# source:NEMO/trunk/doc/latex/NEMO/subfiles/chap_model_basics_zstar.tex@10442

Last change on this file since 10442 was 10442, checked in by nicolasmartin, 22 months ago

Front page edition, cleaning in custom LaTeX commands and add index for single subfile compilation

• Use \thanks storing cmd to refer to the ST members list for 2018 in an footnote on the cover page
• NEMO and Fortran in small capitals
• Removing of unused or underused custom cmds, move local cmds to their respective .tex file
• Addition of new ones (\zstar, \ztilde, \sstar, \stilde, \ie, \eg, \fortran, \fninety)
• Fonts for indexed items: italic font for files (modules and .nc files), preformat for code (CPP keys, routines names and namelists content)
File size: 16.1 KB
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[10414]1\documentclass[../main/NEMO_manual]{subfiles}
2
[6997]3\begin{document}
[707]4% ================================================================
[10414]5% Chapter 1 Model Basics
[707]6% ================================================================
7% ================================================================
[10442]8% Curvilinear \zstar- \sstar-coordinate System
[707]9% ================================================================
[10442]10\chapter{ essai \zstar \sstar}
11\section{Curvilinear \zstar- or \sstar coordinate system}
[707]12
13% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14% ????
15% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16
17\colorbox{yellow}{ to be updated }
18
[10354]19In that case, the free surface equation is nonlinear, and the variations of volume are fully taken into account.
20These coordinates systems is presented in a report \citep{Levier2007} available on the \NEMO web site.
[707]21
22\colorbox{yellow}{  end of to be updated}
23
24% from MOM4p1 documentation
25
[10354]26To overcome problems with vanishing surface and/or bottom cells, we consider the zstar coordinate
[10414]27$28 % \label{eq:PE_} 29 z^\star = H \left( \frac{z-\eta}{H+\eta} \right) 30$
[707]31
[10354]32This coordinate is closely related to the "eta" coordinate used in many atmospheric models
33(see Black (1994) for a review of eta coordinate atmospheric models).
34It was originally used in ocean models by Stacey et al. (1995) for studies of tides next to shelves,
35and it has been recently promoted by Adcroft and Campin (2004) for global climate modelling.
[707]36
[10354]37The surfaces of constant $z^\star$ are quasi-horizontal.
38Indeed, the $z^\star$ coordinate reduces to $z$ when $\eta$ is zero.
39In general, when noting the large differences between undulations of the bottom topography versus undulations in
40the surface height, it is clear that surfaces constant $z^\star$ are very similar to the depth surfaces.
41These properties greatly reduce difficulties of computing the horizontal pressure gradient relative to
42terrain following sigma models discussed in \autoref{subsec:PE_sco}.
43Additionally, since $z^\star$ when $\eta = 0$, no flow is spontaneously generated in
44an unforced ocean starting from rest, regardless the bottom topography.
45This behaviour is in contrast to the case with "s"-models, where pressure gradient errors in the presence of
46nontrivial topographic variations can generate nontrivial spontaneous flow from a resting state,
47depending on the sophistication of the pressure gradient solver.
48The quasi-horizontal nature of the coordinate surfaces also facilitates the implementation of
49neutral physics parameterizations in $z^\star$ models using the same techniques as in $z$-models
50(see Chapters 13-16 of Griffies (2004) for a discussion of neutral physics in $z$-models,
51as well as  \autoref{sec:LDF_slp} in this document for treatment in \NEMO).
[707]52
[10354]53The range over which $z^\star$ varies is time independent $-H \leq z^\star \leq 0$.
54Hence, all cells remain nonvanishing, so long as the surface height maintains $\eta > ?H$.
55This is a minor constraint relative to that encountered on the surface height when using $s = z$ or $s = z - \eta$.
[707]56
[10354]57Because $z^\star$ has a time independent range, all grid cells have static increments ds,
58and the sum of the ver tical increments yields the time independent ocean depth %�k ds = H.
59The $z^\star$ coordinate is therefore invisible to undulations of the free surface,
60since it moves along with the free surface.
61This proper ty means that no spurious ver tical transpor t is induced across surfaces of
62constant $z^\star$ by the motion of external gravity waves.
63Such spurious transpor t can be a problem in z-models, especially those with tidal forcing.
64Quite generally, the time independent range for the $z^\star$ coordinate is a very convenient property that
65allows for a nearly arbitrary vertical resolution even in the presence of large amplitude fluctuations of
[707]66the surface height, again so long as $\eta > -H$.
67
68%%%
69%  essai update time splitting...
70%%%
71
72% ================================================================
73% Surface Pressure Gradient and Sea Surface Height
74% ================================================================
[9393]75\section{Surface pressure gradient and sea surface heigth (\protect\mdl{dynspg})}
[9407]76\label{sec:DYN_hpg_spg}
[707]77%-----------------------------------------nam_dynspg----------------------------------------------------
[10146]78
[10414]79%\nlst{nam_dynspg}
[707]80%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[10354]81Options are defined through the \ngn{nam\_dynspg} namelist variables.
82The surface pressure gradient term is related to the representation of the free surface (\autoref{sec:PE_hor_pg}).
83The main distinction is between the fixed volume case (linear free surface or rigid lid) and
84the variable volume case (nonlinear free surface, \key{vvl} is active).
85In the linear free surface case (\autoref{subsec:PE_free_surface}) and rigid lid (\autoref{PE_rigid_lid}),
86the vertical scale factors $e_{3}$ are fixed in time,
87while in the nonlinear case (\autoref{subsec:PE_free_surface}) they are time-dependent.
88With both linear and nonlinear free surface, external gravity waves are allowed in the equations,
89which imposes a very small time step when an explicit time stepping is used.
90Two methods are proposed to allow a longer time step for the three-dimensional equations:
91the filtered free surface, which is a modification of the continuous equations (see \autoref{eq:PE_flt}),
92and the split-explicit free surface described below.
93The extra term introduced in the filtered method is calculated implicitly,
94so that the update of the next velocities is done in module \mdl{dynspg\_flt} and not in \mdl{dynnxt}.
[707]95
96%-------------------------------------------------------------
97% Explicit
98%-------------------------------------------------------------
[9363]99\subsubsection{Explicit (\protect\key{dynspg\_exp})}
[9407]100\label{subsec:DYN_spg_exp}
[707]101
[10354]102In the explicit free surface formulation, the model time step is chosen small enough to
103describe the external gravity waves (typically a few ten seconds).
104The sea surface height is given by:
[10414]105\begin{equation}
106  \label{eq:dynspg_ssh}
107  \frac{\partial \eta }{\partial t}\equiv \frac{\text{EMP}}{\rho_w }+\frac{1}{e_{1T}
108    e_{2T} }\sum\limits_k {\left( {\delta_i \left[ {e_{2u} e_{3u} u}
109        \right]+\delta_j \left[ {e_{1v} e_{3v} v} \right]} \right)}
[707]110\end{equation}
111
[10354]112where EMP is the surface freshwater budget (evaporation minus precipitation, and minus river runoffs
113(if the later are introduced as a surface freshwater flux, see \autoref{chap:SBC}) expressed in $Kg.m^{-2}.s^{-1}$,
[10406]114and $\rho_w =1,000\,Kg.m^{-3}$ is the volumic mass of pure water.
[10354]115The sea-surface height is evaluated using a leapfrog scheme in combination with an Asselin time filter,
[10442]116(\ie the velocity appearing in (\autoref{eq:dynspg_ssh}) is centred in time (\textit{now} velocity).
[707]117
[10354]118The surface pressure gradient, also evaluated using a leap-frog scheme, is then simply given by:
[10414]119\begin{equation}
120  \label{eq:dynspg_exp}
121  \left\{
122    \begin{aligned}
123      - \frac{1}                    {e_{1u}} \; \delta_{i+1/2} \left[  \,\eta\,  \right] \\ \\
124      - \frac{1}                    {e_{2v}} \; \delta_{j+1/2} \left[  \,\eta\,  \right]
125    \end{aligned}
126  \right.
[707]127\end{equation}
128
[10406]129Consistent with the linearization, a $\left. \rho \right|_{k=1} / \rho_o$ factor is omitted in
[10354]130(\autoref{eq:dynspg_exp}).
[707]131
132%-------------------------------------------------------------
133% Split-explicit time-stepping
134%-------------------------------------------------------------
[9363]135\subsubsection{Split-explicit time-stepping (\protect\key{dynspg\_ts})}
[9407]136\label{subsec:DYN_spg_ts}
[707]137%--------------------------------------------namdom----------------------------------------------------
[10146]138
139\nlst{namdom}
[707]140%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[10354]141The split-explicit free surface formulation used in OPA follows the one proposed by \citet{Griffies2004}.
142The general idea is to solve the free surface equation with a small time step,
143while the three dimensional prognostic variables are solved with a longer time step that
144is a multiple of \np{rdtbt} in the \ngn{namdom} namelist (Figure III.3).
[707]145
146%>   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >
[10414]147\begin{figure}[!t]
148  \begin{center}
149    \includegraphics[width=0.90\textwidth]{Fig_DYN_dynspg_ts}
150    \caption{
151      \protect\label{fig:DYN_dynspg_ts}
152      Schematic of the split-explicit time stepping scheme for the barotropic and baroclinic modes,
153      after \citet{Griffies2004}.
154      Time increases to the right.
155      Baroclinic time steps are denoted by $t-\Delta t$, $t, t+\Delta t$, and $t+2\Delta t$.
156      The curved line represents a leap-frog time step,
157      and the smaller barotropic time steps $N \Delta t=2\Delta t$ are denoted by the zig-zag line.
158      The vertically integrated forcing \textbf{M}(t) computed at
159      baroclinic time step t represents the interaction between the barotropic and baroclinic motions.
160      While keeping the total depth, tracer, and freshwater forcing fields fixed,
161      a leap-frog integration carries the surface height and vertically integrated velocity from
162      t to $t+2 \Delta t$ using N barotropic time steps of length $\Delta t$.
163      Time averaging the barotropic fields over the N+1 time steps (endpoints included)
164      centers the vertically integrated velocity at the baroclinic timestep $t+\Delta t$.
165      A baroclinic leap-frog time step carries the surface height to $t+\Delta t$ using the convergence of
166      the time averaged vertically integrated velocity taken from baroclinic time step t.
167    }
168  \end{center}
[707]169\end{figure}
170%>   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >
171
[10354]172The split-explicit formulation has a damping effect on external gravity waves,
173which is weaker than the filtered free surface but still significant as shown by \citet{Levier2007} in
174the case of an analytical barotropic Kelvin wave.
[707]175
176%from griffies book: .....   copy past !
177
178\textbf{title: Time stepping the barotropic system }
179
[10354]180Assume knowledge of the full velocity and tracer fields at baroclinic time $\tau$.
181Hence, we can update the surface height and vertically integrated velocity with a leap-frog scheme using
182the small barotropic time step $\Delta t$.
183We have
[10414]184$185 % \label{eq:DYN_spg_ts_eta} 186 \eta^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n+1}) - \eta^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n+1}) (\tau,t_{n-1}) 187 = 2 \Delta t \left[-\nabla \cdot \textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau,t_n) + \text{EMP}_w(\tau) \right] 188$
189\begin{multline*}
190  % \label{eq:DYN_spg_ts_u}
191  \textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n+1}) - \textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n-1}\\
192  = 2\Delta t \left[ - f \textbf{k} \times \textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n})
193    - H(\tau) \nabla p_s^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n}) +\textbf{M}(\tau) \right]
194\end{multline*}
[707]195\
196
[10354]197In these equations, araised (b) denotes values of surface height and
198vertically integrated velocity updated with the barotropic time steps.
199The $\tau$ time label on $\eta^{(b)}$ and $U^{(b)}$ denotes the baroclinic time at which
200the vertically integrated forcing $\textbf{M}(\tau)$
201(note that this forcing includes the surface freshwater forcing), the tracer fields,
202the freshwater flux $\text{EMP}_w(\tau)$, and total depth of the ocean $H(\tau)$ are held for
203the duration of the barotropic time stepping over a single cycle.
204This is also the time that sets the barotropic time steps via
[10414]205$206 % \label{eq:DYN_spg_ts_t} 207 t_n=\tau+n\Delta t 208$
[10354]209with $n$ an integer.
210The density scaled surface pressure is evaluated via
[10414]211$212 % \label{eq:DYN_spg_ts_ps} 213 p_s^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n}) = 214 \begin{cases} 215 g \;\eta_s^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n}) \;\rho(\tau)_{k=1}) / \rho_o & \text{non-linear case} \\ 216 g \;\eta_s^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n}) & \text{linear case} 217 \end{cases} 218$
[707]219To get started, we assume the following initial conditions
[10414]220$221 % \label{eq:DYN_spg_ts_eta} 222 \begin{split} 223 \eta^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n=0}) &= \overline{\eta^{(b)}(\tau)} \\ 224 \eta^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n=1}) &= \eta^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n=0}) + \Delta t \ \text{RHS}_{n=0} 225 \end{split} 226$
[707]227with
[10414]228$229 % \label{eq:DYN_spg_ts_etaF} 230 \overline{\eta^{(b)}(\tau)} = \frac{1}{N+1} \sum\limits_{n=0}^N \eta^{(b)}(\tau-\Delta t,t_{n}) 231$
[10354]232the time averaged surface height taken from the previous barotropic cycle.
233Likewise,
[10414]234$235 % \label{eq:DYN_spg_ts_u} 236 \textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n=0}) = \overline{\textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau)} \\ \\ 237 \textbf{U}(\tau,t_{n=1}) = \textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n=0}) + \Delta t \ \text{RHS}_{n=0} 238$
[707]239with
[10414]240$241 % \label{eq:DYN_spg_ts_u} 242 \overline{\textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau)} = \frac{1}{N+1} \sum\limits_{n=0}^N\textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau-\Delta t,t_{n}) 243$
[10354]244the time averaged vertically integrated transport.
245Notably, there is no Robert-Asselin time filter used in the barotropic portion of the integration.
[707]246
[10354]247Upon reaching $t_{n=N} = \tau + 2\Delta \tau$ , the vertically integrated velocity is time averaged to
248produce the updated vertically integrated velocity at baroclinic time $\tau + \Delta \tau$
[10414]249$250 % \label{eq:DYN_spg_ts_u} 251 \textbf{U}(\tau+\Delta t) = \overline{\textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau+\Delta t)} 252 = \frac{1}{N+1} \sum\limits_{n=0}^N\textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n}) 253$
[10354]254The surface height on the new baroclinic time step is then determined via
255a baroclinic leap-frog using the following form
[10414]256\begin{equation}
257  \label{eq:DYN_spg_ts_ssh}
258  \eta(\tau+\Delta) - \eta^{F}(\tau-\Delta) = 2\Delta t \ \left[ - \nabla \cdot \textbf{U}(\tau) + \text{EMP}_w \right]
[707]259\end{equation}
260
[10354]261The use of this "big-leap-frog" scheme for the surface height ensures compatibility between
262the mass/volume budgets and the tracer budgets.
263More discussion of this point is provided in Chapter 10 (see in particular Section 10.2).
[707]264
[10354]265In general, some form of time filter is needed to maintain integrity of the surface height field due to
266the leap-frog splitting mode in equation \autoref{eq:DYN_spg_ts_ssh}.
267We have tried various forms of such filtering,
268with the following method discussed in Griffies et al. (2001) chosen due to its stability and
269reasonably good maintenance of tracer conservation properties (see ??)
[707]270
[10414]271\begin{equation}
272  \label{eq:DYN_spg_ts_sshf}
273  \eta^{F}(\tau-\Delta) =  \overline{\eta^{(b)}(\tau)}
[707]274\end{equation}
275Another approach tried was
276
[10414]277$278 % \label{eq:DYN_spg_ts_sshf2} 279 \eta^{F}(\tau-\Delta) = \eta(\tau) 280 + (\alpha/2) \left[\overline{\eta^{(b)}}(\tau+\Delta t) 281 + \overline{\eta^{(b)}}(\tau-\Delta t) -2 \;\eta(\tau) \right] 282$
[707]283
[10354]284which is useful since it isolates all the time filtering aspects into the term multiplied by $\alpha$.
285This isolation allows for an easy check that tracer conservation is exact when eliminating tracer and
286surface height time filtering (see ?? for more complete discussion).
287However, in the general case with a non-zero $\alpha$, the filter \autoref{eq:DYN_spg_ts_sshf} was found to
288be more conservative, and so is recommended.
[707]289
290%-------------------------------------------------------------
291% Filtered formulation
292%-------------------------------------------------------------
[9363]293\subsubsection{Filtered formulation (\protect\key{dynspg\_flt})}
[9407]294\label{subsec:DYN_spg_flt}
[707]295
[10354]296The filtered formulation follows the \citet{Roullet2000} implementation.
297The extra term introduced in the equations (see {\S}I.2.2) is solved implicitly.
298The elliptic solvers available in the code are documented in \autoref{chap:MISC}.
299The amplitude of the extra term is given by the namelist variable \np{rnu}.
300The default value is 1, as recommended by \citet{Roullet2000}
[707]301
[9393]302\colorbox{red}{\np{rnu}\forcode{ = 1} to be suppressed from namelist !}
[707]303
304%-------------------------------------------------------------
305% Non-linear free surface formulation
306%-------------------------------------------------------------
[9363]307\subsection{Non-linear free surface formulation (\protect\key{vvl})}
[9407]308\label{subsec:DYN_spg_vvl}
[707]309
[10354]310In the non-linear free surface formulation, the variations of volume are fully taken into account.
311This option is presented in a report \citep{Levier2007} available on the NEMO web site.
312The three time-stepping methods (explicit, split-explicit and filtered) are the same as in
313\autoref{DYN_spg_linear} except that the ocean depth is now time-dependent.
314In particular, this means that in filtered case, the matrix to be inverted has to be recomputed at each time-step.
[707]315
[10414]316\biblio
[707]317
[10442]318\pindex
319
[6997]320\end{document}
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