1 | % ================================================================ |
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2 | % Chapter Ñ Vertical Ocean Physics (ZDF) |
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3 | % ================================================================ |
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4 | \chapter{Vertical Ocean Physics (ZDF)} |
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5 | \label{ZDF} |
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6 | \minitoc |
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7 | |
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8 | %gm% Add here a small introduction to ZDF and naming of the different physics (similar to what have been written for TRA and DYN. |
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9 | |
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10 | |
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11 | \newpage |
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12 | $\ $\newline % force a new ligne |
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13 | |
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14 | |
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15 | % ================================================================ |
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16 | % Vertical Mixing |
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17 | % ================================================================ |
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18 | \section{Vertical Mixing} |
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19 | \label{ZDF_zdf} |
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20 | |
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21 | The discrete form of the ocean subgrid scale physics has been presented in |
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22 | \S\ref{TRA_zdf} and \S\ref{DYN_zdf}. At the surface and bottom boundaries, |
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23 | the turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and salt have to be defined. At the |
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24 | surface they are prescribed from the surface forcing (see Chap.~\ref{SBC}), |
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25 | while at the bottom they are set to zero for heat and salt, unless a geothermal |
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26 | flux forcing is prescribed as a bottom boundary condition ($i.e.$ \key{trabbl} |
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27 | defined, see \S\ref{TRA_bbc}), and specified through a bottom friction |
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28 | parameterisation for momentum (see \S\ref{ZDF_bfr}). |
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29 | |
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30 | In this section we briefly discuss the various choices offered to compute |
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31 | the vertical eddy viscosity and diffusivity coefficients, $A_u^{vm}$ , |
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32 | $A_v^{vm}$ and $A^{vT}$ ($A^{vS}$), defined at $uw$-, $vw$- and $w$- |
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33 | points, respectively (see \S\ref{TRA_zdf} and \S\ref{DYN_zdf}). These |
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34 | coefficients can be assumed to be either constant, or a function of the local |
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35 | Richardson number, or computed from a turbulent closure model (either |
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36 | TKE or KPP formulation). The computation of these coefficients is initialized |
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37 | in the \mdl{zdfini} module and performed in the \mdl{zdfric}, \mdl{zdftke} or |
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38 | \mdl{zdfkpp} modules. The trends due to the vertical momentum and tracer |
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39 | diffusion, including the surface forcing, are computed and added to the |
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40 | general trend in the \mdl{dynzdf} and \mdl{trazdf} modules, respectively. |
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41 | These trends can be computed using either a forward time stepping scheme |
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42 | (namelist parameter \np{ln\_zdfexp}=true) or a backward time stepping |
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43 | scheme (\np{ln\_zdfexp}=false) depending on the magnitude of the mixing |
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44 | coefficients, and thus of the formulation used (see \S\ref{STP}). |
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45 | |
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46 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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47 | % Constant |
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48 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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49 | \subsection{Constant (\key{zdfcst})} |
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50 | \label{ZDF_cst} |
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51 | %--------------------------------------------namzdf--------------------------------------------------------- |
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52 | \namdisplay{namzdf} |
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53 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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54 | |
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55 | When \key{zdfcst} is defined, the momentum and tracer vertical eddy coefficients |
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56 | are set to constant values over the whole ocean. This is the crudest way to define |
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57 | the vertical ocean physics. It is recommended that this option is only used in |
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58 | process studies, not in basin scale simulations. Typical values used in this case are: |
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59 | \begin{align*} |
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60 | A_u^{vm} = A_v^{vm} &= 1.2\ 10^{-4}~m^2.s^{-1} \\ |
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61 | A^{vT} = A^{vS} &= 1.2\ 10^{-5}~m^2.s^{-1} |
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62 | \end{align*} |
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63 | |
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64 | These values are set through the \np{rn\_avm0} and \np{rn\_avt0} namelist parameters. |
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65 | In all cases, do not use values smaller that those associated with the molecular |
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66 | viscosity and diffusivity, that is $\sim10^{-6}~m^2.s^{-1}$ for momentum, |
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67 | $\sim10^{-7}~m^2.s^{-1}$ for temperature and $\sim10^{-9}~m^2.s^{-1}$ for salinity. |
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68 | |
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69 | |
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70 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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71 | % Richardson Number Dependent |
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72 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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73 | \subsection{Richardson Number Dependent (\key{zdfric})} |
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74 | \label{ZDF_ric} |
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75 | |
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76 | %--------------------------------------------namric--------------------------------------------------------- |
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77 | \namdisplay{namzdf_ric} |
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78 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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79 | |
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80 | When \key{zdfric} is defined, a local Richardson number dependent formulation |
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81 | for the vertical momentum and tracer eddy coefficients is set. The vertical mixing |
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82 | coefficients are diagnosed from the large scale variables computed by the model. |
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83 | \textit{In situ} measurements have been used to link vertical turbulent activity to |
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84 | large scale ocean structures. The hypothesis of a mixing mainly maintained by the |
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85 | growth of Kelvin-Helmholtz like instabilities leads to a dependency between the |
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86 | vertical eddy coefficients and the local Richardson number ($i.e.$ the |
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87 | ratio of stratification to vertical shear). Following \citet{Pacanowski_Philander_JPO81}, the following |
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88 | formulation has been implemented: |
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89 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdfric} |
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90 | \left\{ \begin{aligned} |
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91 | A^{vT} &= \frac {A_{ric}^{vT}}{\left( 1+a \; Ri \right)^n} + A_b^{vT} \\ |
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92 | A^{vm} &= \frac{A^{vT} }{\left( 1+ a \;Ri \right) } + A_b^{vm} |
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93 | \end{aligned} \right. |
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94 | \end{equation} |
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95 | where $Ri = N^2 / \left(\partial_z \textbf{U}_h \right)^2$ is the local Richardson |
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96 | number, $N$ is the local Brunt-Vais\"{a}l\"{a} frequency (see \S\ref{TRA_bn2}), |
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97 | $A_b^{vT} $ and $A_b^{vm}$ are the constant background values set as in the |
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98 | constant case (see \S\ref{ZDF_cst}), and $A_{ric}^{vT} = 10^{-4}~m^2.s^{-1}$ |
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99 | is the maximum value that can be reached by the coefficient when $Ri\leq 0$, |
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100 | $a=5$ and $n=2$. The last three values can be modified by setting the |
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101 | \np{rn\_avmri}, \np{rn\_alp} and \np{nn\_ric} namelist parameters, respectively. |
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102 | |
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103 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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104 | % TKE Turbulent Closure Scheme |
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105 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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106 | \subsection{TKE Turbulent Closure Scheme (\key{zdftke})} |
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107 | \label{ZDF_tke} |
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108 | |
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109 | %--------------------------------------------namzdf_tke-------------------------------------------------- |
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110 | \namdisplay{namzdf_tke} |
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111 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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112 | |
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113 | The vertical eddy viscosity and diffusivity coefficients are computed from a TKE |
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114 | turbulent closure model based on a prognostic equation for $\bar{e}$, the turbulent |
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115 | kinetic energy, and a closure assumption for the turbulent length scales. This |
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116 | turbulent closure model has been developed by \citet{Bougeault1989} in the |
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117 | atmospheric case, adapted by \citet{Gaspar1990} for the oceanic case, and |
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118 | embedded in OPA, the ancestor of NEMO, by \citet{Blanke1993} for equatorial Atlantic |
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119 | simulations. Since then, significant modifications have been introduced by |
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120 | \citet{Madec1998} in both the implementation and the formulation of the mixing |
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121 | length scale. The time evolution of $\bar{e}$ is the result of the production of |
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122 | $\bar{e}$ through vertical shear, its destruction through stratification, its vertical |
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123 | diffusion, and its dissipation of \citet{Kolmogorov1942} type: |
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124 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdftke_e} |
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125 | \frac{\partial \bar{e}}{\partial t} = |
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126 | \frac{K_m}{{e_3}^2 }\;\left[ {\left( {\frac{\partial u}{\partial k}} \right)^2 |
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127 | +\left( {\frac{\partial v}{\partial k}} \right)^2} \right] |
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128 | -K_\rho\,N^2 |
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129 | +\frac{1}{e_3} \;\frac{\partial }{\partial k}\left[ {\frac{A^{vm}}{e_3 } |
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130 | \;\frac{\partial \bar{e}}{\partial k}} \right] |
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131 | - c_\epsilon \;\frac{\bar {e}^{3/2}}{l_\epsilon } |
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132 | \end{equation} |
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133 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdftke_kz} |
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134 | \begin{split} |
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135 | K_m &= C_k\ l_k\ \sqrt {\bar{e}\; } \\ |
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136 | K_\rho &= A^{vm} / P_{rt} |
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137 | \end{split} |
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138 | \end{equation} |
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139 | where $N$ is the local Brunt-Vais\"{a}l\"{a} frequency (see \S\ref{TRA_bn2}), |
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140 | $l_{\epsilon }$ and $l_{\kappa }$ are the dissipation and mixing length scales, |
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141 | $P_{rt}$ is the Prandtl number, $K_m$ and $K_\rho$ are the vertical eddy viscosity |
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142 | and diffusivity coefficients. The constants $C_k = 0.1$ and $C_\epsilon = \sqrt {2} /2$ |
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143 | $\approx 0.7$ are designed to deal with vertical mixing at any depth \citep{Gaspar1990}. |
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144 | They are set through namelist parameters \np{nn\_ediff} and \np{nn\_ediss}. |
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145 | $P_{rt}$ can be set to unity or, following \citet{Blanke1993}, be a function |
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146 | of the local Richardson number, $R_i$: |
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147 | \begin{align*} \label{Eq_prt} |
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148 | P_{rt} = \begin{cases} |
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149 | \ \ \ 1 & \text{if $\ R_i \leq 0.2$} \\ |
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150 | 5\,R_i & \text{if $\ 0.2 \leq R_i \leq 2$} \\ |
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151 | \ \ 10 & \text{if $\ 2 \leq R_i$} |
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152 | \end{cases} |
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153 | \end{align*} |
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154 | The choice of $P_{rt}$ is controlled by the \np{nn\_pdl} namelist parameter. |
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155 | |
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156 | At the sea surface, the value of $\bar{e}$ is prescribed from the wind |
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157 | stress field as $\bar{e}_o = e_{bb} |\tau| / \rho_o$, with $e_{bb}$ the \np{rn\_ebb} |
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158 | namelist parameter. The default value of $e_{bb}$ is 3.75. \citep{Gaspar1990}), |
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159 | however a much larger value can be used when taking into account the |
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160 | surface wave breaking (see below Eq. \eqref{ZDF_Esbc}). |
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161 | The bottom value of TKE is assumed to be equal to the value of the level just above. |
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162 | The time integration of the $\bar{e}$ equation may formally lead to negative values |
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163 | because the numerical scheme does not ensure its positivity. To overcome this |
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164 | problem, a cut-off in the minimum value of $\bar{e}$ is used (\np{rn\_emin} |
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165 | namelist parameter). Following \citet{Gaspar1990}, the cut-off value is set |
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166 | to $\sqrt{2}/2~10^{-6}~m^2.s^{-2}$. This allows the subsequent formulations |
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167 | to match that of \citet{Gargett1984} for the diffusion in the thermocline and |
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168 | deep ocean : $K_\rho = 10^{-3} / N$. |
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169 | In addition, a cut-off is applied on $K_m$ and $K_\rho$ to avoid numerical |
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170 | instabilities associated with too weak vertical diffusion. They must be |
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171 | specified at least larger than the molecular values, and are set through |
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172 | \np{rn\_avm0} and \np{rn\_avt0} (namzdf namelist, see \S\ref{ZDF_cst}). |
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173 | |
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174 | \subsubsection{Turbulent length scale} |
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175 | For computational efficiency, the original formulation of the turbulent length |
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176 | scales proposed by \citet{Gaspar1990} has been simplified. Four formulations |
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177 | are proposed, the choice of which is controlled by the \np{nn\_mxl} namelist |
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178 | parameter. The first two are based on the following first order approximation |
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179 | \citep{Blanke1993}: |
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180 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_tke_mxl0_1} |
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181 | l_k = l_\epsilon = \sqrt {2 \bar{e}\; } / N |
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182 | \end{equation} |
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183 | which is valid in a stable stratified region with constant values of the Brunt- |
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184 | Vais\"{a}l\"{a} frequency. The resulting length scale is bounded by the distance |
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185 | to the surface or to the bottom (\np{nn\_mxl} = 0) or by the local vertical scale factor |
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186 | (\np{nn\_mxl} = 1). \citet{Blanke1993} notice that this simplification has two major |
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187 | drawbacks: it makes no sense for locally unstable stratification and the |
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188 | computation no longer uses all the information contained in the vertical density |
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189 | profile. To overcome these drawbacks, \citet{Madec1998} introduces the |
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190 | \np{nn\_mxl} = 2 or 3 cases, which add an extra assumption concerning the vertical |
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191 | gradient of the computed length scale. So, the length scales are first evaluated |
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192 | as in \eqref{Eq_tke_mxl0_1} and then bounded such that: |
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193 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_tke_mxl_constraint} |
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194 | \frac{1}{e_3 }\left| {\frac{\partial l}{\partial k}} \right| \leq 1 |
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195 | \qquad \text{with }\ l = l_k = l_\epsilon |
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196 | \end{equation} |
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197 | \eqref{Eq_tke_mxl_constraint} means that the vertical variations of the length |
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198 | scale cannot be larger than the variations of depth. It provides a better |
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199 | approximation of the \citet{Gaspar1990} formulation while being much less |
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200 | time consuming. In particular, it allows the length scale to be limited not only |
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201 | by the distance to the surface or to the ocean bottom but also by the distance |
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202 | to a strongly stratified portion of the water column such as the thermocline |
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203 | (Fig.~\ref{Fig_mixing_length}). In order to impose the \eqref{Eq_tke_mxl_constraint} |
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204 | constraint, we introduce two additional length scales: $l_{up}$ and $l_{dwn}$, |
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205 | the upward and downward length scales, and evaluate the dissipation and |
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206 | mixing length scales as (and note that here we use numerical indexing): |
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207 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
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208 | \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} |
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209 | \includegraphics[width=1.00\textwidth]{./TexFiles/Figures/Fig_mixing_length.pdf} |
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210 | \caption{ \label{Fig_mixing_length} |
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211 | Illustration of the mixing length computation. } |
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212 | \end{center} |
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213 | \end{figure} |
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214 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
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215 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_tke_mxl2} |
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216 | \begin{aligned} |
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217 | l_{up\ \ }^{(k)} &= \min \left( l^{(k)} \ , \ l_{up}^{(k+1)} + e_{3t}^{(k)}\ \ \ \; \right) |
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218 | \quad &\text{ from $k=1$ to $jpk$ }\ \\ |
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219 | l_{dwn}^{(k)} &= \min \left( l^{(k)} \ , \ l_{dwn}^{(k-1)} + e_{3t}^{(k-1)} \right) |
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220 | \quad &\text{ from $k=jpk$ to $1$ }\ \\ |
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221 | \end{aligned} |
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222 | \end{equation} |
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223 | where $l^{(k)}$ is computed using \eqref{Eq_tke_mxl0_1}, |
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224 | $i.e.$ $l^{(k)} = \sqrt {2 {\bar e}^{(k)} / {N^2}^{(k)} }$. |
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225 | |
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226 | In the \np{nn\_mxl}~=~2 case, the dissipation and mixing length scales take the same |
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227 | value: $ l_k= l_\epsilon = \min \left(\ l_{up} \;,\; l_{dwn}\ \right)$, while in the |
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228 | \np{nn\_mxl}~=~3 case, the dissipation and mixing turbulent length scales are give |
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229 | as in \citet{Gaspar1990}: |
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230 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_tke_mxl_gaspar} |
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231 | \begin{aligned} |
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232 | & l_k = \sqrt{\ l_{up} \ \ l_{dwn}\ } \\ |
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233 | & l_\epsilon = \min \left(\ l_{up} \;,\; l_{dwn}\ \right) |
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234 | \end{aligned} |
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235 | \end{equation} |
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236 | |
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237 | At the ocean surface, a non zero length scale is set through the \np{rn\_lmin0} namelist |
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238 | parameter. Usually the surface scale is given by $l_o = \kappa \,z_o$ |
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239 | where $\kappa = 0.4$ is von Karman's constant and $z_o$ the roughness |
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240 | parameter of the surface. Assuming $z_o=0.1$~m \citep{Craig_Banner_JPO94} |
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241 | leads to a 0.04~m, the default value of \np{rn\_lsurf}. In the ocean interior |
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242 | a minimum length scale is set to recover the molecular viscosity when $\bar{e}$ |
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243 | reach its minimum value ($1.10^{-6}= C_k\, l_{min} \,\sqrt{\bar{e}_{min}}$ ). |
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244 | |
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245 | |
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246 | \subsubsection{Surface wave breaking parameterization} |
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247 | %-----------------------------------------------------------------------% |
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248 | |
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249 | Following \citet{Mellor_Blumberg_JPO04}, the TKE turbulence closure model has been modified |
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250 | to include the effect of surface wave breaking energetics. This results in a reduction of summertime |
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251 | surface temperature when the mixed layer is relatively shallow. The \citet{Mellor_Blumberg_JPO04} |
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252 | modifications acts on surface length scale and TKE values and air-sea drag coefficient. |
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253 | The latter concerns the bulk formulea and is not discussed here. |
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254 | |
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255 | Following \citet{Craig_Banner_JPO94}, the boundary condition on surface TKE value is : |
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256 | \begin{equation} \label{ZDF_Esbc} |
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257 | \bar{e}_o = \frac{1}{2}\,\left( 15.8\,\alpha_{CB} \right)^{2/3} \,\frac{|\tau|}{\rho_o} |
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258 | \end{equation} |
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259 | where $\alpha_{CB}$ is the \citet{Craig_Banner_JPO94} constant of proportionality |
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260 | which depends on the ''wave age'', ranging from 57 for mature waves to 146 for |
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261 | younger waves \citep{Mellor_Blumberg_JPO04}. |
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262 | The boundary condition on the turbulent length scale follows the Charnock's relation: |
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263 | \begin{equation} \label{ZDF_Lsbc} |
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264 | l_o = \kappa \beta \,\frac{|\tau|}{g\,\rho_o} |
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265 | \end{equation} |
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266 | where $\kappa=0.40$ is the von Karman constant, and $\beta$ is the Charnock's constant. |
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267 | \citet{Mellor_Blumberg_JPO04} suggest $\beta = 2.10^{5}$ the value chosen by \citet{Stacey_JPO99} |
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268 | citing observation evidence, and $\alpha_{CB} = 100$ the Craig and Banner's value. |
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269 | As the surface boundary condition on TKE is prescribed through $\bar{e}_o = e_{bb} |\tau| / \rho_o$, |
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270 | with $e_{bb}$ the \np{rn\_ebb} namelist parameter, setting \np{rn\_ebb}~=~67.83 corresponds |
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271 | to $\alpha_{CB} = 100$. further setting \np{ln\_lsurf} to true applies \eqref{ZDF_Lsbc} |
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272 | as surface boundary condition on length scale, with $\beta$ hard coded to the Stacet's value. |
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273 | Note that a minimal threshold of \np{rn\_emin0}$=10^{-4}~m^2.s^{-2}$ (namelist parameters) |
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274 | is applied on surface $\bar{e}$ value. |
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275 | |
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276 | |
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277 | \subsubsection{Langmuir cells} |
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278 | %--------------------------------------% |
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279 | Langmuir circulations (LC) can be described as ordered large-scale vertical motions |
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280 | in the surface layer of the oceans. Although LC have nothing to do with convection, |
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281 | the circulation pattern is rather similar to so-called convective rolls in the atmospheric |
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282 | boundary layer. The detailed physics behind LC is described in, for example, |
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283 | \citet{Craik_Leibovich_JFM76}. The prevailing explanation is that LC arise from |
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284 | a nonlinear interaction between the Stokes drift and wind drift currents. |
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285 | |
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286 | Here we introduced in the TKE turbulent closure the simple parameterization of |
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287 | Langmuir circulations proposed by \citep{Axell_JGR02} for a $k-\epsilon$ turbulent closure. |
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288 | The parameterization, tuned against large-eddy simulation, includes the whole effect |
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289 | of LC in an extra source terms of TKE, $P_{LC}$. |
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290 | The presence of $P_{LC}$ in \eqref{Eq_zdftke_e}, the TKE equation, is controlled |
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291 | by setting \np{ln\_lc} to \textit{true} in the namtke namelist. |
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292 | |
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293 | By making an analogy with the characteristic convective velocity scale |
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294 | ($e.g.$, \citet{D'Alessio_al_JPO98}), $P_{LC}$ is assumed to be : |
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295 | \begin{equation} |
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296 | P_{LC}(z) = \frac{w_{LC}^3(z)}{H_{LC}} |
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297 | \end{equation} |
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298 | where $w_{LC}(z)$ is the vertical velocity profile of LC, and $H_{LC}$ is the LC depth. |
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299 | With no information about the wave field, $w_{LC}$ is assumed to be proportional to |
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300 | the Stokes drift $u_s = 0.377\,\,|\tau|^{1/2}$, where $|\tau|$ is the surface wind stress module |
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301 | \footnote{Following \citet{Li_Garrett_JMR93}, the surface Stoke drift velocity |
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302 | may be expressed as $u_s = 0.016 \,|U_{10m}|$. Assuming an air density of |
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303 | $\rho_a=1.22 \,Kg/m^3$ and a drag coefficient of $1.5~10^{-3}$ give the expression |
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304 | used of $u_s$ as a function of the module of surface stress}. |
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305 | For the vertical variation, $w_{LC}$ is assumed to be zero at the surface as well as |
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306 | at a finite depth $H_{LC}$ (which is often close to the mixed layer depth), and simply |
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307 | varies as a sine function in between (a first-order profile for the Langmuir cell structures). |
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308 | The resulting expression for $w_{LC}$ is : |
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309 | \begin{equation} |
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310 | w_{LC} = \begin{cases} |
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311 | c_{LC} \,u_s \,\sin(- \pi\,z / H_{LC} ) & \text{if $-z \leq H_{LC}$} \\ |
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312 | 0 & \text{otherwise} |
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313 | \end{cases} |
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314 | \end{equation} |
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315 | where $c_{LC} = 0.15$ has been chosen by \citep{Axell_JGR02} as a good compromise |
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316 | to fit LES data. The chosen value yields maximum vertical velocities $w_{LC}$ of the order |
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317 | of a few centimeters per second. The value of $c_{LC}$ is set through the \np{rn\_lc} |
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318 | namelist parameter, having in mind that it should stay between 0.15 and 0.54 \citep{Axell_JGR02}. |
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319 | |
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320 | The $H_{LC}$ is estimated in a similar way as the turbulent length scale of TKE equations: |
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321 | $H_{LC}$ is depth to which a water parcel with kinetic energy due to Stoke drift |
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322 | can reach on its own by converting its kinetic energy to potential energy, according to |
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323 | \begin{equation} |
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324 | - \int_{-H_{LC}}^0 { N^2\;z \;dz} = \frac{1}{2} u_s^2 |
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325 | \end{equation} |
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326 | |
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327 | |
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328 | %\subsubsection{Mixing just below the mixed layer} |
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329 | %---------------------------------------------------------------% |
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330 | |
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331 | % add here a description of "penetration of TKE" and the associated namelist parameters |
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332 | |
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333 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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334 | % TKE discretization considerations |
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335 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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336 | \subsection{TKE discretization considerations (\key{zdftke})} |
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337 | \label{ZDF_tke_ene} |
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338 | |
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339 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
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340 | \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} |
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341 | \includegraphics[width=1.00\textwidth]{./TexFiles/Figures/Fig_ZDF_TKE_time_scheme.pdf} |
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342 | \caption{ \label{Fig_TKE_time_scheme} |
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343 | Illustration of the TKE time integration and its links to the momentum and tracer time integration. } |
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344 | \end{center} |
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345 | \end{figure} |
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346 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
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347 | |
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348 | The production of turbulence by vertical shear (the first term of the right hand side |
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349 | of \eqref{Eq_zdftke_e}) should balance the loss of kinetic energy associated with |
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350 | the vertical momentum diffusion (first line in \eqref{Eq_PE_zdf}). To do so a special care |
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351 | have to be taken for both the time and space discretization of the TKE equation \citep{Burchard_OM02}. |
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352 | |
---|
353 | Let us first address the time stepping issue. Fig.~\ref{Fig_TKE_time_scheme} shows |
---|
354 | how the two-level Leap-Frog time stepping of the momentum and tracer equations interplays |
---|
355 | with the one-level forward time stepping of TKE equation. With this framework, the total loss |
---|
356 | of kinetic energy (in 1D for the demonstration) due to the vertical momentum diffusion is |
---|
357 | obtained by multiplying this quantity by $u^t$ and summing the result vertically: |
---|
358 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_energ1} |
---|
359 | \begin{split} |
---|
360 | \int_{-H}^{\eta} u^t \,\partial_z &\left( {K_m}^t \,(\partial_z u)^{t+\rdt} \right) \,dz \\ |
---|
361 | &= \Bigl[ u^t \,{K_m}^t \,(\partial_z u)^{t+\rdt} \Bigr]_{-H}^{\eta} |
---|
362 | - \int_{-H}^{\eta}{ {K_m}^t \,\partial_z{u^t} \,\partial_z u^{t+\rdt} \,dz } |
---|
363 | \end{split} |
---|
364 | \end{equation} |
---|
365 | Here, the vertical diffusion of momentum is discretized backward in time |
---|
366 | with a coefficient, $K_m$, known at time $t$ (Fig.~\ref{Fig_TKE_time_scheme}), |
---|
367 | as it is required when using the TKE scheme (see \S\ref{STP_forward_imp}). |
---|
368 | The first term of the right hand side of \eqref{Eq_energ1} represents the kinetic energy |
---|
369 | transfer at the surface (atmospheric forcing) and at the bottom (friction effect). |
---|
370 | The second term is always negative. It is the dissipation rate of kinetic energy, |
---|
371 | and thus minus the shear production rate of $\bar{e}$. \eqref{Eq_energ1} |
---|
372 | implies that, to be energetically consistent, the production rate of $\bar{e}$ |
---|
373 | used to compute $(\bar{e})^t$ (and thus ${K_m}^t$) should be expressed as |
---|
374 | ${K_m}^{t-\rdt}\,(\partial_z u)^{t-\rdt} \,(\partial_z u)^t$ (and not by the more straightforward |
---|
375 | $K_m \left( \partial_z u \right)^2$ expression taken at time $t$ or $t-\rdt$). |
---|
376 | |
---|
377 | A similar consideration applies on the destruction rate of $\bar{e}$ due to stratification |
---|
378 | (second term of the right hand side of \eqref{Eq_zdftke_e}). This term |
---|
379 | must balance the input of potential energy resulting from vertical mixing. |
---|
380 | The rate of change of potential energy (in 1D for the demonstration) due vertical |
---|
381 | mixing is obtained by multiplying vertical density diffusion |
---|
382 | tendency by $g\,z$ and and summing the result vertically: |
---|
383 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_energ2} |
---|
384 | \begin{split} |
---|
385 | \int_{-H}^{\eta} g\,z\,\partial_z &\left( {K_\rho}^t \,(\partial_k \rho)^{t+\rdt} \right) \,dz \\ |
---|
386 | &= \Bigl[ g\,z \,{K_\rho}^t \,(\partial_z \rho)^{t+\rdt} \Bigr]_{-H}^{\eta} |
---|
387 | - \int_{-H}^{\eta}{ g \,{K_\rho}^t \,(\partial_k \rho)^{t+\rdt} } \,dz \\ |
---|
388 | &= - \Bigl[ z\,{K_\rho}^t \,(N^2)^{t+\rdt} \Bigr]_{-H}^{\eta} |
---|
389 | + \int_{-H}^{\eta}{ \rho^{t+\rdt} \, {K_\rho}^t \,(N^2)^{t+\rdt} \,dz } |
---|
390 | \end{split} |
---|
391 | \end{equation} |
---|
392 | where we use $N^2 = -g \,\partial_k \rho / (e_3 \rho)$. |
---|
393 | The first term of the right hand side of \eqref{Eq_energ2} is always zero |
---|
394 | because there is no diffusive flux through the ocean surface and bottom). |
---|
395 | The second term is minus the destruction rate of $\bar{e}$ due to stratification. |
---|
396 | Therefore \eqref{Eq_energ1} implies that, to be energetically consistent, the product |
---|
397 | ${K_\rho}^{t-\rdt}\,(N^2)^t$ should be used in \eqref{Eq_zdftke_e}, the TKE equation. |
---|
398 | |
---|
399 | Let us now address the space discretization issue. |
---|
400 | The vertical eddy coefficients are defined at $w$-point whereas the horizontal velocity |
---|
401 | components are in the centre of the side faces of a $t$-box in staggered C-grid |
---|
402 | (Fig.\ref{Fig_cell}). A space averaging is thus required to obtain the shear TKE production term. |
---|
403 | By redoing the \eqref{Eq_energ1} in the 3D case, it can be shown that the product of |
---|
404 | eddy coefficient by the shear at $t$ and $t-\rdt$ must be performed prior to the averaging. |
---|
405 | Furthermore, the possible time variation of $e_3$ (\key{vvl} case) have to be taken into |
---|
406 | account. |
---|
407 | |
---|
408 | The above energetic considerations leads to |
---|
409 | the following final discrete form for the TKE equation: |
---|
410 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdftke_ene} |
---|
411 | \begin{split} |
---|
412 | \frac { (\bar{e})^t - (\bar{e})^{t-\rdt} } {\rdt} \equiv |
---|
413 | \Biggl\{ \Biggr. |
---|
414 | &\overline{ \left( \left(\overline{K_m}^{\,i+1/2}\right)^{t-\rdt} \,\frac{\delta_{k+1/2}[u^{t+\rdt}]}{{e_3u}^{t+\rdt} } |
---|
415 | \ \frac{\delta_{k+1/2}[u^ t ]}{{e_3u}^ t } \right) }^{\,i} \\ |
---|
416 | +&\overline{ \left( \left(\overline{K_m}^{\,j+1/2}\right)^{t-\rdt} \,\frac{\delta_{k+1/2}[v^{t+\rdt}]}{{e_3v}^{t+\rdt} } |
---|
417 | \ \frac{\delta_{k+1/2}[v^ t ]}{{e_3v}^ t } \right) }^{\,j} |
---|
418 | \Biggr. \Biggr\} \\ |
---|
419 | % |
---|
420 | - &{K_\rho}^{t-\rdt}\,{(N^2)^t} \\ |
---|
421 | % |
---|
422 | +&\frac{1}{{e_3w}^{t+\rdt}} \;\delta_{k+1/2} \left[ {K_m}^{t-\rdt} \,\frac{\delta_{k}[(\bar{e})^{t+\rdt}]} {{e_3w}^{t+\rdt}} \right] \\ |
---|
423 | % |
---|
424 | - &c_\epsilon \; \left( \frac{\sqrt{\bar {e}}}{l_\epsilon}\right)^{t-\rdt}\,(\bar {e})^{t+\rdt} |
---|
425 | \end{split} |
---|
426 | \end{equation} |
---|
427 | where the last two terms in \eqref{Eq_zdftke_ene} (vertical diffusion and Kolmogorov dissipation) |
---|
428 | are time stepped using a backward scheme (see\S\ref{STP_forward_imp}). |
---|
429 | Note that the Kolmogorov term has been linearized in time in order to render |
---|
430 | the implicit computation possible. The restart of the TKE scheme |
---|
431 | requires the storage of $\bar {e}$, $K_m$, $K_\rho$ and $l_\epsilon$ as they all appear in |
---|
432 | the right hand side of \eqref{Eq_zdftke_ene}. For the latter, it is in fact |
---|
433 | the ratio $\sqrt{\bar{e}}/l_\epsilon$ which is stored. |
---|
434 | |
---|
435 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
436 | % GLS Generic Length Scale Scheme |
---|
437 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
438 | \subsection{GLS Generic Length Scale (\key{zdfgls})} |
---|
439 | \label{ZDF_gls} |
---|
440 | |
---|
441 | %--------------------------------------------namzdf_gls--------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
442 | \namdisplay{namzdf_gls} |
---|
443 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
444 | |
---|
445 | The Generic Length Scale (GLS) scheme is a turbulent closure scheme based on |
---|
446 | two prognostic equations: one for the turbulent kinetic energy $\bar {e}$, and another |
---|
447 | for the generic length scale, $\psi$ \citep{Umlauf_Burchard_JMS03, Umlauf_Burchard_CSR05}. |
---|
448 | This later variable is defined as : $\psi = {C_{0\mu}}^{p} \ {\bar{e}}^{m} \ l^{n}$, |
---|
449 | where the triplet $(p, m, n)$ value given in Tab.\ref{Tab_GLS} allows to recover |
---|
450 | a number of well-known turbulent closures ($k$-$kl$ \citep{Mellor_Yamada_1982}, |
---|
451 | $k$-$\epsilon$ \citep{Rodi_1987}, $k$-$\omega$ \citep{Wilcox_1988} |
---|
452 | among others \citep{Umlauf_Burchard_JMS03,Kantha_Carniel_CSR05}). |
---|
453 | The GLS scheme is given by the following set of equations: |
---|
454 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdfgls_e} |
---|
455 | \frac{\partial \bar{e}}{\partial t} = |
---|
456 | \frac{K_m}{\sigma_e e_3 }\;\left[ {\left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial k} \right)^2 |
---|
457 | +\left( \frac{\partial v}{\partial k} \right)^2} \right] |
---|
458 | -K_\rho \,N^2 |
---|
459 | +\frac{1}{e_3}\,\frac{\partial}{\partial k} \left[ \frac{K_m}{e_3}\,\frac{\partial \bar{e}}{\partial k} \right] |
---|
460 | - \epsilon |
---|
461 | \end{equation} |
---|
462 | |
---|
463 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdfgls_psi} |
---|
464 | \begin{split} |
---|
465 | \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial t} =& \frac{\psi}{\bar{e}} \left\{ |
---|
466 | \frac{C_1\,K_m}{\sigma_{\psi} {e_3}}\;\left[ {\left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial k} \right)^2 |
---|
467 | +\left( \frac{\partial v}{\partial k} \right)^2} \right] |
---|
468 | - C_3 \,K_\rho\,N^2 - C_2 \,\epsilon \,Fw \right\} \\ |
---|
469 | &+\frac{1}{e_3} \;\frac{\partial }{\partial k}\left[ {\frac{K_m}{e_3 } |
---|
470 | \;\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial k}} \right]\; |
---|
471 | \end{split} |
---|
472 | \end{equation} |
---|
473 | |
---|
474 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdfgls_kz} |
---|
475 | \begin{split} |
---|
476 | K_m &= C_{\mu} \ \sqrt {\bar{e}} \ l \\ |
---|
477 | K_\rho &= C_{\mu'}\ \sqrt {\bar{e}} \ l |
---|
478 | \end{split} |
---|
479 | \end{equation} |
---|
480 | |
---|
481 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdfgls_eps} |
---|
482 | {\epsilon} = C_{0\mu} \,\frac{\bar {e}^{3/2}}{l} \; |
---|
483 | \end{equation} |
---|
484 | where $N$ is the local Brunt-Vais\"{a}l\"{a} frequency (see \S\ref{TRA_bn2}) |
---|
485 | and $\epsilon$ the dissipation rate. |
---|
486 | The constants $C_1$, $C_2$, $C_3$, ${\sigma_e}$, ${\sigma_{\psi}}$ and the wall function ($Fw$) |
---|
487 | depends of the choice of the turbulence model. Four different turbulent models are pre-defined |
---|
488 | (Tab.\ref{Tab_GLS}). They are made available through the \np{nn\_clo} namelist parameter. |
---|
489 | |
---|
490 | %--------------------------------------------------TABLE-------------------------------------------------- |
---|
491 | \begin{table}[htbp] \begin{center} |
---|
492 | %\begin{tabular}{cp{70pt}cp{70pt}cp{70pt}cp{70pt}cp{70pt}cp{70pt}c} |
---|
493 | \begin{tabular}{ccccc} |
---|
494 | & $k-kl$ & $k-\epsilon$ & $k-\omega$ & generic \\ |
---|
495 | % & \citep{Mellor_Yamada_1982} & \citep{Rodi_1987} & \citep{Wilcox_1988} & \\ |
---|
496 | \hline \hline |
---|
497 | \np{nn\_clo} & \textbf{0} & \textbf{1} & \textbf{2} & \textbf{3} \\ |
---|
498 | \hline |
---|
499 | $( p , n , m )$ & ( 0 , 1 , 1 ) & ( 3 , 1.5 , -1 ) & ( -1 , 0.5 , -1 ) & ( 2 , 1 , -0.67 ) \\ |
---|
500 | $\sigma_k$ & 2.44 & 1. & 2. & 0.8 \\ |
---|
501 | $\sigma_\psi$ & 2.44 & 1.3 & 2. & 1.07 \\ |
---|
502 | $C_1$ & 0.9 & 1.44 & 0.555 & 1. \\ |
---|
503 | $C_2$ & 0.5 & 1.92 & 0.833 & 1.22 \\ |
---|
504 | $C_3$ & 1. & 1. & 1. & 1. \\ |
---|
505 | $F_{wall}$ & Yes & -- & -- & -- \\ |
---|
506 | \hline |
---|
507 | \hline |
---|
508 | \end{tabular} |
---|
509 | \caption{ \label{Tab_GLS} |
---|
510 | Set of predefined GLS parameters, or equivalently predefined turbulence models available |
---|
511 | with \key{zdfgls} and controlled by the \np{nn\_clos} namelist parameter.} |
---|
512 | \end{center} \end{table} |
---|
513 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
514 | |
---|
515 | In the Mellor-Yamada model, the negativity of $n$ allows to use a wall function to force |
---|
516 | the convergence of the mixing length towards $K z_b$ ($K$: Kappa and $z_b$: rugosity length) |
---|
517 | value near physical boundaries (logarithmic boundary layer law). $C_{\mu}$ and $C_{\mu'}$ |
---|
518 | are calculated from stability function proposed by \citet{Galperin_al_JAS88}, or by \citet{Kantha_Clayson_1994} |
---|
519 | or one of the two functions suggested by \citet{Canuto_2001} (\np{nn\_stab\_func} = 0, 1, 2 or 3, resp.}). |
---|
520 | The value of $C_{0\mu}$ depends of the choice of the stability function. |
---|
521 | |
---|
522 | The surface and bottom boundary condition on both $\bar{e}$ and $\psi$ can be calculated |
---|
523 | thanks to Dirichlet or Neumann condition through \np{nn\_tkebc\_surf} and \np{nn\_tkebc\_bot}, resp. |
---|
524 | As for TKE closure , the wave effect on the mixing is considered when \np{ln\_crban}~=~true |
---|
525 | \citep{Craig_Banner_JPO94, Mellor_Blumberg_JPO04}. The \np{rn\_crban} namelist parameter |
---|
526 | is $\alpha_{CB}$ in \eqref{ZDF_Esbc} and \np{rn\_charn} provides the value of $\beta$ in \eqref{ZDF_Lsbc}. |
---|
527 | |
---|
528 | The $\psi$ equation is known to fail in stably stratified flows, and for this reason |
---|
529 | almost all authors apply a clipping of the length scale as an \textit{ad hoc} remedy. |
---|
530 | With this clipping, the maximum permissible length scale is determined by |
---|
531 | $l_{max} = c_{lim} \sqrt{2\bar{e}}/ N$. A value of $c_{lim} = 0.53$ is often used |
---|
532 | \citep{Galperin_al_JAS88}. \cite{Umlauf_Burchard_CSR05} show that the value of |
---|
533 | the clipping factor is of crucial importance for the entrainment depth predicted in |
---|
534 | stably stratified situations, and that its value has to be chosen in accordance |
---|
535 | with the algebraic model for the turbulent ßuxes. The clipping is only activated |
---|
536 | if \np{ln\_length\_lim}=true, and the $c_{lim}$ is set to the \np{rn\_clim\_galp} value. |
---|
537 | |
---|
538 | The time and space discretization of the GLS equations follows the same energetic |
---|
539 | consideration as for the TKE case described in \S\ref{ZDF_tke_ene} \citep{Burchard_OM02}. |
---|
540 | Examples of performance of the 4 turbulent closure scheme can be found in \citet{Warner_al_OM05}. |
---|
541 | |
---|
542 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
543 | % K Profile Parametrisation (KPP) |
---|
544 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
545 | \subsection{K Profile Parametrisation (KPP) (\key{zdfkpp}) } |
---|
546 | \label{ZDF_kpp} |
---|
547 | |
---|
548 | %--------------------------------------------namkpp-------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
549 | \namdisplay{namzdf_kpp} |
---|
550 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
551 | |
---|
552 | The KKP scheme has been implemented by J. Chanut ... |
---|
553 | |
---|
554 | \colorbox{yellow}{Add a description of KPP here.} |
---|
555 | |
---|
556 | |
---|
557 | % ================================================================ |
---|
558 | % Convection |
---|
559 | % ================================================================ |
---|
560 | \section{Convection} |
---|
561 | \label{ZDF_conv} |
---|
562 | |
---|
563 | %--------------------------------------------namzdf-------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
564 | \namdisplay{namzdf} |
---|
565 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
566 | |
---|
567 | Static instabilities (i.e. light potential densities under heavy ones) may |
---|
568 | occur at particular ocean grid points. In nature, convective processes |
---|
569 | quickly re-establish the static stability of the water column. These |
---|
570 | processes have been removed from the model via the hydrostatic |
---|
571 | assumption so they must be parameterized. Three parameterisations |
---|
572 | are available to deal with convective processes: a non-penetrative |
---|
573 | convective adjustment or an enhanced vertical diffusion, or/and the |
---|
574 | use of a turbulent closure scheme. |
---|
575 | |
---|
576 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
577 | % Non-Penetrative Convective Adjustment |
---|
578 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
579 | \subsection [Non-Penetrative Convective Adjustment (\np{ln\_tranpc}) ] |
---|
580 | {Non-Penetrative Convective Adjustment (\np{ln\_tranpc}=.true.) } |
---|
581 | \label{ZDF_npc} |
---|
582 | |
---|
583 | %--------------------------------------------namzdf-------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
584 | \namdisplay{namzdf} |
---|
585 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
586 | |
---|
587 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
---|
588 | \begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{center} |
---|
589 | \includegraphics[width=0.90\textwidth]{./TexFiles/Figures/Fig_npc.pdf} |
---|
590 | \caption{ \label{Fig_npc} |
---|
591 | Example of an unstable density profile treated by the non penetrative |
---|
592 | convective adjustment algorithm. $1^{st}$ step: the initial profile is checked from |
---|
593 | the surface to the bottom. It is found to be unstable between levels 3 and 4. |
---|
594 | They are mixed. The resulting $\rho$ is still larger than $\rho$(5): levels 3 to 5 |
---|
595 | are mixed. The resulting $\rho$ is still larger than $\rho$(6): levels 3 to 6 are |
---|
596 | mixed. The $1^{st}$ step ends since the density profile is then stable below |
---|
597 | the level 3. $2^{nd}$ step: the new $\rho$ profile is checked following the same |
---|
598 | procedure as in $1^{st}$ step: levels 2 to 5 are mixed. The new density profile |
---|
599 | is checked. It is found stable: end of algorithm.} |
---|
600 | \end{center} \end{figure} |
---|
601 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
---|
602 | |
---|
603 | The non-penetrative convective adjustment is used when \np{ln\_zdfnpc}=true. |
---|
604 | It is applied at each \np{nn\_npc} time step and mixes downwards instantaneously |
---|
605 | the statically unstable portion of the water column, but only until the density |
---|
606 | structure becomes neutrally stable ($i.e.$ until the mixed portion of the water |
---|
607 | column has \textit{exactly} the density of the water just below) \citep{Madec_al_JPO91}. |
---|
608 | The associated algorithm is an iterative process used in the following way |
---|
609 | (Fig. \ref{Fig_npc}): starting from the top of the ocean, the first instability is |
---|
610 | found. Assume in the following that the instability is located between levels |
---|
611 | $k$ and $k+1$. The potential temperature and salinity in the two levels are |
---|
612 | vertically mixed, conserving the heat and salt contents of the water column. |
---|
613 | The new density is then computed by a linear approximation. If the new |
---|
614 | density profile is still unstable between levels $k+1$ and $k+2$, levels $k$, |
---|
615 | $k+1$ and $k+2$ are then mixed. This process is repeated until stability is |
---|
616 | established below the level $k$ (the mixing process can go down to the |
---|
617 | ocean bottom). The algorithm is repeated to check if the density profile |
---|
618 | between level $k-1$ and $k$ is unstable and/or if there is no deeper instability. |
---|
619 | |
---|
620 | This algorithm is significantly different from mixing statically unstable levels |
---|
621 | two by two. The latter procedure cannot converge with a finite number |
---|
622 | of iterations for some vertical profiles while the algorithm used in \NEMO |
---|
623 | converges for any profile in a number of iterations which is less than the |
---|
624 | number of vertical levels. This property is of paramount importance as |
---|
625 | pointed out by \citet{Killworth1989}: it avoids the existence of permanent |
---|
626 | and unrealistic static instabilities at the sea surface. This non-penetrative |
---|
627 | convective algorithm has been proved successful in studies of the deep |
---|
628 | water formation in the north-western Mediterranean Sea |
---|
629 | \citep{Madec_al_JPO91, Madec_al_DAO91, Madec_Crepon_Bk91}. |
---|
630 | |
---|
631 | Note that in the current implementation of this algorithm presents several |
---|
632 | limitations. First, potential density referenced to the sea surface is used to |
---|
633 | check whether the density profile is stable or not. This is a strong |
---|
634 | simplification which leads to large errors for realistic ocean simulations. |
---|
635 | Indeed, many water masses of the world ocean, especially Antarctic Bottom |
---|
636 | Water, are unstable when represented in surface-referenced potential density. |
---|
637 | The scheme will erroneously mix them up. Second, the mixing of potential |
---|
638 | density is assumed to be linear. This assures the convergence of the algorithm |
---|
639 | even when the equation of state is non-linear. Small static instabilities can thus |
---|
640 | persist due to cabbeling: they will be treated at the next time step. |
---|
641 | Third, temperature and salinity, and thus density, are mixed, but the |
---|
642 | corresponding velocity fields remain unchanged. When using a Richardson |
---|
643 | Number dependent eddy viscosity, the mixing of momentum is done through |
---|
644 | the vertical diffusion: after a static adjustment, the Richardson Number is zero |
---|
645 | and thus the eddy viscosity coefficient is at a maximum. When this convective |
---|
646 | adjustment algorithm is used with constant vertical eddy viscosity, spurious |
---|
647 | solutions can occur since the vertical momentum diffusion remains small even |
---|
648 | after a static adjustment. In that case, we recommend the addition of momentum |
---|
649 | mixing in a manner that mimics the mixing in temperature and salinity |
---|
650 | \citep{Speich_PhD92, Speich_al_JPO96}. |
---|
651 | |
---|
652 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
653 | % Enhanced Vertical Diffusion |
---|
654 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
655 | \subsection [Enhanced Vertical Diffusion (\np{ln\_zdfevd})] |
---|
656 | {Enhanced Vertical Diffusion (\np{ln\_zdfevd}=true)} |
---|
657 | \label{ZDF_evd} |
---|
658 | |
---|
659 | %--------------------------------------------namzdf-------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
660 | \namdisplay{namzdf} |
---|
661 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
662 | |
---|
663 | The enhanced vertical diffusion parameterisation is used when \np{ln\_zdfevd}=true. |
---|
664 | In this case, the vertical eddy mixing coefficients are assigned very large values |
---|
665 | (a typical value is $10\;m^2s^{-1})$ in regions where the stratification is unstable |
---|
666 | ($i.e.$ when $N^2$ the Brunt-Vais\"{a}l\"{a} frequency is negative) |
---|
667 | \citep{Lazar_PhD97, Lazar_al_JPO99}. This is done either on tracers only |
---|
668 | (\np{nn\_evdm}=0) or on both momentum and tracers (\np{nn\_evdm}=1). |
---|
669 | |
---|
670 | In practice, where $N^2\leq 10^{-12}$, $A_T^{vT}$ and $A_T^{vS}$, and |
---|
671 | if \np{nn\_evdm}=1, the four neighbouring $A_u^{vm} \;\mbox{and}\;A_v^{vm}$ |
---|
672 | values also, are set equal to the namelist parameter \np{rn\_avevd}. A typical value |
---|
673 | for $rn\_avevd$ is between 1 and $100~m^2.s^{-1}$. This parameterisation of |
---|
674 | convective processes is less time consuming than the convective adjustment |
---|
675 | algorithm presented above when mixing both tracers and momentum in the |
---|
676 | case of static instabilities. It requires the use of an implicit time stepping on |
---|
677 | vertical diffusion terms (i.e. \np{ln\_zdfexp}=false). |
---|
678 | |
---|
679 | Note that the stability test is performed on both \textit{before} and \textit{now} |
---|
680 | values of $N^2$. This removes a potential source of divergence of odd and |
---|
681 | even time step in a leapfrog environment \citep{Leclair_PhD2010} (see \S\ref{STP_mLF}). |
---|
682 | |
---|
683 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
684 | % Turbulent Closure Scheme |
---|
685 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
686 | \subsection{Turbulent Closure Scheme (\key{zdftke} or \key{zdfgls})} |
---|
687 | \label{ZDF_tcs} |
---|
688 | |
---|
689 | The turbulent closure scheme presented in \S\ref{ZDF_tke} and \S\ref{ZDF_gls} |
---|
690 | (\key{zdftke} or \key{zdftke} is defined) in theory solves the problem of statically |
---|
691 | unstable density profiles. In such a case, the term corresponding to the |
---|
692 | destruction of turbulent kinetic energy through stratification in \eqref{Eq_zdftke_e} |
---|
693 | or \eqref{Eq_zdfgls_e} becomes a source term, since $N^2$ is negative. |
---|
694 | It results in large values of $A_T^{vT}$ and $A_T^{vT}$, and also the four neighbouring |
---|
695 | $A_u^{vm} {and}\;A_v^{vm}$ (up to $1\;m^2s^{-1})$. These large values |
---|
696 | restore the static stability of the water column in a way similar to that of the |
---|
697 | enhanced vertical diffusion parameterisation (\S\ref{ZDF_evd}). However, |
---|
698 | in the vicinity of the sea surface (first ocean layer), the eddy coefficients |
---|
699 | computed by the turbulent closure scheme do not usually exceed $10^{-2}m.s^{-1}$, |
---|
700 | because the mixing length scale is bounded by the distance to the sea surface. |
---|
701 | It can thus be useful to combine the enhanced vertical |
---|
702 | diffusion with the turbulent closure scheme, $i.e.$ setting the \np{ln\_zdfnpc} |
---|
703 | namelist parameter to true and defining the turbulent closure CPP key all together. |
---|
704 | |
---|
705 | The KPP turbulent closure scheme already includes enhanced vertical diffusion |
---|
706 | in the case of convection, as governed by the variables $bvsqcon$ and $difcon$ |
---|
707 | found in \mdl{zdfkpp}, therefore \np{ln\_zdfevd}=false should be used with the KPP |
---|
708 | scheme. %gm% + one word on non local flux with KPP scheme trakpp.F90 module... |
---|
709 | |
---|
710 | % ================================================================ |
---|
711 | % Double Diffusion Mixing |
---|
712 | % ================================================================ |
---|
713 | \section [Double Diffusion Mixing (\key{zdfddm})] |
---|
714 | {Double Diffusion Mixing (\key{zdfddm})} |
---|
715 | \label{ZDF_ddm} |
---|
716 | |
---|
717 | %-------------------------------------------namzdf_ddm------------------------------------------------- |
---|
718 | \namdisplay{namzdf_ddm} |
---|
719 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
720 | |
---|
721 | Double diffusion occurs when relatively warm, salty water overlies cooler, fresher |
---|
722 | water, or vice versa. The former condition leads to salt fingering and the latter |
---|
723 | to diffusive convection. Double-diffusive phenomena contribute to diapycnal |
---|
724 | mixing in extensive regions of the ocean. \citet{Merryfield1999} include a |
---|
725 | parameterisation of such phenomena in a global ocean model and show that |
---|
726 | it leads to relatively minor changes in circulation but exerts significant regional |
---|
727 | influences on temperature and salinity. This parameterisation has been |
---|
728 | introduced in \mdl{zdfddm} module and is controlled by the \key{zdfddm} CPP key. |
---|
729 | |
---|
730 | Diapycnal mixing of S and T are described by diapycnal diffusion coefficients |
---|
731 | \begin{align*} % \label{Eq_zdfddm_Kz} |
---|
732 | &A^{vT} = A_o^{vT}+A_f^{vT}+A_d^{vT} \\ |
---|
733 | &A^{vS} = A_o^{vS}+A_f^{vS}+A_d^{vS} |
---|
734 | \end{align*} |
---|
735 | where subscript $f$ represents mixing by salt fingering, $d$ by diffusive convection, |
---|
736 | and $o$ by processes other than double diffusion. The rates of double-diffusive |
---|
737 | mixing depend on the buoyancy ratio $R_\rho = \alpha \partial_z T / \beta \partial_z S$, |
---|
738 | where $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are coefficients of thermal expansion and saline |
---|
739 | contraction (see \S\ref{TRA_eos}). To represent mixing of $S$ and $T$ by salt |
---|
740 | fingering, we adopt the diapycnal diffusivities suggested by Schmitt (1981): |
---|
741 | \begin{align} \label{Eq_zdfddm_f} |
---|
742 | A_f^{vS} &= \begin{cases} |
---|
743 | \frac{A^{\ast v}}{1+(R_\rho / R_c)^n } &\text{if $R_\rho > 1$ and $N^2>0$ } \\ |
---|
744 | 0 &\text{otherwise} |
---|
745 | \end{cases} |
---|
746 | \\ \label{Eq_zdfddm_f_T} |
---|
747 | A_f^{vT} &= 0.7 \ A_f^{vS} / R_\rho |
---|
748 | \end{align} |
---|
749 | |
---|
750 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
---|
751 | \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} |
---|
752 | \includegraphics[width=0.99\textwidth]{./TexFiles/Figures/Fig_zdfddm.pdf} |
---|
753 | \caption{ \label{Fig_zdfddm} |
---|
754 | From \citet{Merryfield1999} : (a) Diapycnal diffusivities $A_f^{vT}$ |
---|
755 | and $A_f^{vS}$ for temperature and salt in regions of salt fingering. Heavy |
---|
756 | curves denote $A^{\ast v} = 10^{-3}~m^2.s^{-1}$ and thin curves |
---|
757 | $A^{\ast v} = 10^{-4}~m^2.s^{-1}$ ; (b) diapycnal diffusivities $A_d^{vT}$ and |
---|
758 | $A_d^{vS}$ for temperature and salt in regions of diffusive convection. Heavy |
---|
759 | curves denote the Federov parameterisation and thin curves the Kelley |
---|
760 | parameterisation. The latter is not implemented in \NEMO. } |
---|
761 | \end{center} \end{figure} |
---|
762 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
---|
763 | |
---|
764 | The factor 0.7 in \eqref{Eq_zdfddm_f_T} reflects the measured ratio |
---|
765 | $\alpha F_T /\beta F_S \approx 0.7$ of buoyancy flux of heat to buoyancy |
---|
766 | flux of salt ($e.g.$, \citet{McDougall_Taylor_JMR84}). Following \citet{Merryfield1999}, |
---|
767 | we adopt $R_c = 1.6$, $n = 6$, and $A^{\ast v} = 10^{-4}~m^2.s^{-1}$. |
---|
768 | |
---|
769 | To represent mixing of S and T by diffusive layering, the diapycnal diffusivities suggested by Federov (1988) is used: |
---|
770 | \begin{align} \label{Eq_zdfddm_d} |
---|
771 | A_d^{vT} &= \begin{cases} |
---|
772 | 1.3635 \, \exp{\left( 4.6\, \exp{ \left[ -0.54\,( R_{\rho}^{-1} - 1 ) \right] } \right)} |
---|
773 | &\text{if $0<R_\rho < 1$ and $N^2>0$ } \\ |
---|
774 | 0 &\text{otherwise} |
---|
775 | \end{cases} |
---|
776 | \\ \label{Eq_zdfddm_d_S} |
---|
777 | A_d^{vS} &= \begin{cases} |
---|
778 | A_d^{vT}\ \left( 1.85\,R_{\rho} - 0.85 \right) |
---|
779 | &\text{if $0.5 \leq R_\rho<1$ and $N^2>0$ } \\ |
---|
780 | A_d^{vT} \ 0.15 \ R_\rho |
---|
781 | &\text{if $\ \ 0 < R_\rho<0.5$ and $N^2>0$ } \\ |
---|
782 | 0 &\text{otherwise} |
---|
783 | \end{cases} |
---|
784 | \end{align} |
---|
785 | |
---|
786 | The dependencies of \eqref{Eq_zdfddm_f} to \eqref{Eq_zdfddm_d_S} on $R_\rho$ |
---|
787 | are illustrated in Fig.~\ref{Fig_zdfddm}. Implementing this requires computing |
---|
788 | $R_\rho$ at each grid point on every time step. This is done in \mdl{eosbn2} at the |
---|
789 | same time as $N^2$ is computed. This avoids duplication in the computation of |
---|
790 | $\alpha$ and $\beta$ (which is usually quite expensive). |
---|
791 | |
---|
792 | % ================================================================ |
---|
793 | % Bottom Friction |
---|
794 | % ================================================================ |
---|
795 | \section [Bottom Friction (\textit{zdfbfr})] {Bottom Friction (\mdl{zdfbfr} module)} |
---|
796 | \label{ZDF_bfr} |
---|
797 | |
---|
798 | %--------------------------------------------nambfr-------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
799 | \namdisplay{nambfr} |
---|
800 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
801 | |
---|
802 | Both the surface momentum flux (wind stress) and the bottom momentum |
---|
803 | flux (bottom friction) enter the equations as a condition on the vertical |
---|
804 | diffusive flux. For the bottom boundary layer, one has: |
---|
805 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdfbfr_flux} |
---|
806 | A^{vm} \left( \partial {\textbf U}_h / \partial z \right) = {{\cal F}}_h^{\textbf U} |
---|
807 | \end{equation} |
---|
808 | where ${\cal F}_h^{\textbf U}$ is represents the downward flux of horizontal momentum |
---|
809 | outside the logarithmic turbulent boundary layer (thickness of the order of |
---|
810 | 1~m in the ocean). How ${\cal F}_h^{\textbf U}$ influences the interior depends on the |
---|
811 | vertical resolution of the model near the bottom relative to the Ekman layer |
---|
812 | depth. For example, in order to obtain an Ekman layer depth |
---|
813 | $d = \sqrt{2\;A^{vm}} / f = 50$~m, one needs a vertical diffusion coefficient |
---|
814 | $A^{vm} = 0.125$~m$^2$s$^{-1}$ (for a Coriolis frequency |
---|
815 | $f = 10^{-4}$~m$^2$s$^{-1}$). With a background diffusion coefficient |
---|
816 | $A^{vm} = 10^{-4}$~m$^2$s$^{-1}$, the Ekman layer depth is only 1.4~m. |
---|
817 | When the vertical mixing coefficient is this small, using a flux condition is |
---|
818 | equivalent to entering the viscous forces (either wind stress or bottom friction) |
---|
819 | as a body force over the depth of the top or bottom model layer. To illustrate |
---|
820 | this, consider the equation for $u$ at $k$, the last ocean level: |
---|
821 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdfbfr_flux2} |
---|
822 | \frac{\partial u_k}{\partial t} = \frac{1}{e_{3u}} \left[ \frac{A_{uw}^{vm}}{e_{3uw}} \delta_{k+1/2}\;[u] - {\cal F}^u_h \right] \approx - \frac{{\cal F}^u_{h}}{e_{3u}} |
---|
823 | \end{equation} |
---|
824 | If the bottom layer thickness is 200~m, the Ekman transport will |
---|
825 | be distributed over that depth. On the other hand, if the vertical resolution |
---|
826 | is high (1~m or less) and a turbulent closure model is used, the turbulent |
---|
827 | Ekman layer will be represented explicitly by the model. However, the |
---|
828 | logarithmic layer is never represented in current primitive equation model |
---|
829 | applications: it is \emph{necessary} to parameterize the flux ${\cal F}^u_h $. |
---|
830 | Two choices are available in \NEMO: a linear and a quadratic bottom friction. |
---|
831 | Note that in both cases, the rotation between the interior velocity and the |
---|
832 | bottom friction is neglected in the present release of \NEMO. |
---|
833 | |
---|
834 | In the code, the bottom friction is imposed by adding the trend due to the bottom |
---|
835 | friction to the general momentum trend in \mdl{dynbfr}. For the time-split surface |
---|
836 | pressure gradient algorithm, the momentum trend due to the barotropic component |
---|
837 | needs to be handled separately. For this purpose it is convenient to compute and |
---|
838 | store coefficients which can be simply combined with bottom velocities and geometric |
---|
839 | values to provide the momentum trend due to bottom friction. |
---|
840 | These coefficients are computed in \mdl{zdfbfr} and generally take the form |
---|
841 | $c_b^{\textbf U}$ where: |
---|
842 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdfbfr_bdef} |
---|
843 | \frac{\partial {\textbf U_h}}{\partial t} = |
---|
844 | - \frac{{\cal F}^{\textbf U}_{h}}{e_{3u}} = \frac{c_b^{\textbf U}}{e_{3u}} \;{\textbf U}_h^b |
---|
845 | \end{equation} |
---|
846 | where $\textbf{U}_h^b = (u_b\;,\;v_b)$ is the near-bottom, horizontal, ocean velocity. |
---|
847 | |
---|
848 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
849 | % Linear Bottom Friction |
---|
850 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
851 | \subsection{Linear Bottom Friction (\np{nn\_botfr} = 0 or 1) } |
---|
852 | \label{ZDF_bfr_linear} |
---|
853 | |
---|
854 | The linear bottom friction parameterisation (including the special case |
---|
855 | of a free-slip condition) assumes that the bottom friction |
---|
856 | is proportional to the interior velocity (i.e. the velocity of the last |
---|
857 | model level): |
---|
858 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdfbfr_linear} |
---|
859 | {\cal F}_h^\textbf{U} = \frac{A^{vm}}{e_3} \; \frac{\partial \textbf{U}_h}{\partial k} = r \; \textbf{U}_h^b |
---|
860 | \end{equation} |
---|
861 | where $r$ is a friction coefficient expressed in ms$^{-1}$. |
---|
862 | This coefficient is generally estimated by setting a typical decay time |
---|
863 | $\tau$ in the deep ocean, |
---|
864 | and setting $r = H / \tau$, where $H$ is the ocean depth. Commonly accepted |
---|
865 | values of $\tau$ are of the order of 100 to 200 days \citep{Weatherly_JMR84}. |
---|
866 | A value $\tau^{-1} = 10^{-7}$~s$^{-1}$ equivalent to 115 days, is usually used |
---|
867 | in quasi-geostrophic models. One may consider the linear friction as an |
---|
868 | approximation of quadratic friction, $r \approx 2\;C_D\;U_{av}$ (\citet{Gill1982}, |
---|
869 | Eq. 9.6.6). For example, with a drag coefficient $C_D = 0.002$, a typical speed |
---|
870 | of tidal currents of $U_{av} =0.1$~m\;s$^{-1}$, and assuming an ocean depth |
---|
871 | $H = 4000$~m, the resulting friction coefficient is $r = 4\;10^{-4}$~m\;s$^{-1}$. |
---|
872 | This is the default value used in \NEMO. It corresponds to a decay time scale |
---|
873 | of 115~days. It can be changed by specifying \np{rn\_bfric1} (namelist parameter). |
---|
874 | |
---|
875 | For the linear friction case the coefficients defined in the general |
---|
876 | expression \eqref{Eq_zdfbfr_bdef} are: |
---|
877 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdfbfr_linbfr_b} |
---|
878 | \begin{split} |
---|
879 | c_b^u &= - r\\ |
---|
880 | c_b^v &= - r\\ |
---|
881 | \end{split} |
---|
882 | \end{equation} |
---|
883 | When \np{nn\_botfr}=1, the value of $r$ used is \np{rn\_bfric1}. |
---|
884 | Setting \np{nn\_botfr}=0 is equivalent to setting $r=0$ and leads to a free-slip |
---|
885 | bottom boundary condition. These values are assigned in \mdl{zdfbfr}. |
---|
886 | From v3.2 onwards there is support for local enhancement of these values |
---|
887 | via an externally defined 2D mask array (\np{ln\_bfr2d}=true) given |
---|
888 | in the \ifile{bfr\_coef} input NetCDF file. The mask values should vary from 0 to 1. |
---|
889 | Locations with a non-zero mask value will have the friction coefficient increased |
---|
890 | by $mask\_value$*\np{rn\_bfrien}*\np{rn\_bfric1}. |
---|
891 | |
---|
892 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
893 | % Non-Linear Bottom Friction |
---|
894 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
895 | \subsection{Non-Linear Bottom Friction (\np{nn\_botfr} = 2)} |
---|
896 | \label{ZDF_bfr_nonlinear} |
---|
897 | |
---|
898 | The non-linear bottom friction parameterisation assumes that the bottom |
---|
899 | friction is quadratic: |
---|
900 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdfbfr_nonlinear} |
---|
901 | {\cal F}_h^\textbf{U} = \frac{A^{vm}}{e_3 }\frac{\partial \textbf {U}_h |
---|
902 | }{\partial k}=C_D \;\sqrt {u_b ^2+v_b ^2+e_b } \;\; \textbf {U}_h^b |
---|
903 | \end{equation} |
---|
904 | where $C_D$ is a drag coefficient, and $e_b $ a bottom turbulent kinetic energy |
---|
905 | due to tides, internal waves breaking and other short time scale currents. |
---|
906 | A typical value of the drag coefficient is $C_D = 10^{-3} $. As an example, |
---|
907 | the CME experiment \citep{Treguier_JGR92} uses $C_D = 10^{-3}$ and |
---|
908 | $e_b = 2.5\;10^{-3}$m$^2$\;s$^{-2}$, while the FRAM experiment \citep{Killworth1992} |
---|
909 | uses $C_D = 1.4\;10^{-3}$ and $e_b =2.5\;\;10^{-3}$m$^2$\;s$^{-2}$. |
---|
910 | The CME choices have been set as default values (\np{rn\_bfric2} and \np{rn\_bfeb2} |
---|
911 | namelist parameters). |
---|
912 | |
---|
913 | As for the linear case, the bottom friction is imposed in the code by |
---|
914 | adding the trend due to the bottom friction to the general momentum trend |
---|
915 | in \mdl{dynbfr}. |
---|
916 | For the non-linear friction case the terms |
---|
917 | computed in \mdl{zdfbfr} are: |
---|
918 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdfbfr_nonlinbfr} |
---|
919 | \begin{split} |
---|
920 | c_b^u &= - \; C_D\;\left[ u^2 + \left(\bar{\bar{v}}^{i+1,j}\right)^2 + e_b \right]^{1/2}\\ |
---|
921 | c_b^v &= - \; C_D\;\left[ \left(\bar{\bar{u}}^{i,j+1}\right)^2 + v^2 + e_b \right]^{1/2}\\ |
---|
922 | \end{split} |
---|
923 | \end{equation} |
---|
924 | |
---|
925 | The coefficients that control the strength of the non-linear bottom friction are |
---|
926 | initialised as namelist parameters: $C_D$= \np{rn\_bfri2}, and $e_b$ =\np{rn\_bfeb2}. |
---|
927 | Note for applications which treat tides explicitly a low or even zero value of |
---|
928 | \np{rn\_bfeb2} is recommended. From v3.2 onwards a local enhancement of $C_D$ |
---|
929 | is possible via an externally defined 2D mask array (\np{ln\_bfr2d}=true). |
---|
930 | See previous section for details. |
---|
931 | |
---|
932 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
933 | % Bottom Friction stability |
---|
934 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
935 | \subsection{Bottom Friction stability considerations} |
---|
936 | \label{ZDF_bfr_stability} |
---|
937 | |
---|
938 | Some care needs to exercised over the choice of parameters to ensure that the |
---|
939 | implementation of bottom friction does not induce numerical instability. For |
---|
940 | the purposes of stability analysis, an approximation to \eqref{Eq_zdfbfr_flux2} |
---|
941 | is: |
---|
942 | \begin{equation} \label{Eqn_bfrstab} |
---|
943 | \begin{split} |
---|
944 | \Delta u &= -\frac{{{\cal F}_h}^u}{e_{3u}}\;2 \rdt \\ |
---|
945 | &= -\frac{ru}{e_{3u}}\;2\rdt\\ |
---|
946 | \end{split} |
---|
947 | \end{equation} |
---|
948 | \noindent where linear bottom friction and a leapfrog timestep have been assumed. |
---|
949 | To ensure that the bottom friction cannot reverse the direction of flow it is necessary to have: |
---|
950 | \begin{equation} |
---|
951 | |\Delta u| < \;|u| |
---|
952 | \end{equation} |
---|
953 | \noindent which, using \eqref{Eqn_bfrstab}, gives: |
---|
954 | \begin{equation} |
---|
955 | r\frac{2\rdt}{e_{3u}} < 1 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad r < \frac{e_{3u}}{2\rdt}\\ |
---|
956 | \end{equation} |
---|
957 | This same inequality can also be derived in the non-linear bottom friction case |
---|
958 | if a velocity of 1 m.s$^{-1}$ is assumed. Alternatively, this criterion can be |
---|
959 | rearranged to suggest a minimum bottom box thickness to ensure stability: |
---|
960 | \begin{equation} |
---|
961 | e_{3u} > 2\;r\;\rdt |
---|
962 | \end{equation} |
---|
963 | \noindent which it may be necessary to impose if partial steps are being used. |
---|
964 | For example, if $|u| = 1$ m.s$^{-1}$, $rdt = 1800$ s, $r = 10^{-3}$ then |
---|
965 | $e_{3u}$ should be greater than 3.6 m. For most applications, with physically |
---|
966 | sensible parameters these restrictions should not be of concern. But |
---|
967 | caution may be necessary if attempts are made to locally enhance the bottom |
---|
968 | friction parameters. |
---|
969 | To ensure stability limits are imposed on the bottom friction coefficients both during |
---|
970 | initialisation and at each time step. Checks at initialisation are made in \mdl{zdfbfr} |
---|
971 | (assuming a 1 m.s$^{-1}$ velocity in the non-linear case). |
---|
972 | The number of breaches of the stability criterion are reported as well as the minimum |
---|
973 | and maximum values that have been set. The criterion is also checked at each time step, |
---|
974 | using the actual velocity, in \mdl{dynbfr}. Values of the bottom friction coefficient are |
---|
975 | reduced as necessary to ensure stability; these changes are not reported. |
---|
976 | |
---|
977 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
978 | % Bottom Friction with split-explicit time splitting |
---|
979 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
980 | \subsection{Bottom Friction with split-explicit time splitting} |
---|
981 | \label{ZDF_bfr_ts} |
---|
982 | |
---|
983 | When calculating the momentum trend due to bottom friction in \mdl{dynbfr}, the |
---|
984 | bottom velocity at the before time step is used. This velocity includes both the |
---|
985 | baroclinic and barotropic components which is appropriate when using either the |
---|
986 | explicit or filtered surface pressure gradient algorithms (\key{dynspg\_exp} or |
---|
987 | {\key{dynspg\_flt}). Extra attention is required, however, when using |
---|
988 | split-explicit time stepping (\key{dynspg\_ts}). In this case the free surface |
---|
989 | equation is solved with a small time step \np{nn\_baro}*\np{rn\_rdt}, while the three |
---|
990 | dimensional prognostic variables are solved with a longer time step that is a |
---|
991 | multiple of \np{rn\_rdt}. The trend in the barotropic momentum due to bottom |
---|
992 | friction appropriate to this method is that given by the selected parameterisation |
---|
993 | ($i.e.$ linear or non-linear bottom friction) computed with the evolving velocities |
---|
994 | at each barotropic timestep. |
---|
995 | |
---|
996 | In the case of non-linear bottom friction, we have elected to partially linearise |
---|
997 | the problem by keeping the coefficients fixed throughout the barotropic |
---|
998 | time-stepping to those computed in \mdl{zdfbfr} using the now timestep. |
---|
999 | This decision allows an efficient use of the $c_b^{\vect{U}}$ coefficients to: |
---|
1000 | |
---|
1001 | \begin{enumerate} |
---|
1002 | \item On entry to \rou{dyn\_spg\_ts}, remove the contribution of the before |
---|
1003 | barotropic velocity to the bottom friction component of the vertically |
---|
1004 | integrated momentum trend. Note the same stability check that is carried out |
---|
1005 | on the bottom friction coefficient in \mdl{dynbfr} has to be applied here to |
---|
1006 | ensure that the trend removed matches that which was added in \mdl{dynbfr}. |
---|
1007 | \item At each barotropic step, compute the contribution of the current barotropic |
---|
1008 | velocity to the trend due to bottom friction. Add this contribution to the |
---|
1009 | vertically integrated momentum trend. This contribution is handled implicitly which |
---|
1010 | eliminates the need to impose a stability criteria on the values of the bottom friction |
---|
1011 | coefficient within the barotropic loop. |
---|
1012 | \end{enumerate} |
---|
1013 | |
---|
1014 | Note that the use of an implicit formulation |
---|
1015 | for the bottom friction trend means that any limiting of the bottom friction coefficient |
---|
1016 | in \mdl{dynbfr} does not adversely affect the solution when using split-explicit time |
---|
1017 | splitting. This is because the major contribution to bottom friction is likely to come from |
---|
1018 | the barotropic component which uses the unrestricted value of the coefficient. |
---|
1019 | |
---|
1020 | The implicit formulation takes the form: |
---|
1021 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_zdfbfr_implicitts} |
---|
1022 | \bar{U}^{t+ \rdt} = \; \left [ \bar{U}^{t-\rdt}\; + 2 \rdt\;RHS \right ] / \left [ 1 - 2 \rdt \;c_b^{u} / H_e \right ] |
---|
1023 | \end{equation} |
---|
1024 | where $\bar U$ is the barotropic velocity, $H_e$ is the full depth (including sea surface height), |
---|
1025 | $c_b^u$ is the bottom friction coefficient as calculated in \rou{zdf\_bfr} and $RHS$ represents |
---|
1026 | all the components to the vertically integrated momentum trend except for that due to bottom friction. |
---|
1027 | |
---|
1028 | |
---|
1029 | |
---|
1030 | |
---|
1031 | % ================================================================ |
---|
1032 | % Tidal Mixing |
---|
1033 | % ================================================================ |
---|
1034 | \section{Tidal Mixing (\key{zdftmx})} |
---|
1035 | \label{ZDF_tmx} |
---|
1036 | |
---|
1037 | %--------------------------------------------namzdf_tmx-------------------------------------------------- |
---|
1038 | \namdisplay{namzdf_tmx} |
---|
1039 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
1040 | |
---|
1041 | |
---|
1042 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
---|
1043 | % Bottom intensified tidal mixing |
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1044 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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1045 | \subsection{Bottom intensified tidal mixing} |
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1046 | \label{ZDF_tmx_bottom} |
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1047 | |
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1048 | The parameterization of tidal mixing follows the general formulation for |
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1049 | the vertical eddy diffusivity proposed by \citet{St_Laurent_al_GRL02} and |
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1050 | first introduced in an OGCM by \citep{Simmons_al_OM04}. |
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1051 | In this formulation an additional vertical diffusivity resulting from internal tide breaking, |
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1052 | $A^{vT}_{tides}$ is expressed as a function of $E(x,y)$, the energy transfer from barotropic |
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1053 | tides to baroclinic tides : |
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1054 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_Ktides} |
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1055 | A^{vT}_{tides} = q \,\Gamma \,\frac{ E(x,y) \, F(z) }{ \rho \, N^2 } |
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1056 | \end{equation} |
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1057 | where $\Gamma$ is the mixing efficiency, $N$ the Brunt-Vais\"{a}l\"{a} frequency |
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1058 | (see \S\ref{TRA_bn2}), $\rho$ the density, $q$ the tidal dissipation efficiency, |
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1059 | and $F(z)$ the vertical structure function. |
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1060 | |
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1061 | The mixing efficiency of turbulence is set by $\Gamma$ (\np{rn\_me} namelist parameter) |
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1062 | and is usually taken to be the canonical value of $\Gamma = 0.2$ (Osborn 1980). |
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1063 | The tidal dissipation efficiency is given by the parameter $q$ (\np{rn\_tfe} namelist parameter) |
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1064 | represents the part of the internal wave energy flux $E(x, y)$ that is dissipated locally, |
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1065 | with the remaining $1-q$ radiating away as low mode internal waves and |
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1066 | contributing to the background internal wave field. A value of $q=1/3$ is typically used |
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1067 | \citet{St_Laurent_al_GRL02}. |
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1068 | The vertical structure function $F(z)$ models the distribution of the turbulent mixing in the vertical. |
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1069 | It is implemented as a simple exponential decaying upward away from the bottom, |
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1070 | with a vertical scale of $h_o$ (\np{rn\_htmx} namelist parameter, with a typical value of $500\,m$) \citep{St_Laurent_Nash_DSR04}, |
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1071 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_Fz} |
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1072 | F(i,j,k) = \frac{ e^{ -\frac{H+z}{h_o} } }{ h_o \left( 1- e^{ -\frac{H}{h_o} } \right) } |
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1073 | \end{equation} |
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1074 | and is normalized so that vertical integral over the water column is unity. |
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1075 | |
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1076 | The associated vertical viscosity is calculated from the vertical |
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1077 | diffusivity assuming a Prandtl number of 1, $i.e.$ $A^{vm}_{tides}=A^{vT}_{tides}$. |
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1078 | In the limit of $N \rightarrow 0$ (or becoming negative), the vertical diffusivity |
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1079 | is capped at $300\,cm^2/s$ and impose a lower limit on $N^2$ of \np{rn\_n2min} |
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1080 | usually set to $10^{-8} s^{-2}$. These bounds are usually rarely encountered. |
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1081 | |
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1082 | The internal wave energy map, $E(x, y)$ in \eqref{Eq_Ktides}, is derived |
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1083 | from a barotropic model of the tides utilizing a parameterization of the |
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1084 | conversion of barotropic tidal energy into internal waves. |
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1085 | The essential goal of the parameterization is to represent the momentum |
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1086 | exchange between the barotropic tides and the unrepresented internal waves |
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1087 | induced by the tidal ßow over rough topography in a stratified ocean. |
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1088 | In the current version of \NEMO, the map is built from the output of |
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1089 | the barotropic global ocean tide model MOG2D-G \citep{Carrere_Lyard_GRL03}. |
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1090 | This model provides the dissipation associated with internal wave energy for the M2 and K1 |
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1091 | tides component (Fig.~\ref{Fig_ZDF_M2_K1_tmx}). The S2 dissipation is simply approximated |
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1092 | as being $1/4$ of the M2 one. The internal wave energy is thus : $E(x, y) = 1.25 E_{M2} + E_{K1}$. |
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1093 | Its global mean value is $1.1$ TW, in agreement with independent estimates |
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1094 | \citep{Egbert_Ray_Nat00, Egbert_Ray_JGR01}. |
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1095 | |
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1096 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
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1097 | \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} |
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1098 | \includegraphics[width=0.90\textwidth]{./TexFiles/Figures/Fig_ZDF_M2_K1_tmx.pdf} |
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1099 | \caption{ \label{Fig_ZDF_M2_K1_tmx} |
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1100 | (a) M2 and (b) K2 internal wave drag energy from \citet{Carrere_Lyard_GRL03} ($W/m^2$). } |
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1101 | \end{center} \end{figure} |
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1102 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
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1103 | |
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1104 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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1105 | % Indonesian area specific treatment |
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1106 | % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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1107 | \subsection{Indonesian area specific treatment (\np{ln\_zdftmx\_itf})} |
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1108 | \label{ZDF_tmx_itf} |
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1109 | |
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1110 | When the Indonesian Through Flow (ITF) area is included in the model domain, |
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1111 | a specific treatment of tidal induced mixing in this area can be used. |
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1112 | It is activated through the namelist logical \np{ln\_tmx\_itf}, and the user must provide |
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1113 | an input NetCDF file, \ifile{mask\_itf}, which contains a mask array defining the ITF area |
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1114 | where the specific treatment is applied. |
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1115 | |
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1116 | When \np{ln\_tmx\_itf}=true, the two key parameters $q$ and $F(z)$ are adjusted following |
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1117 | the parameterisation developed by \ref{Koch-Larrouy_al_GRL07}: |
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1118 | |
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1119 | First, the Indonesian archipelago is a complex geographic region |
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1120 | with a series of large, deep, semi-enclosed basins connected via |
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1121 | numerous narrow straits. Once generated, internal tides remain |
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1122 | confined within this semi-enclosed area and hardly radiate away. |
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1123 | Therefore all the internal tides energy is consumed within this area. |
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1124 | So it is assumed that $q = 1$, $i.e.$ all the energy generated is available for mixing. |
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1125 | Note that for test purposed, the ITF tidal dissipation efficiency is a |
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1126 | namelist parameter (\np{rn\_tfe\_itf}). A value of $1$ or close to is |
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1127 | this recommended for this parameter. |
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1128 | |
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1129 | Second, the vertical structure function, $F(z)$, is no more associated |
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1130 | with a bottom intensification of the mixing, but with a maximum of |
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1131 | energy available within the thermocline. \ref{Koch-Larrouy_al_GRL07} |
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1132 | have suggested that the vertical distribution of the energy dissipation |
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1133 | proportional to $N^2$ below the core of the thermocline and to $N$ above. |
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1134 | The resulting $F(z)$ is: |
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1135 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_Fz_itf} |
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1136 | F(i,j,k) \sim \left\{ \begin{aligned} |
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1137 | \frac{q\,\Gamma E(i,j) } {\rho N \, \int N dz} \qquad \text{when $\partial_z N < 0$} \\ |
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1138 | \frac{q\,\Gamma E(i,j) } {\rho \, \int N^2 dz} \qquad \text{when $\partial_z N > 0$} |
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1139 | \end{aligned} \right. |
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1140 | \end{equation} |
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1141 | |
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1142 | Averaged over the ITF area, the resulting tidal mixing coefficient is $1.5\,cm^2/s$, |
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1143 | which agrees with the independent estimates inferred from observations. |
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1144 | Introduced in a regional OGCM, the parameterization improves the water mass |
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1145 | characteristics in the different Indonesian seas, suggesting that the horizontal |
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1146 | and vertical distributions of the mixing are adequately prescribed |
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1147 | \citep{Koch-Larrouy_al_GRL07, Koch-Larrouy_al_OD08a, Koch-Larrouy_al_OD08b}. |
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1148 | Note also that such a parameterisation has a sugnificant impact on the behaviour |
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1149 | of global coupled GCMs \citep{Koch-Larrouy_al_CD10}. |
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1150 | |
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1151 | |
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1152 | % ================================================================ |
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