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Chap_Model_Basics_zstar.tex in branches/DEV_r2191_3partymerge2010/DOC/TexFiles/Chapters – NEMO

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1% ================================================================
2% Chapter 1 Ñ Model Basics
3% ================================================================
4% ================================================================
5% Curvilinear z*- s*-coordinate System
6% ================================================================
7\chapter{ essai z* s*}
8\section{Curvilinear \textit{z*}- or \textit{s*} coordinate System}
9
10% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11% ????
12% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13
14\colorbox{yellow}{ to be updated }
15
16In that case, the free surface equation is nonlinear, and the variations of
17volume are fully taken into account. These coordinates systems is presented in
18a report \citep{Levier2007} available on the \NEMO web site.
19
20\colorbox{yellow}{  end of to be updated}
21\newline
22
23% from MOM4p1 documentation
24
25To overcome problems with vanishing surface and/or bottom cells, we consider the
26zstar coordinate
27\begin{equation} \label{PE_}
28   z^\star = H \left( \frac{z-\eta}{H+\eta} \right)
29\end{equation}
30
31This coordinate is closely related to the "eta" coordinate used in many atmospheric
32models (see Black (1994) for a review of eta coordinate atmospheric models). It
33was originally used in ocean models by Stacey et al. (1995) for studies of tides
34next to shelves, and it has been recently promoted by Adcroft and Campin (2004)
35for global climate modelling.
36
37The surfaces of constant $z^\star$ are quasi-horizontal. Indeed, the $z^\star$ coordinate reduces to $z$ when $\eta$ is zero. In general, when noting the large differences between
38undulations of the bottom topography versus undulations in the surface height, it
39is clear that surfaces constant $z^\star$ are very similar to the depth surfaces. These properties greatly reduce difficulties of computing the horizontal pressure gradient relative to terrain following sigma models discussed in \S\ref{PE_sco}.
40Additionally, since $z^\star$ when $\eta = 0$, no flow is spontaneously generated in an
41unforced ocean starting from rest, regardless the bottom topography. This behaviour is in contrast to the case with "s"-models, where pressure gradient errors in
42the presence of nontrivial topographic variations can generate nontrivial spontaneous flow from a resting state, depending on the sophistication of the pressure
43gradient solver. The quasi-horizontal nature of the coordinate surfaces also facilitates the implementation of neutral physics parameterizations in $z^\star$ models using
44the same techniques as in $z$-models (see Chapters 13-16 of Griffies (2004) for a
45discussion of neutral physics in $z$-models, as well as Section \S\ref{LDF_slp} 
46in this document for treatment in \NEMO).
47
48The range over which $z^\star$ varies is time independent $-H \leq z^\star \leq 0$. Hence, all
49cells remain nonvanishing, so long as the surface height maintains $\eta > ?H$. This
50is a minor constraint relative to that encountered on the surface height when using
51$s = z$ or $s = z - \eta$.
52
53Because $z^\star$ has a time independent range, all grid cells have static increments
54ds, and the sum of the ver tical increments yields the time independent ocean
55depth %·k ds = H.
56The $z^\star$ coordinate is therefore invisible to undulations of the
57free surface, since it moves along with the free surface. This proper ty means that
58no spurious ver tical transpor t is induced across surfaces of constant $z^\star$ by the
59motion of external gravity waves. Such spurious transpor t can be a problem in
60z-models, especially those with tidal forcing. Quite generally, the time independent
61range for the $z^\star$ coordinate is a very convenient proper ty that allows for a nearly
62arbitrary ver tical resolution even in the presence of large amplitude fluctuations of
63the surface height, again so long as $\eta > -H$.
64
65
66
67%%%
68%  essai update time splitting...
69%%%
70
71
72% ================================================================
73% Surface Pressure Gradient and Sea Surface Height
74% ================================================================
75\section{Surface pressure gradient and Sea Surface Heigth (\mdl{dynspg})}
76\label{DYN_hpg_spg}
77%-----------------------------------------nam_dynspg----------------------------------------------------
78\namdisplay{nam_dynspg} 
79%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
80The surface pressure gradient term is related to the representation of the free surface (\S\ref{PE_hor_pg}). The main distinction is between the fixed volume case (linear free surface or rigid lid) and the variable volume case (nonlinear free surface, \key{vvl} is active). In the linear free surface case (\S\ref{PE_free_surface}) and rigid lid (\S\ref{PE_rigid_lid}), the vertical scale factors $e_{3}$ are fixed in time, while in the nonlinear case (\S\ref{PE_free_surface}) they are time-dependent. With both linear and nonlinear free surface, external gravity waves are allowed in the equations, which imposes a very small time step when an explicit time stepping is used. Two methods are proposed to allow a longer time step for the three-dimensional equations: the filtered free surface, which is a modification of the continuous equations (see \eqref{Eq_PE_flt}), and the split-explicit free surface described below. The extra term introduced in the filtered method is calculated implicitly, so that the update of the next velocities is done in module \mdl{dynspg\_flt} and not in \mdl{dynnxt}.
81
82%-------------------------------------------------------------
83% Explicit
84%-------------------------------------------------------------
85\subsubsection{Explicit (\key{dynspg\_exp})}
86\label{DYN_spg_exp}
87
88In the explicit free surface formulation, the model time step is chosen small enough to describe the external gravity waves (typically a few ten seconds). The sea surface height is given by :
89\begin{equation} \label{Eq_dynspg_ssh}
90\frac{\partial \eta }{\partial t}\equiv \frac{\text{EMP}}{\rho _w }+\frac{1}{e_{1T} 
91e_{2T} }\sum\limits_k {\left( {\delta _i \left[ {e_{2u} e_{3u} u} 
92\right]+\delta _j \left[ {e_{1v} e_{3v} v} \right]} \right)} 
93\end{equation}
94
95where EMP is the surface freshwater budget (evaporation minus precipitation, and minus river runoffs (if the later are introduced as a surface freshwater flux, see \S\ref{SBC}) expressed in $Kg.m^{-2}.s^{-1}$, and $\rho _w =1,000\,Kg.m^{-3}$ is the volumic mass of pure water. The sea-surface height is evaluated using a leapfrog scheme in combination with an Asselin time filter, i.e. the velocity appearing in (\ref{Eq_dynspg_ssh}) is centred in time (\textit{now} velocity).
96
97The surface pressure gradient, also evaluated using a leap-frog scheme, is then simply given by :
98\begin{equation} \label{Eq_dynspg_exp}
99\left\{ \begin{aligned}
100 - \frac{1}                      {e_{1u}} \; \delta _{i+1/2} \left[  \,\eta\,  \right]    \\
101 \\
102 - \frac{1}                      {e_{2v}} \; \delta _{j+1/2} \left[  \,\eta\,  \right] 
103\end{aligned} \right.
104\end{equation} 
105
106Consistent with the linearization, a $\left. \rho \right|_{k=1} / \rho _o$ factor is omitted in (\ref{Eq_dynspg_exp}).
107
108%-------------------------------------------------------------
109% Split-explicit time-stepping
110%-------------------------------------------------------------
111\subsubsection{Split-explicit time-stepping (\key{dynspg\_ts})}
112\label{DYN_spg_ts}
113%--------------------------------------------namdom----------------------------------------------------
114\namdisplay{namdom} 
115%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
116The split-explicit free surface formulation used in OPA follows the one proposed by \citet{Griffies2004}. The general idea is to solve the free surface equation with a small time step, while the three dimensional prognostic variables are solved with a longer time step that is a multiple of \np{rdtbt} (Figure III.3).
117
118%>   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >
119\begin{figure}[!t] \label{Fig_DYN_dynspg_ts}
120\begin{center}
121\includegraphics[width=0.90\textwidth]{./TexFiles/Figures/Fig_DYN_dynspg_ts.pdf}
122\caption{Schematic of the split-explicit time stepping scheme for the barotropic and baroclinic modes, after \citet{Griffies2004}. Time increases to the right. Baroclinic time steps are denoted by $t-\Delta t$, $t, t+\Delta t$, and $t+2\Delta t$. The curved line represents a leap-frog time step, and the smaller barotropic time steps $N \Delta t=2\Delta t$ are denoted by the zig-zag line. The vertically integrated forcing \textbf{M}(t) computed at baroclinic time step t represents the interaction between the barotropic and baroclinic motions. While keeping the total depth, tracer, and freshwater forcing fields fixed, a leap-frog integration carries the surface height and vertically integrated velocity from t to $t+2 \Delta t$ using N barotropic time steps of length $\Delta t$. Time averaging the barotropic fields over the N+1 time steps (endpoints included) centers the vertically integrated velocity at the baroclinic timestep $t+\Delta t$. A baroclinic leap-frog time step carries the surface height to $t+\Delta t$ using the convergence of the time averaged vertically integrated velocity taken from baroclinic time step t. }
123\end{center}
124\end{figure}
125%>   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >   >
126
127The split-explicit formulation has a damping effect on external gravity waves, which is weaker than the filtered free surface but still significant as shown by \citet{Levier2007} in the case of an analytical barotropic Kelvin wave.
128
129%from griffies book: .....   copy past !
130
131\textbf{title: Time stepping the barotropic system }
132
133Assume knowledge of the full velocity and tracer fields at baroclinic time $\tau$. Hence,
134we can update the surface height and vertically integrated velocity with a leap-frog
135scheme using the small barotropic time step $\Delta t$. We have
136
137\begin{equation} \label{DYN_spg_ts_eta}
138\eta^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n+1}) - \eta^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n+1}) (\tau,t_{n-1})
139   = 2 \Delta t \left[-\nabla \cdot \textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau,t_n) + \text{EMP}_w(\tau) \right] 
140\end{equation}
141\begin{multline} \label{DYN_spg_ts_u}
142\textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n+1}) - \textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n-1}\\
143   = 2\Delta t \left[ - f \textbf{k} \times \textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n})
144   - H(\tau) \nabla p_s^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n}) +\textbf{M}(\tau) \right]
145\end{multline}
146\
147
148In these equations, araised (b) denotes values of surface height and vertically integrated velocity updated with the barotropic time steps. The $\tau$ time label on $\eta^{(b)}$ 
149and $U^{(b)}$ denotes the baroclinic time at which the vertically integrated forcing $\textbf{M}(\tau)$ (note that this forcing includes the surface freshwater forcing), the tracer fields, the freshwater flux $\text{EMP}_w(\tau)$, and total depth of the ocean $H(\tau)$ are held for the duration of the barotropic time stepping over a single cycle. This is also the time
150that sets the barotropic time steps via
151\begin{equation} \label{DYN_spg_ts_t}
152t_n=\tau+n\Delta t   
153\end{equation}
154with $n$ an integer. The density scaled surface pressure is evaluated via
155\begin{equation} \label{DYN_spg_ts_ps}
156p_s^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n}) = \begin{cases}
157   g \;\eta_s^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n}) \;\rho(\tau)_{k=1}) / \rho_&      \text{non-linear case} \\
158   g \;\eta_s^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n}&      \text{linear case} 
159   \end{cases}
160\end{equation}
161To get started, we assume the following initial conditions
162\begin{equation} \label{DYN_spg_ts_eta}
163\begin{split}
164\eta^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n=0}) &= \overline{\eta^{(b)}(\tau)}
165\\
166\eta^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n=1}) &= \eta^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n=0}) + \Delta t \ \text{RHS}_{n=0} 
167\end{split}
168\end{equation}
169with
170\begin{equation} \label{DYN_spg_ts_etaF}
171 \overline{\eta^{(b)}(\tau)} = \frac{1}{N+1} \sum\limits_{n=0}^N \eta^{(b)}(\tau-\Delta t,t_{n})
172\end{equation}
173the time averaged surface height taken from the previous barotropic cycle. Likewise,
174\begin{equation} \label{DYN_spg_ts_u}
175\textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n=0}) = \overline{\textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau)}   \\
176\\
177\textbf{U}(\tau,t_{n=1}) = \textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n=0}) + \Delta t \ \text{RHS}_{n=0}   
178\end{equation}
179with
180\begin{equation} \label{DYN_spg_ts_u}
181 \overline{\textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau)} 
182   = \frac{1}{N+1} \sum\limits_{n=0}^N\textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau-\Delta t,t_{n})
183\end{equation}
184the time averaged vertically integrated transport. Notably, there is no Robert-Asselin time filter used in the barotropic portion of the integration.
185
186Upon reaching $t_{n=N} = \tau + 2\Delta \tau$ , the vertically integrated velocity is time averaged to produce the updated vertically integrated velocity at baroclinic time $\tau + \Delta \tau$ 
187\begin{equation} \label{DYN_spg_ts_u}
188\textbf{U}(\tau+\Delta t) = \overline{\textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau+\Delta t)} 
189   = \frac{1}{N+1} \sum\limits_{n=0}^N\textbf{U}^{(b)}(\tau,t_{n})
190\end{equation}
191The surface height on the new baroclinic time step is then determined via a baroclinic leap-frog using the following form
192
193\begin{equation} \label{DYN_spg_ts_ssh}
194\eta(\tau+\Delta) - \eta^{F}(\tau-\Delta) = 2\Delta t \ \left[ - \nabla \cdot \textbf{U}(\tau) + \text{EMP}_w \right] 
195\end{equation}
196
197 The use of this "big-leap-frog" scheme for the surface height ensures compatibility between the mass/volume budgets and the tracer budgets. More discussion of this point is provided in Chapter 10 (see in particular Section 10.2).
198 
199In general, some form of time filter is needed to maintain integrity of the surface
200height field due to the leap-frog splitting mode in equation \ref{DYN_spg_ts_ssh}. We
201have tried various forms of such filtering, with the following method discussed in
202Griffies et al. (2001) chosen due to its stability and reasonably good maintenance of
203tracer conservation properties (see Section ??)
204
205\begin{equation} \label{DYN_spg_ts_sshf}
206\eta^{F}(\tau-\Delta) =  \overline{\eta^{(b)}(\tau)} 
207\end{equation}
208Another approach tried was
209
210\begin{equation} \label{DYN_spg_ts_sshf2}
211\eta^{F}(\tau-\Delta) = \eta(\tau)
212   + (\alpha/2) \left[\overline{\eta^{(b)}}(\tau+\Delta t)
213                + \overline{\eta^{(b)}}(\tau-\Delta t) -2 \;\eta(\tau) \right]
214\end{equation}
215
216which is useful since it isolates all the time filtering aspects into the term multiplied
217by $\alpha$. This isolation allows for an easy check that tracer conservation is exact when
218eliminating tracer and surface height time filtering (see Section ?? for more complete discussion). However, in the general case with a non-zero $\alpha$, the filter \ref{DYN_spg_ts_sshf} was found to be more conservative, and so is recommended.
219
220
221
222
223
224%-------------------------------------------------------------
225% Filtered formulation
226%-------------------------------------------------------------
227\subsubsection{Filtered formulation (\key{dynspg\_flt})}
228\label{DYN_spg_flt}
229
230The filtered formulation follows the \citet{Roullet2000} implementation. The extra term introduced in the equations (see {\S}I.2.2) is solved implicitly. The elliptic solvers available in the code are
231documented in \S\ref{MISC}. The amplitude of the extra term is given by the namelist variable \np{rnu}. The default value is 1, as recommended by \citet{Roullet2000}
232
233\colorbox{red}{\np{rnu}=1 to be suppressed from namelist !}
234
235%-------------------------------------------------------------
236% Non-linear free surface formulation
237%-------------------------------------------------------------
238\subsection{Non-linear free surface formulation (\key{vvl})}
239\label{DYN_spg_vvl}
240
241In the non-linear free surface formulation, the variations of volume are fully taken into account. This option is presented in a report \citep{Levier2007} available on the NEMO web site. The three time-stepping methods (explicit, split-explicit and filtered) are the same as in \S\ref{DYN_spg_linear} except that the ocean depth is now time-dependent. In particular, this means that in filtered case, the matrix to be inverted has to be recomputed at each time-step.
242
243
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