths. |
---|
| 1367 | Horizontal gradients of tracers are needed for horizontal diffusion (\mdl{traldf} module) and |
---|
| 1368 | the hydrostatic pressure gradient calculations (\mdl{dynhpg} module). |
---|
[10502] | 1369 | The partial cell properties at the top (\np{ln\_isfcav}~\forcode{= .true.}) are computed in the same way as |
---|
[10354] | 1370 | for the bottom. |
---|
[6497] | 1371 | So, only the bottom interpolation is explained below. |
---|
[6320] | 1372 | |
---|
[10354] | 1373 | Before taking horizontal gradients between the tracers next to the bottom, |
---|
| 1374 | a linear interpolation in the vertical is used to approximate the deeper tracer as if |
---|
| 1375 | it actually lived at the depth of the shallower tracer point (\autoref{fig:Partial_step_scheme}). |
---|
[10502] | 1376 | For example, for temperature in the $i$-direction the needed interpolated temperature, $\widetilde T$, is: |
---|
[817] | 1377 | |
---|
[707] | 1378 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
---|
[10354] | 1379 | \begin{figure}[!p] |
---|
| 1380 | \begin{center} |
---|
[10502] | 1381 | \includegraphics[]{Fig_partial_step_scheme} |
---|
[10414] | 1382 | \caption{ |
---|
| 1383 | \protect\label{fig:Partial_step_scheme} |
---|
[10354] | 1384 | Discretisation of the horizontal difference and average of tracers in the $z$-partial step coordinate |
---|
[10502] | 1385 | (\protect\np{ln\_zps}~\forcode{= .true.}) in the case $(e3w_k^{i + 1} - e3w_k^i) > 0$. |
---|
| 1386 | A linear interpolation is used to estimate $\widetilde T_k^{i + 1}$, |
---|
[10354] | 1387 | the tracer value at the depth of the shallower tracer point of the two adjacent bottom $T$-points. |
---|
[10502] | 1388 | The horizontal difference is then given by: $\delta_{i + 1/2} T_k = \widetilde T_k^{\, i + 1} -T_k^{\, i}$ and |
---|
| 1389 | the average by: $\overline T_k^{\, i + 1/2} = (\widetilde T_k^{\, i + 1/2} - T_k^{\, i}) / 2$. |
---|
[10354] | 1390 | } |
---|
| 1391 | \end{center} |
---|
| 1392 | \end{figure} |
---|
[707] | 1393 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
---|
[10406] | 1394 | \[ |
---|
[10502] | 1395 | \widetilde T = \lt\{ |
---|
| 1396 | \begin{alignedat}{2} |
---|
| 1397 | &T^{\, i + 1} &-\frac{ \lt( e_{3w}^{i + 1} -e_{3w}^i \rt) }{ e_{3w}^{i + 1} } \; \delta_k T^{i + 1} |
---|
| 1398 | & \quad \text{if $e_{3w}^{i + 1} \geq e_{3w}^i$} \\ \\ |
---|
| 1399 | &T^{\, i} &+\frac{ \lt( e_{3w}^{i + 1} -e_{3w}^i \rt )}{e_{3w}^i } \; \delta_k T^{i + 1} |
---|
| 1400 | & \quad \text{if $e_{3w}^{i + 1} < e_{3w}^i$} |
---|
| 1401 | \end{alignedat} |
---|
| 1402 | \rt. |
---|
[10406] | 1403 | \] |
---|
[10354] | 1404 | and the resulting forms for the horizontal difference and the horizontal average value of $T$ at a $U$-point are: |
---|
[10414] | 1405 | \begin{equation} |
---|
| 1406 | \label{eq:zps_hde} |
---|
[10502] | 1407 | \begin{split} |
---|
| 1408 | \delta_{i + 1/2} T &= |
---|
[10414] | 1409 | \begin{cases} |
---|
[10502] | 1410 | \widetilde T - T^i & \text{if~} e_{3w}^{i + 1} \geq e_{3w}^i \\ |
---|
| 1411 | \\ |
---|
| 1412 | T^{\, i + 1} - \widetilde T & \text{if~} e_{3w}^{i + 1} < e_{3w}^i |
---|
[10414] | 1413 | \end{cases} |
---|
[10502] | 1414 | \\ |
---|
| 1415 | \overline T^{\, i + 1/2} &= |
---|
[10414] | 1416 | \begin{cases} |
---|
[10502] | 1417 | (\widetilde T - T^{\, i} ) / 2 & \text{if~} e_{3w}^{i + 1} \geq e_{3w}^i \\ |
---|
| 1418 | \\ |
---|
| 1419 | (T^{\, i + 1} - \widetilde T) / 2 & \text{if~} e_{3w}^{i + 1} < e_{3w}^i |
---|
[10414] | 1420 | \end{cases} |
---|
[10502] | 1421 | \end{split} |
---|
[707] | 1422 | \end{equation} |
---|
| 1423 | |
---|
[10354] | 1424 | The computation of horizontal derivative of tracers as well as of density is performed once for all at |
---|
| 1425 | each time step in \mdl{zpshde} module and stored in shared arrays to be used when needed. |
---|
[10502] | 1426 | It has to be emphasized that the procedure used to compute the interpolated density, $\widetilde \rho$, |
---|
[10354] | 1427 | is not the same as that used for $T$ and $S$. |
---|
[10502] | 1428 | Instead of forming a linear approximation of density, we compute $\widetilde \rho$ from the interpolated values of |
---|
[10354] | 1429 | $T$ and $S$, and the pressure at a $u$-point |
---|
[10502] | 1430 | (in the equation of state pressure is approximated by depth, see \autoref{subsec:TRA_eos}): |
---|
[10414] | 1431 | \[ |
---|
| 1432 | % \label{eq:zps_hde_rho} |
---|
[10502] | 1433 | \widetilde \rho = \rho (\widetilde T,\widetilde S,z_u) \quad \text{where~} z_u = \min \lt( z_T^{i + 1},z_T^i \rt) |
---|
[10414] | 1434 | \] |
---|
[707] | 1435 | |
---|
[10354] | 1436 | This is a much better approximation as the variation of $\rho$ with depth (and thus pressure) |
---|
| 1437 | is highly non-linear with a true equation of state and thus is badly approximated with a linear interpolation. |
---|
| 1438 | This approximation is used to compute both the horizontal pressure gradient (\autoref{sec:DYN_hpg}) and |
---|
| 1439 | the slopes of neutral surfaces (\autoref{sec:LDF_slp}). |
---|
[707] | 1440 | |
---|
[10354] | 1441 | Note that in almost all the advection schemes presented in this Chapter, |
---|
| 1442 | both averaging and differencing operators appear. |
---|
| 1443 | Yet \autoref{eq:zps_hde} has not been used in these schemes: |
---|
| 1444 | in contrast to diffusion and pressure gradient computations, |
---|
| 1445 | no correction for partial steps is applied for advection. |
---|
| 1446 | The main motivation is to preserve the domain averaged mean variance of the advected field when |
---|
| 1447 | using the $2^{nd}$ order centred scheme. |
---|
| 1448 | Sensitivity of the advection schemes to the way horizontal averages are performed in the vicinity of |
---|
| 1449 | partial cells should be further investigated in the near future. |
---|
[817] | 1450 | %%% |
---|
| 1451 | \gmcomment{gm : this last remark has to be done} |
---|
| 1452 | %%% |
---|
[10414] | 1453 | |
---|
| 1454 | \biblio |
---|
| 1455 | |
---|
[10442] | 1456 | \pindex |
---|
| 1457 | |
---|
[6997] | 1458 | \end{document} |
---|