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@STRING{AP = {Academic Press}}

@STRING{AREPS = {Annual Review of Earth Planetary Science}}

@STRING{ARFM = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics}}

@STRING{ASL = {Atmospheric Science Letters}}

@STRING{AW = {Addison-Wesley}}

@STRING{CD = {Clim. Dyn.}}

@STRING{CP = {Clarendon Press}}

@STRING{CUP = {Cambridge University Press}}

@STRING{D = {Dover Publications}}

@STRING{DAO = {Dyn. Atmos. Ocean}}

@STRING{DSR = {Deep-Sea Res.}}

@STRING{E = {Eyrolles}}

@STRING{GRL = {Geophys. Res. Let.}}

@STRING{I = {Interscience}}

@STRING{JAOT = {J. Atmos. Ocean Tech.}}

@STRING{JAS = {J. Atmos. Sc.}}

@STRING{JC = {J. Climate}}

@STRING{JCP = {J. Comput. Phys.}}

@STRING{JGR = {J. Geophys. Res}}

@STRING{JHUP = {The Johns Hopkins University Press}}

@STRING{JMR = {J. Mar. Res.}}

@STRING{JMS = {J. Mar. Sys.}}

@STRING{JMSJ = {J. Met. Soc. Japan}}

@STRING{JPO = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.}}

@STRING{JWS = {John Wiley and Sons}}

@STRING{M = {Macmillan}}

@STRING{MGH = {McGraw-Hill}}

@STRING{MWR = {Mon. Wea. Rev.}}

@STRING{Nature = {Nat.}}

@STRING{NH = {North-Holland}}

@STRING{Ocean = {Oceanology}}

@STRING{OS = {Ocean Science}}

@STRING{OUP = {Oxford University Press}}

@STRING{PH = {Prentice-Hall}}

@STRING{PO = {Prog. Oceangr.}}

@STRING{PP = {Pergamon Press}}

@STRING{PRSL = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London}}

@STRING{QJRMS = {Quart J Roy Meteor Soc}}

@STRING{Recherche = {La Recherche}}

@STRING{Science = {Science}}

@STRING{SV = {Springer-Verlag}}

@STRING{Tellus = {Tellus}}

@ARTICLE{Adcroft_Campin_OM04,
  author = {A. Adcroft and J.-M. Campin},
  title = {Re-scaled height coordinates for accurate representation of free-surface
	flows in ocean circulation models},
  journal = {Ocean Modelling},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {7},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.01.27}
}

@ARTICLE{Arakawa1966,
  author = {A. Arakawa},
  title = {Computational design for long term numerical integration of the equations
	of fluid motion, two-dimensional incompressible flow, Part. I.},
  journal = JCP,
  year = {1966},
  volume = {I},
  pages = {119-149},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Arakawa1990,
  author = {A. Arakawa and Y.-J. G. Hsu},
  title = {Energy Conserving and Potential-Enstrophy Dissipating Schemes for
	the Shallow Water Equations},
  journal = MWR,
  year = {1990},
  volume = {118},
  pages = {1960--1969
	
	},
  number = {10},
  abstract = {To incorporate potential enstrophy dissipation into discrete shallow
	water equations with no or arbitrarily small energy dissipation,
	a family of finite-difference schemes have been derived with which
	potential enstrophy is guaranteed to decrease while energy is conserved
	(when the mass flux is nondivergent and time is continuous). Among
	this family of schemes, there is a member that minimizes the spurious
	impact of infinite potential vorticities associated with infinitesimal
	fluid depth. The scheme is, therefore, useful for problems in which
	the free surface may intersect with the lower boundary.},
  date = {October 01, 1990},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.05}
}

@ARTICLE{Arakawa1981,
  author = {Arakawa, Akio and Lamb, Vivian R.},
  title = {A Potential Enstrophy and Energy Conserving Scheme for the Shallow
	Water Equations},
  journal = MWR,
  year = {1981},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {18--36
	
	},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {To improve the simulation of nonlinear aspects of the flow over steep
	topography, a potential enstrophy and energy conserving scheme for
	the shallow water equations is derived. It is pointed out that a
	family of schemes can conserve total energy for general flow and
	potential enstrophy for flow with no mass flux divergence. The newly
	derived scheme is a unique member of this family, that conserves
	both potential enstrophy and energy for general flow. Comparison
	by means of numerical experiment with a scheme that conserves (potential)
	enstrophy for purely horizontal nondivergent flow demonstrated the
	considerable superiority of the newly derived potential enstrophy
	and energy conserving scheme, not only in suppressing a spurious
	energy cascade but also in determining the overall flow regime. The
	potential enstrophy and energy conserving scheme for a spherical
	grid is also presented.},
  date = {January 01, 1981},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.05}
}

@ARTICLE{Arhan2006,
  author = {M. Arhan and A.M. Treguier and B. Bourles and S. Michel},
  title = {Diagnosing the annual cycle of the Equatorial Undercurrent in the
	Atlantic Ocean from a general circulation model},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {2006},
  volume = { 36},
  pages = {1502-1522}
}

@ARTICLE{ASSELIN1972,
  author = {R. Asselin},
  title = {Frequency Filter for Time Integrations},
  journal = MWR,
  year = {1972},
  volume = {100},
  pages = {487-490},
  number = {6},
  abstract = {A simple filter for controlling high-frequency computational and physical
	modes arising in time integrations is proposed. A linear analysis
	of the filter with leapfrog, implicit, and semi-implicit, differences
	is made. The filter very quickly removes the computational mode and
	is also very useful in damping high-frequency physical waves. The
	stability of the leapfrog scheme is adversely affected when a large
	filter parameter is used, but the analysis shows that the use of
	centered differences with frequency filter is still more advantageous
	than the use of the Euler-backward method. An example of the use
	of the filter in an actual forecast with the meteorological equations
	is shown.},
  date = {June 01, 1972},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Barnier_al_OD06,
  author = {B. Barnier and G. Madec and T. Penduff and J.-M. Molines and A.-M.
	Treguier and J. Le Sommer and A. Beckmann and A. Biastoch and C.
	Boning and J. Dengg and C. Derval and E. Durand and S. Gulev and
	E. Remy and C. Talandier and S. Theetten and M. Maltrud and J. McClean
	and B. De Cuevas},
  title = {Impact of partial steps and momentum advection schemes in a global
	ocean circulation model at eddy-permitting resolution.},
  journal = {Ocean Dyn.},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {doi: 10.1007/s10236-006-0082-1.},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.01.25}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Barnier1996,
  author = {B. Barnier and P. Marchesiello and A.P. de Miranda},
  title = {Modeling the ocean circulation in the South Atlantic: A strategy
	for dealing with open boundaries},
  booktitle = {The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Berlin},
  year = {1996},
  editor = {G.Wefer and W.H. Berger and G Siedler and D. Webb},
  pages = {289-304}
}

@ARTICLE{Barnier1998,
  author = {B. Barnier and P. Marchesiello and A. P. de Miranda and J.M. Molines
	and M. Coulibaly},
  title = {A sigma-coordinate primitive equation model for studying the circulation
	in the South Atlantic I, Model configuration with error estimates},
  journal = {Deep Sea Res.},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {543-572}
}

@ARTICLE{Beckmann1998,
  author = {A. Beckmann},
  title = {The representation of bottom boundary layer processes in numerical
	ocean circulation models.},
  journal = {Ocean modelling and parameterization, E. P. Chassignet and J. Verron
	(eds.), NATO Science Series, Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  year = {1998},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{BeckDos1998,
  author = {A. Beckmann and R. D\"{o}scher},
  title = {A method for improved representation of dense water spreading over
	topography in geopotential-coordinate models},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1998},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {581-591},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Beckmann1993,
  author = {A. Beckmann and D. B. Haidvogel},
  title = {Numerical Simulation of Flow around a Tall Isolated Seamount. Part
	I - Problem Formulation and Model Accuracy},
  journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {1736--1753
	
	},
  number = {8},
  abstract = {A sigma coordinate ocean circulation model is employed to study flow
	trapped to a tall seamount in a periodic f-plane channel. In Part
	I, errors arising from the pressure gradient formulation in the steep
	topography/strong stratification limit are examined. To illustrate
	the error properties, a linearized adiabatic version of the model
	is considered, both with and without forcing, and starting from a
	resting state with level isopycnals. The systematic discretization
	errors from the horizontal pressure gradient terms are shown analytically
	to increase with steeper topography (relative to a fixed horizontal
	grid) and for stronger stratification (as measured by the Burger
	number). For an initially quiescent unforced ocean, the pressure
	gradient errors produce a spurious oscillating current that, at the
	end of 10 days, is approximately 1 cm s−1 in amplitude. The
	period of the spurious oscillation (about 0.5 days) is shown to be
	a consequence of the particular form of the pressure gradient terms
	in the sigma coordinate system. With the addition of an alongchannel
	diurnal forcing, resonantly generated seamount-trapped waves are
	observed to form. Error levels in these solutions are less than those
	in the unforced cases; spurious time-mean currents are several orders
	of magnitude less in amplitude than the resonant propagating waves.
	However, numerical instability is encountered in a wider range of
	parameter space. The properties of these resonantly generated waves
	is explored in detail in Part II of this study. Several new formulations
	of the pressure gradient terms are tested. Two of the formulations—constructed
	to have additional conservation properties relative to the traditional
	form of the pressure gradient terms (conservation of JEBAR and conservation
	of energy)—are found to have error properties generally similar
	to those of the traditional formulation. A corrected gradient algorithm,
	based upon vertical interpolation of the pressure field, has a dramatically
	reduced error level but a much more restrictive range of stable behavior.},
  date = {August 01, 1993},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Blanke_al_JPO99,
  author = {B. Blanke and M. Arhan and G. Madec and S. Roche},
  title = {Warm Water Paths in the Equatorial Atlantic as Diagnosed with a General
	Circulation Model},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1999},
  volume = {29, 11},
  pages = {2753-2768},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.05.27}
}

@ARTICLE{Blanke1993,
  author = {B. Blanke and P. Delecluse},
  title = {Low frequency variability of the tropical Atlantic ocean simulated
	by a general circulation model with mixed layer physics},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1993},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {1363-1388}
}

@ARTICLE{blanketal97,
  author = {B. Blanke and J. D. Neelin and D. Gutzler},
  title = {Estimating the effect of stochastic wind forcing on ENSO irregularity},
  journal = JC,
  year = {1997},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {1473-1486},
  abstract = {One open question in El Nin˜o–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) simulation
	and predictability is the role of random
	
	forcing by atmospheric variability with short correlation times, on
	coupled variability with interannual timescales.
	
	The discussion of this question requires a quantitative assessment
	of the stochastic component of the wind stress
	
	forcing. Self-consistent estimates of this noise (the stochastic forcing)
	can be made quite naturally in an empirical
	
	atmospheric model that uses a statistical estimate of the relationship
	between sea surface temperature (SST) and
	
	wind stress anomaly patterns as the deterministic feedback between
	the ocean and the atmosphere. The authors
	
	use such an empirical model as the atmospheric component of a hybrid
	coupled model, coupled to the GFDL
	
	ocean general circulation model. The authors define as residual the
	fraction of the Florida State University wind
	
	stress not explained by the empirical atmosphere run from observed
	SST, and a noise product is constructed by
	
	random picks among monthly maps of this residual.
	
	The impact of included or excluded noise is assessed with several
	ensembles of simulations. The model is
	
	run in coupled regimes where, in the absence of noise, it is perfectly
	periodic: in the presence of prescribed
	
	seasonal variability, the model is strongly frequency locked on a
	2-yr period; in annual average conditions it
	
	has a somewhat longer inherent ENSO period (30 months). Addition of
	noise brings an irregular behavior that
	
	is considerably richer in spatial patterns as well as in temporal
	structures. The broadening of the model ENSO
	
	spectral peak is roughly comparable to observed. The tendency to frequency
	lock to subharmonic resonances
	
	of the seasonal cycle tends to increase the broadening and to emphasize
	lower frequencies. An inclination to
	
	phase lock to preferred seasons persists even in the presence of noise-induced
	irregularity. Natural uncoupled
	
	atmospheric variability is thus a strong candidate for explaining
	the observed aperiodicity in ENSO time series.
	
	Model–model hindcast experiments also suggest the importance of atmospheric
	noise in setting limits to ENSO
	
	predictability.},
  pdf = {Blanke_etal_JC97.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Blanke_Raynaud_JPO97,
  author = {B. Blanke and S. Raynaud},
  title = {Kinematics of the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent: An Eulerian and
	Lagrangian Approach from GCM Results},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1997},
  volume = {27, 6},
  pages = {1038-1053},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.05.27}
}

@ARTICLE{Blayo2005,
  author = {E. Blayo and L. Debreu},
  title = {Revisiting open boundary conditions from the point of view of characteristic
	variables},
  journal = {Ocean Modelling},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {231-252}
}

@ARTICLE{Bougeault1989,
  author = {P. Bougeault and P. Lacarrere},
  title = {Parameterization of Orography-Induced Turbulence in a Mesobeta--Scale
	Model},
  journal = MWR,
  year = {1989},
  volume = {117},
  pages = {1872-1890},
  number = {8},
  abstract = {The possibility of extending existing techniques for turbulence parameterization
	in the planetary boundary layer to attitude, orography-induced turbulence
	events is examined. Starting from a well-tested scheme, we show that
	it is possible to generalize the specification method of the length
	scales, with no deterioration of the scheme performance in the boundary
	layer. The new scheme is implemented in a two-dimensional version
	of a limited-area, numerical model used for the simulation of mesobeta-scale
	atmospheric flows. Three well-known cases of orographically induced
	turbulence are studied. The comparison with observations and former
	studies shows a satisfactory behavior of the new scheme.},
  date = {August 01, 1989},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@ARTICLE{Brown1978,
  author = {J. A. Brown and K. A. Campana},
  title = {An Economical Time-Differencing System for Numerical Weather Prediction},
  journal = MWR,
  year = {1978},
  volume = {106},
  pages = {1125-1136},
  number = {8},
  month = aug,
  abstract = {A simple method for integrating the primitive equations is presented
	which allows for a timestep increment up to twice that of the conventional
	leapfrog scheme. It consists of a time-averaging operator, which
	incorporates three consecutive time levels, on the pressure gradient
	terms in the equations of motion. An attractive feature of the method
	is its case in programming, since the resulting finite-difference
	equations can he solved explicitly.Presented here are linear analyses
	of the method applied to the barotropic and two-layer baroclinic
	gravity waves. Also presented is an analysis of the method with a
	time-damping device incorporated, which is an alternative in controlling
	linearly amplifying computational modes.},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.05}
}

@ARTICLE{Bryan1997,
  author = {K. Bryan},
  title = {A Numerical Method for the Study of the Circulation of the World
	Ocean},
  journal = JCP,
  year = {1997},
  volume = {135, 2},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Bryan1984,
  author = {K. Bryan},
  title = {Accelerating the convergence to equilibrium of ocean-climate models},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1984},
  volume = {14},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Bryden1973,
  author = {H. L. Bryden},
  title = {New polynomials for thermal expansion, adiabatic temperature gradient
	
	and potential temperature of sea water},
  journal = DSR,
  year = {1973},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {401-408},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Campin2004,
  author = {J.-M. Campin and A. Adcroft and C. Hill and J. Marshall},
  title = {Conservation of properties in a free-surface model},
  journal = {Ocean Modelling},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {6, 3-4},
  pages = {221-244},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Campin_Goosse_Tel99,
  author = {J. M. Campin and H. Goosse},
  title = {Parameterization of density-driven downsloping flow for a coarse-resolution
	ocean model in z-coordinate},
  journal = {Tellus},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {412-430},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.01.20}
}

@ARTICLE{Cox1987,
  author = {M. Cox},
  title = {Isopycnal diffusion in a z-coordinate ocean model},
  journal = {Ocean Modelling},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {74},
  pages = {1-9},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Dorscher_Beckmann_JAOT00,
  author = {R. D\"{o}scher and A. Beckmann},
  title = {Effects of a Bottom Boundary Layer Parameterization in a Coarse-Resolution
	Model of the North Atlantic Ocean},
  journal = JAOT,
  year = {2000},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {698-707},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.01.23}
}

@ARTICLE{Debreu_al_CG2008,
  author = {L. Debreu and C. Vouland and E. Blayo},
  title = {AGRIF: Adaptive Grid Refinement In Fortran},
  journal = {Computers and Geosciences},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {8-13},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.02.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Delecluse_Madec_Bk00,
  author = {P. Delecluse and G. Madec},
  title = {Ocean modelling and the role of the ocean in the climate system},
  journal = {In \textit{Modeling the Earth's Climate and its Variability}, Les
	Houches, Session, LXVII 1997,
	
	Eds. W. R. Holland, S. Joussaume and F. David, Elsevier Science,},
  year = {2000},
  pages = {237-313},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.02.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Dukowicz1994,
  author = {J. K. Dukowicz and R. D. Smith},
  title = {Implicit free-surface method for the Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean model},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {1994},
  volume = {99},
  pages = {7991-8014},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Durran2001,
  author = {D.R. Durran },
  title = {Open boundary conditions: fact and fiction},
  booktitle = {Advances in Mathematical Modelling of Atmosphere and Ocean Dynamics},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  year = {2001},
  editor = {P.F. Hodnett}
}

@ARTICLE{Dutay.J.C2004,
  author = {J. -C. Dutay and P. J. -Baptiste and J. -M. Campin and A. Ishida
	and E. M. -Reimer and R. J. Matear and A. Mouchet and I. J. Totterdell
	and Y. Yamanaka and K. Rodgers and G. Madec and J.C. Orr},
  title = {Evaluation of OCMIP-2 ocean models’ deep circulation
	
	with mantle helium-3},
  journal = {Journal of Marine Systems},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {1-22},
  abstract = {We compare simulations of the injection of mantle helium-3 into the
	deep ocean from six global coarse resolution models which participated
	in the Ocean Carbon Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP). We also
	discuss the results of a study carried out with one of the models,
	which examines the effect of the subgrid-scale mixing parameterization.
	These sensitivity tests provide useful information to interpret the
	differences among the OCMIP models and between model simulations
	and the data.
	
	We find that the OCMIP models, which parameterize subgrid-scale mixing
	using an eddy-induced velocity, tend to
	
	underestimate the ventilation of the deep ocean, based on diagnostics
	with d3He. In these models, this parameterization is implemented
	with a constant thickness diffusivity coefficient. In future simulations,
	we recommend using such a parameterization with spatially and temporally
	varying coefficients in order to moderate its effect on stratification.
	
	The performance of the models with regard to the formation of AABW
	confirms the conclusion from a previous evaluation with CFC-11. Models
	coupled with a sea-ice model produce a substantial bottom water formation
	in the Southern Ocean that tends to overestimate AABW ventilation,
	while models that are not coupled with a sea-ice model systematically
	underestimate the formation of AABW.
	
	We also analyze specific features of the deep 3He distribution (3He
	plumes) that are particularly well depicted in the data and which
	put severe constraints on the deep circulation. We show that all
	the models fail to reproduce a correct propagation of these plumes
	in the deep ocean. The resolution of the models may be too coarse
	to reproduce the strong and narrow currents in the deep ocean, and
	the models do not incorporate the geothermal heating that may also
	contribute to the generation of these currents. We also use the context
	of OCMIP-2 to explore the potential of mantle helium-3 as a tool
	to compare and evaluate modeled deep-ocean circulations. Although
	the source function of mantle helium is known with a rather large
	uncertainty, we find that the parameterization used for the injection
	of mantle helium-3 is sufficient to generate realistic results, even
	in the Atlantic Ocean where a previous pioneering study [J. Geophys.
	Res. 100 (1995) 3829] claimed this parameterization generates
	
	inadequate results. These results are supported by a multi-tracer
	evaluation performed by considering the simulated distributions of
	both helium-3 and natural 14C, and comparing the simulated tracer
	fields with available data.},
  owner = {sandra},
  pdf = {Dutay_etal_OCMIP_JMS04.pdf},
  timestamp = {2006.10.17}
}

@ARTICLE{Eiseman1980,
  author = {P. R. Eiseman and A. P. Stone},
  title = {Conservation lows of fluid dynamics -- A survey},
  journal = {SIAM Review},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {12-27},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Emile-Geay_Madec_OSD08,
  author = {J. Emile-Geay and G. Madec},
  title = {Geothermal heating, diapycnal mixing and the abyssal circulation},
  journal = {Ocean Sci. Discuss.},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {281-325},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.07.16}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Farge1987,
  author = {M. Farge},
  title = {Dynamique non lineaire des ondes et des tourbillons dans les equations
	de Saint Venant},
  school = {Doctorat es Mathematiques, Paris VI University, 401 pp.},
  year = {1987},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Farrow1995,
  author = {D. E. Farrow and D. P. Stevens},
  title = {A new tracer advection scheme for Bryan--Cox type ocean general circulation
	models},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1995},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {1731-1741.},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Fujio1991,
  author = {S. Fujio and N. Imasato},
  title = {Diagnostic calculation for circulation and water mass movement in
	the deep Pacific},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {1991},
  volume = {96},
  pages = {759-774},
  month = jan,
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Gargett1984,
  author = {A. E. Gargett},
  title = {Vertical eddy diffusivity in the ocean interior},
  journal = JMR,
  year = {1984},
  volume = {42},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@ARTICLE{Gaspar1990,
  author = {P. Gaspar and Y. Gr{\'e}goris and J.-M. Lefevre},
  title = {A simple eddy kinetic energy model for simulations of the oceanic
	vertical mixing\: Tests at Station Papa and long-term upper ocean
	study site},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {1990},
  volume = {95(C9)},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@ARTICLE{Gent1990,
  author = {P. R. Gent and J. C. Mcwilliams},
  title = {Isopycnal Mixing in Ocean Circulation Models},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1990},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {150-155},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {A subgrid-scale form for mesoscale eddy mixing on isopycnal surfaces
	is proposed for use in non-eddy-resolving ocean circulation models.
	The mixing is applied in isopycnal coordinates to isopycnal layer
	thickness, or inverse density gradient, as well as to passive scalars,
	temperature and salinity. The transformation of these mixing forms
	to physical coordinates is also presented.},
  date = {January 01, 1990},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Gerdes1993a,
  author = {R. Gerdes},
  title = {A primitive equation ocean circulation model using a general vertical
	coordinate transformation 1. Description and testing of the model},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {1993},
  volume = {98},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Gerdes1993b,
  author = {R. Gerdes},
  title = {A primitive equation ocean circulation model using a general vertical
	coordinate transformation 2. Application to an overflow problem},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {1993},
  volume = {98},
  pages = {14703-14726},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@TECHREPORT{Gibson_TR86,
  author = {J. K. Gibson},
  title = {Standard software development and maintenance},
  institution = {Operational Dep., ECMWF, Reading, UK.},
  year = {1986},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.02.03}
}

@BOOK{Gill1982,
  title = {Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics},
  publisher = {International Geophysics Series, Academic Press, New-York},
  year = {1982},
  author = {A. E. Gill}
}

@ARTICLE{Goosse_al_JGR99,
  author = {H. Goosse and E. Deleersnijder and T. Fichefet and M. England},
  title = {Sensitivity of a global coupled ocean-sea ice model to the parameterization
	of vertical mixing},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {1999},
  volume = {104},
  pages = {13,681-13,695},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.05.27}
}

@ARTICLE{Griffes2005,
  author = {S. M. Griffes and A. Gnanadesikan and K. W. Dixon and J. P. Dunne
	and R. Gerdes and M. J. Harrison and A. Rosati and J. L. Russell
	and B. L. Samuels and M. J. Spelman and M. Winton and R. Zhang},
  title = {Formulation of an ocean model for global climate simulations},
  journal = OS,
  year = {2005},
  pages = {165–246},
  abstract = {This paper summarizes the formulation of the ocean component to the
	Geophysical
	
	Fluid Dynamics Laboratory’s (GFDL) coupled climate model used for
	the 4th IPCC As- Assessment
	
	(AR4) of global climate change. In particular, it reviews elements
	of ocean
	
	sessment climate models and how they are pieced together for use in
	a state-of-the-art coupled 5
	
	model. Novel issues are also highlighted, with particular attention
	given to sensitivity of
	
	the coupled simulation to physical parameterizations and numerical
	methods. Features
	
	of the model described here include the following: (1) tripolar grid
	to resolve the Arctic
	
	Ocean without polar filtering, (2) partial bottom step representation
	of topography to
	
	better represent topographically influenced advective and wave processes,
	(3) more 10
	
	accurate equation of state, (4) three-dimensional flux limited tracer
	advection to reduce
	
	overshoots and undershoots, (5) incorporation of regional climatological
	variability in
	
	shortwave penetration, (6) neutral physics parameterization for representation
	of the
	
	pathways of tracer transport, (7) staggered time stepping for tracer
	conservation and
	
	numerical eciency, (8) anisotropic horizontal viscosities for representation
	of equato- 15
	
	rial currents, (9) parameterization of exchange with marginal seas,
	(10) incorporation
	
	of a free surface that accomodates a dynamic ice model and wave propagation,
	(11)
	
	transport of water across the ocean free surface to eliminate unphysical
	“virtual tracer
	
	flux” methods, (12) parameterization of tidal mixing on continental
	shelves.},
  owner = {sandra},
  pdf = {Griffies_al_OSD05.pdf},
  timestamp = {2007.01.25}
}

@BOOK{Griffies2004,
  title = {Fundamentals of ocean climate models},
  publisher = {Princeton University Press, 434pp},
  year = {2004},
  author = {S. M. Griffies},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.05}
}

@ARTICLE{Griffies_JPO98,
  author = {S. M. Griffies},
  title = {The Gent-McWilliams skew-flux},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1998},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {831–841},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.06.28}
}

@ARTICLE{Griffies1998,
  author = {S. M. Griffies and A. Gnanadesikan and R. C. Pacanowski and V. D.
	Larichev and J. K. Dukowicz and R. D. Smith},
  title = {Isoneutral Diffusion in a z-Coordinate Ocean Model},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1998},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {805-830},
  number = {5},
  abstract = {This paper considers the requirements that must be satisfied in order
	to provide a stable and physically based isoneutral tracer diffusion
	scheme in a z-coordinate ocean model. Two properties are emphasized:
	1) downgradient orientation of the diffusive fluxes along the neutral
	directions and 2) zero isoneutral diffusive flux of locally referenced
	potential density. It is shown that the Cox diffusion scheme does
	not respect either of these properties, which provides an explanation
	for the necessity to add a nontrivial background horizontal diffusion
	to that scheme. A new isoneutral diffusion scheme is proposed that
	aims to satisfy the stated properties and is found to require no
	horizontal background diffusion.},
  date = {May 01, 1998},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.05}
}

@ARTICLE{Griffies2001,
  author = {S. M. Griffies and R. C. Pacanowski and M. Schmidt and V. Balaji},
  title = {Tracer Conservation with an Explicit Free Surface Method for z-Coordinate
	Ocean Models},
  journal = MWR,
  year = {2001},
  volume = {129},
  pages = {1081-1098},
  number = {5},
  abstract = {This paper details a free surface method using an explicit time stepping
	scheme for use in z-coordinate ocean models. One key property that
	makes the method especially suitable for climate simulations is its
	very stable numerical time stepping scheme, which allows for the
	use of a long density time step, as commonly employed with coarse-resolution
	rigid-lid models. Additionally, the effects of the undulating free
	surface height are directly incorporated into the baroclinic momentum
	and tracer equations. The novel issues related to local and global
	tracer conservation when allowing for the top cell to undulate are
	the focus of this work. The method presented here is quasi-conservative
	locally and globally of tracer when the baroclinic and tracer time
	steps are equal. Important issues relevant for using this method
	in regional as well as large-scale climate models are discussed and
	illustrated, and examples of scaling achieved on parallel computers
	provided.},
  date = {May 01, 2001},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Guily2001,
  author = {E. Guilyardi and G. Madec and L. Terray},
  title = {The role of lateral ocean physics in the upper ocean thermal balance
	of a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM},
  journal = CD,
  year = {2001},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {589-599},
  number = {8},
  pdf = {/home/ericg/TeX/Papers/Published_pdfs/Guilyardi_al_CD01.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Guyon_al_EP99,
  author = {M. Guyon and G. Madec and F.-X. Roux and M. Imbard},
  title = {A Parallel ocean model for high resolution studies},
  journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {Euro-Par'99},
  pages = {603-607},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.05.27}
}

@ARTICLE{Guyon_al_CalPar99,
  author = {M. Guyon and G. Madec and F.-X. Roux and M. Imbard and C. Herbaut
	and P. Fronier},
  title = {Parallelization of the OPA ocean model},
  journal = {Calculateurs Paralleles},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {11, 4},
  pages = {499-517},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.05.27}
}

@BOOK{Haltiner1980,
  title = {Numerical prediction and dynamic meteorology},
  publisher = {John Wiley {\&} Sons Eds., second edition, 477pp},
  year = {1980},
  author = {G. J. Haltiner and R. T. Williams},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Haney1991,
  author = {R. L. Haney},
  title = {On the Pressure Gradient Force over Steep Topography in Sigma Coordinate
	Ocean Models},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1991},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {610--619
	
	},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {The error in computing the pressure gradient force near steep topography
	using terms following (σ) coordinates is investigated in an
	ocean model using the family of vertical differencing schemes proposed
	by Arakawa and Suarez. The truncation error is estimated by substituting
	known buoyancy profiles into the finite difference hydrostatic and
	pressure gradient terms. The error due to “hydrostatic inconsistency,”
	which is not simply a space truncation error, is also documented.
	The results show that the pressure gradient error is spread throughout
	the water column, and it is sensitive to the vertical resolution
	and to the placement of the grid points relative to the vertical
	structure of the buoyancy field being modeled. Removing a reference
	state, as suggested for the atmosphere by Gary, reduces the truncation
	error associated with the two lowest vertical modes by a factor of
	2 to 3. As an example, the error in computing the pressure gradient
	using a standard 10-level primitive equation model applied to buoyancy
	profiles and topographic slopes typical of the California Current
	region corresponds to a false geostrophic current of the order of
	10–12 cm s−1. The analogous error in a hydrostatically
	consistent 30-level model with the reference state removed is about
	an order of magnitude smaller.},
  date = {April 01, 1991},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Hsu1990,
  author = {Hsu, Yueh-Jiuan G. and Arakawa, Akio},
  title = {Numerical Modeling of the Atmosphere with an Isentropic Vertical
	Coordinate},
  journal = MWR,
  year = {1990},
  volume = {118},
  pages = {1933--1959
	
	},
  number = {10},
  abstract = {In constructing a numerical model of the atmosphere, we must choose
	an appropriate vertical coordinate. Among the various possibilities,
	isentropic vertical coordinates such as the θ-coordinate seem
	to have the greatest potential, in spite of the technical difficulties
	in treating the intersections of coordinate surfaces with the lower
	boundary. The purpose of this paper is to describe the θ-coordinate
	model we have developed and to demonstrate its potential through
	simulating the nonlinear evolution of a baroclinic wave.In the model
	we have developed, vertical discretization maintains important integral
	constraints, such as conservation of the angular momentum and total
	energy. In treating the intersections of coordinate surfaces with
	the lower boundary, we have followed the massless-layer approach
	in which the intersecting coordinate surfaces are extended along
	the boundary by introducing massless layers. Although this approach
	formally eliminates the intersection problem, it raises other computational
	problems. Horizontal discretization of the continuity and momentum
	equations in the model has been carefully designed to overcome these
	problems.Selected results from a 10-day integration with the 25-layer,
	β-plane version of the model are presented. It seems that the
	model can simulate the nonlinear evolution of a baroclinic wave and
	associated dynamical processes without major computational difficulties.},
  date = {October 01, 1990},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.05}
}

@ARTICLE{JackMcD1995,
  author = {D. R. Jackett and T. J. McDougall},
  title = {Minimal adjustment of hydrographic data to achieve static stability},
  journal = JAOT,
  year = {1995},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {381-389},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@BOOK{Jerlov1968,
  title = {Optical Oceanography},
  publisher = {194pp},
  year = {1968},
  author = {N. G. Jerlov},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@BOOK{Jerlov_Bk1968,
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  year = {1968},
  author = {N. G. Jerlov},
  pages = {194pp},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.08.31}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Killworth1989,
  author = {P. D. Killworth},
  title = {On the parameterization of deep convection in ocean models},
  booktitle = {Parameterization of small-scale processes},
  year = {1989},
  editor = {Hawaiian winter workshop},
  month = {January 17-20},
  organization = {University of Hawaii at Manoa},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@ARTICLE{Killworth1992,
  author = {P. D. Killworth},
  title = {An equivalent-barotropic mode in the fine resolution Antarctic model},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1992},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {1379-1387}
}

@ARTICLE{Killworth1991,
  author = {Killworth, P. D. and Stainforth, D. and Webb, D. J. and Paterson,
	S. M.},
  title = {The Development of a Free-Surface Bryan-Cox-Semtner Ocean Model},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1991},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {1333--1348},
  number = {9},
  abstract = {A version of the Bryan–Cox–Semtner numerical ocean general
	circulation model, adapted to include a free surface, is described.
	The model is designed for the following uses: tidal studies
	(a tidal option is explicitly included); assimilation of altimetric
	data (since the surface elevation is now a prognostic variable);
	and in situations where accurate relaxation to obtain the streamfunction
	in the original model is too time consuming. Comparison is made between
	a 300-year run of the original model and the free-surface version,
	using a very coarse North Atlantic calculation as the basis. The
	results are very similar, differing only in the streamfunction over
	topography; this is to be expected, since the treatment of topographic
	torques on the barotropic flow differs because of the nature of the
	modifications.},
  date = {September 01, 1991},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Kolmogorov1942,
  author = {A. N. Kolmogorov},
  title = {The equation of turbulent motion in an incompressible fluid},
  journal = {Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz.},
  year = {1942},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {56-58},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Levy1996,
  author = {M. L\'{e}vy},
  title = {Mod\'{e}lisation des processus biog\'{e}ochimiques en M\'{e}diterran\'{e}e
	nord-occidentale. Cycle saisonnier et variabilit\'{e} m\'{e}so\'{e}chelle},
  school = {Universit\'{e} Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France, 207pp},
  year = {1996},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Levy2001,
  author = {M. L\'{e}vy and A. Estubier and G Madec},
  title = {Choice of an advection scheme for biogeochemical models},
  journal = GRL,
  year = {2001},
  volume = {28},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Levy1998,
  author = {M. L\'{e}vy and L. M\'{e}mery and G. Madec},
  title = {The onset of a bloom after deep winter convection in the Northwestern
	Mediterranean Sea: mesoscale 
	
	process study with a primitive equation model},
  journal = JMS,
  year = {1998},
  volume = {16/1-2},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.10}
}

@BOOK{LargeYeager2004,
  title = {Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models: the
	data sets and flux climatologies},
  publisher = {NCAR Technical Note, NCAR/TN-460+STR, CGD Division of the National
	Center for Atmospheric Research},
  year = {2004},
  author = {W. Large and S. Yeager},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@ARTICLE{Large_al_RG94,
  author = {W. G. Large and J. C. McWilliams and S. C. Doney},
  title = {Oceanic vertical mixing - a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary
	layer parameterization},
  journal = {Reviews of Geophysics},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {363-404},
  doi = {10.1029/94RG01872},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Lazar1997,
  author = {A. Lazar},
  title = {La branche froide de la circulation thermohaline - sensibilit\'{e}
	\`{a} la diffusion turbulente dans un mod\`{e}le de circulation g\'{e}n\'{e}rale
	id\'{e}alis\'{e}e},
  school = {Universit\'{e} Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France, 200pp},
  year = {1997},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@ARTICLE{Lazar1999,
  author = {A. Lazar and G. Madec and P. Delecluse},
  title = {The Deep Interior Downwelling, the Veronis Effect, and Mesoscale
	Tracer Transport Parameterizations in an OGCM},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1999},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {2945-2961},
  number = {11},
  abstract = {Numerous numerical simulations of basin-scale ocean circulation display
	a vast interior downwelling and a companion intense western boundary
	layer upwelling at midlatitude below the thermocline. These features,
	related to the so-called Veronis effect, are poorly rationalized
	and depart strongly from the classical vision of the deep circulation
	where upwelling is considered to occur in the interior. Furthermore,
	they significantly alter results of ocean general circulation models
	(OGCMs) using horizontal Laplacian diffusion. Recently, some studies
	showed that the parameterization for mesoscale eddy effects formulated
	by Gent and McWilliams allows integral quantities like the streamfunction
	and meridional heat transport to be free of these undesired effects.
	In this paper, an idealized OGCM is used to validate an analytical
	rationalization of the processes at work and help understand the
	physics. The results show that the features associated with the Veronis
	effect can be related quantitatively to three different width scales
	that characterize the baroclinic structure of the deep western boundary
	current. In addition, since one of these scales may be smaller than
	the Munk barotropic layer, usually considered to determine the minimum
	resolution and horizontal viscosity for numerical models, the authors
	recommend that it be taken into account. Regarding the introduction
	of the new parameterization, diagnostics in terms of heat balances
	underline some interesting similarities between local heat fluxes
	by eddy-induced velocities and horizontal diffusion at low and midlatitudes
	when a common large diffusivity (here 2000 m2 s−1) is used.
	The near-quasigeostrophic character of the flow explains these results.
	As a consequence, the response of the Eulerian-mean circulation is
	locally similar for runs using either of the two parameterizations.
	However, it is shown that the advective nature of the eddy-induced
	heat fluxes results in a very different effective circulation, which
	is the one felt by tracers.},
  date = {November 01, 1999},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@ARTICLE{Lengaigne_al_JGR03,
  author = {M. Lengaigne and G. Madec and G. Alory and C. Menkes},
  title = {Sensitivity of the tropical Pacific Ocean to isopycnal diffusion
	on tracer and dynamics},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {2003},
  volume = {108 (C11)},
  pages = {3345, doi:10.1029/2002JC001704},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.01.26}
}

@ARTICLE{Leonard1991,
  author = {B. P. Leonard},
  title = {The ULTIMATE conservative difference scheme applied to unsteady one--dimensional
	advection},
  journal = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering},
  year = {1991},
  pages = {17-74},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@TECHREPORT{Leonard1988,
  author = {B. P. Leonard},
  title = {Universal limiter for transient interpolation modelling of the advective
	transport equations},
  institution = {Technical Memorandum TM-100916 ICOMP-88-11, NASA},
  year = {1988},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Leonard1979,
  author = {B. P. Leonard},
  title = {A stable and accurate convective modelling procedure based on quadratic
	upstream interpolation},
  journal = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {59-98},
  month = jun,
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@TECHREPORT{Levier2007,
  author = {B. Levier and A.-M. Tr\'{e}guier and G. Madec and V. Garnier},
  title = {Free surface and variable volume in the NEMO code},
  institution = {MERSEA MERSEA IP report WP09-CNRS-STR-03-1A, 47pp, available on the
	NEMO web site},
  year = {2007},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@BOOK{levitus82,
  title = {Climatological Atlas of the world ocean},
  publisher = {NOAA professional paper No. 13, 174pp},
  year = {1982},
  author = {S Levitus },
  note = {173 p.}
}

@TECHREPORT{Lott1989,
  author = {F. Lott and G. Madec},
  title = {Implementation of bottom topography in the Ocean General Circulation
	Model OPA of the LODYC: formalism and experiments.},
  institution = {LODYC, France, 36pp.},
  year = {1989},
  number = {3},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Lott1990,
  author = {F. Lott and G. Madec and J. Verron},
  title = {Topographic experiments in an Ocean General Circulation Model},
  journal = {Ocean Modelling},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {1-4},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@BOOK{Madec_Bk08,
  title = {NEMO ocean engine},
  publisher = {Note du P\^ole de mod\'{e}lisation, Institut Pierre- 
	
	Simon Laplace (IPSL), France, No 27, ISSN No 1288-1619},
  year = {2008},
  author = {G. Madec},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.07.05}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Madec1990,
  author = {G. Madec},
  title = {La formation d'eau profonde et son impact sur la circulation r\'{e}gionale
	en M\'{e}diterran\'{e}e Occidentale - une approche num\'{e}rique},
  school = {Universit\'{e}Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France, 194pp.},
  year = {1990},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Madec1991a,
  author = {G. Madec and M. Chartier and M. Cr\'{e}pon},
  title = {Effect of thermohaline forcing variability on deep water formation
	in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea - a high resulution three-dimensional
	study},
  journal = DAO,
  year = {1991},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@ARTICLE{Madec1991b,
  author = {G. Madec and M. Chartier and P. Delecluse and M. Cr\'{e}pon},
  title = {A three-dimensional numerical study of deep water formation in the
	
	
	Northwestern Mediterranean Sea .},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1991},
  volume = {21},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@INBOOK{Madec1991c,
  chapter = {Thermohaline-driven deep water formation in the Northwestern Mediterranean
	Sea},
  title = {Deep convection and deep water formation in the oceans},
  publisher = {Elsevier Oceanographic Series},
  year = {1991},
  author = {G. Madec and M. Cr\'{e}pon},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@ARTICLE{Madec1997,
  author = {G. Madec and P. Delecluse},
  title = {The OPA/ARPEGE and OPA/LMD Global Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Model},
  journal = {Int. WOCE Newsletter},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {12-15},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@TECHREPORT{Madec1998,
  author = {G. Madec and P. Delecluse and M. Imbard and C. Levy},
  title = {OPA 8 Ocean General Circulation Model - Reference Manual},
  institution = {LODYC/IPSL Note 11},
  year = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{MadecImb1996,
  author = {G Madec and M Imbard},
  title = {A global ocean mesh to overcome the north pole singularity},
  journal = CD,
  year = {1996},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {381-388}
}

@ARTICLE{Madec1996,
  author = {G. Madec and F. Lott and P. Delecluse and M. Cr\'{e}pon},
  title = {Large-Scale Preconditioning of Deep-Water Formation in the Northwestern
	Mediterranean Sea},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1996},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {1393-1408},
  number = {8},
  month = aug,
  abstract = {The large-scale processes preconditioning the winter deep-water formation
	in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea are investigated with a primitive
	equation numerical model where convection is parameterized by a non-penetrative
	convective adjustment algorithm. The ocean is forced by momentum
	and buoyancy fluxes that have the gross features of mean winter forcing
	found in the MEDOC area. The wind-driven barotropic circulation appears
	to be a major ingredient of the preconditioning phase of deep-water
	formation. After three months, the ocean response is dominated by
	a strong barotropic cyclonic vortex located under the forcing area,
	which fits the Sverdrup balance away from the northern coast. In
	the vortex center, the whole water column remains trapped under the
	forcing area all winter. This trapping enables the thermohaline forcing
	to drive deep-water formation efficiently. Sensitivity studies show
	that, β effect and bottom topography play a paramount role and
	confirm that deep convection occurs only in areas that combine a
	strong surface thermohaline forcing and a weak barotropic advection
	so that water masses are submitted to the negative buoyancy fluxes
	for a much longer time. In particular, the impact of the Rhône
	Deep Sea Fan on the barotropic circulation dominates the β effect:
	the barotropic flow is constrained to follow the bathymetric contours
	and the cyclonic vortex is shifted southward so that the fluid above
	the fan remains quiescent. Hence, buoyancy fluxes trigger deep convection
	above the fan in agreement with observations. The selection of the
	area of deep-water formation through the defection of the barotropic
	circulation by the topography seems a more efficient mechanism than
	those associated with the wind- driven barotropic vortex. This is
	due to its permanency, while the latter may be too sensitive to time
	and space variations of the forcing.},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Madec1988,
  author = {G. Madec and C. Rahier and M. Chartier},
  title = {A comparison of two-dimensional elliptic solvers for the barotropic
	streamfunction in a multilevel OGCM},
  journal = {Ocean Modelling},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {78},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Maltrud1998,
  author = {M. E. Maltrud and R. D. Smith and A. J. Semtner and R. C. Malone},
  title = {Global eddy-resolving ocean simulations driven by 1985-1995 atmospheric
	winds},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {1998},
  volume = {103(C13)},
  pages = {30,825-30,854},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.05}
}

@ARTICLE{Marchesiello2001,
  author = { P. Marchesiello and J. Mc Williams and A. Shchepetkin },
  title = {Open boundary conditions for long-term integrations of Regional Oceanic
	Models},
  journal = {Ocean Modelling},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {1-20}
}

@BOOK{MIT-GCM_2004,
  title = {MIT-gcm User Manual},
  year = {2004},
  editor = {MIT Department of EAPS},
  author = {J. Marshall and A. Adcroft and J.-M. Campin and P. Heimbach and A.
	Molod and S. Dutkiewicz and H. Hill and M. Losch and B. Fox-Kemper
	and D. Menemenlis and D. Ferreira and E. Hill and M. Follows and
	C. Hill and C. Evangelinos and G. Forget},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.07.04}
}

@PHDTHESIS{MartiTh1992,
  author = {O. Marti},
  title = {Etude de l'oc\'{e}an mondial : mod\'{e}lisation de la circulation
	et du transport de traceurs anthropog\'{e}niques},
  school = {Universit\'{e} Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France, 201pp},
  year = {1992},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Marti1992,
  author = {O. Marti and G. Madec and P. Delecluse},
  title = {Comment on "Net diffusivity in ocean general circulation models with
	nonuniform grids" by F. L. Yin and I. Y. Fung},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {1992},
  volume = {97},
  pages = {12763-12766},
  month = aug,
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@ARTICLE{McDougall1987,
  author = {T. J. McDougall},
  title = {Neutral Surfaces},
  journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {1950-1964},
  number = {11},
  abstract = {Scalar properties in the ocean are stirred (and subsequently mixed)
	rather efficiently by mesoscale eddies and two-dimensional turbulence
	along “neutral surfaces”, defined such that when water
	parcels are moved small distances in the neutral surface, they experience
	no buoyant restoring forces. By contrast, work would have to be done
	on a moving fluid parcel in order to keep it on a potential density
	surface. The differences between neutral surfaces and potential density
	surfaces are due to the variation of α/β with pressure
	(where α is the thermal expansion coefficient and β is
	the saline contraction coefficient). By regarding the equation of
	state of seawater as a function of salinity, potential temperature,
	and pressure, rather than in terms of salinity, temperature, and
	pressure, it is possible to quantify the differences between neutral
	surfaces and potential density surfaces. In particular, the spatial
	gradients of scalar properties (e.g., S, θ, tritium or potential
	vorticity) on a neutral surface can be quite different to the corresponding
	gradients in a potential density surface. For example, at a potential
	temperature of 4°C and a pressure of 1000 db, the lateral gradient
	of potential temperature in a potential density surface (referenced
	to sea level) is too large by between 50% and 350% (depending
	on the stability ratio Rp of the water column) compared with the
	physically relevant gradient of potential temperature on the neutral
	surface. Three-examples of neutral surfaces are presented, based
	on the Levitus atlas of the North Atlantic.},
  date = {November 01, 1987},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{McDougall_Taylor_JMR84,
  author = {T. J. McDougall and J. R. Taylor},
  title = {Flux measurements across a finger interface at low values of the
	stability ratio},
  journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {1-14},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.05.20}
}

@ARTICLE{Merryfield1999,
  author = {W. J. Merryfield and G. Holloway and A. E. Gargett},
  title = {A Global Ocean Model with Double-Diffusive Mixing},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1999},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {1124-1142},
  number = {6},
  abstract = {A global ocean model is described in which parameterizations of diapycnal
	mixing by double-diffusive fingering and layering are added to a
	stability-dependent background turbulent diffusivity. Model runs
	with and without double-diffusive mixing are compared for annual-mean
	and seasonally varying surface forcing. Sensitivity to different
	double-diffusive mixing parameterizations is considered. In all cases,
	the locales and extent of salt fingering (as diagnosed from buoyancy
	ratio Rρ) are grossly comparable to climatology, although fingering
	in the models tends to be less intense than observed. Double-diffusive
	mixing leads to relatively minor changes in circulation but exerts
	significant regional influences on temperature and salinity.},
  date = {June 01, 1999},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@BOOK{Mesinger_Arakawa_Bk76,
  title = {Numerical methods used in Atmospheric models},
  publisher = {GARP Publication Series No 17},
  year = {1976},
  author = {F. Mesinger and A. Arakawa},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.02.09}
}

@ARTICLE{Murray1996,
  author = {R. J. Murray},
  title = {Explicit Generation of Orthogonal Grids for Ocean Models},
  journal = JCP,
  year = {1996},
  volume = {126},
  pages = {251-273},
  number = {2},
  month = {July},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@PHDTHESIS{OlivierPh2001,
  author = {F. Olivier},
  title = {Etude de l'activit\'{e} biologique et de la circulation oc\'{e}anique
	dans un jet g\'{e}ostrophique: le front Alm\'{e}ria-Oran},
  school = {Universit\'{e} Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France},
  year = {2001},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.14}
}

@ARTICLE{PacPhil1981,
  author = {R.C. Pacanowski and S.G.H. Philander},
  title = {Parameterization of Vertical Mixing in Numerical Models of Tropical
	Oceans},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1981},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {1443-1451},
  number = {11},
  abstract = {Measurements indicate that mixing processes are intense in the surface
	layers of the ocean but weak below the thermocline, except for the
	region below the core of the Equatorial Undercurrent where vertical
	temperature gradients are small and the shear is large. Parameterization
	of these mixing processes by means of coefficients of eddy mixing
	that are Richardson-number dependent, leads to realistic simulations
	of the response of the equatorial oceans to different windstress
	patterns. In the case of eastward winds results agree well with measurements
	in the Indian Ocean. In the case of westward winds it is of paramount
	importance that the nonzero heat flux into the ocean be taken into
	account. This beat flux stabilizes the upper layers and reduces the
	intensity of the mixing, especially in the cast. With an appropriate
	surface boundary condition, the results are relatively insensitive
	to values assigned to constants in the parameterization formula.},
  date = {November 01, 1981},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Pacanowski_Gnanadesikan_MWR98,
  author = {R. C. Pacanowski and A. Gnanadesikan},
  title = {Transient response in a z-level ocean model that resolves topography
	
	
	with partial-cells},
  journal = MWR,
  year = {1998},
  volume = {126},
  pages = {3248-3270},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.01.26}
}

@ARTICLE{Paulson1977,
  author = {C. A. Paulson and J. J. Simpson},
  title = {Irradiance Measurements in the Upper Ocean},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1977},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {952-956},
  number = {6},
  abstract = {Observations were made of downward solar radiation as a function of
	depth during an experiment in the North Pacific (35°N, 155°W).
	The irradiance meter employed was sensitive to solar radiation of
	wavelength 400–1000 nm arriving from above at a horizontal
	surface. Because of selective absorption of the short and long wavelengths,
	the irradiance decreases much faster than exponential in the upper
	few meters, falling to one-third of the incident value between 2
	and 3 m depth. Below 10 m the decrease was exponential at a rate
	characteristic of moderately clear water of Type IA. Neglecting one
	case having low sun altitude, the observations are well represented
	by the expression I/I0=Rez/ζ1+(1−R)ezζ2,
	where I is the irradiance at depth −z, I0 is the irradiance
	at the surface less reflected solar radiation, R=0.62, ζ1
	and ζ2 are attenuation lengths equal to 1.5 and 20 m, respectively,
	and z is the vertical space coordinate, positive upward with the
	origin at mean sea level. The depth at which the irradiance falls
	to 10% of its surface value is nearly the same as observations
	of Secchi depth when cases with high wind speed or low solar altitude
	are neglected. Parameters R, ζ1, and ζ2 are computed for
	the entire range of oceanic water types.},
  date = {November 01, 1977},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Penduff2000,
  author = {T. Penduff and B. Barnier and A. Colin de Verdi\`{e}re},
  title = { Self-adapting open boundaries for a regional model of the eastern
	North Atlantic},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {2000},
  volume = {105},
  pages = {11,279-11,297}
}

@ARTICLE{Penduff2007,
  author = {T. Penduff and J. Le Sommer and B. Barnier and A.M. Treguier and
	J. Molines and G. Madec},
  title = {Influence of numerical schemes on current-topography interactions
	in 1/4$^{\circ}$ global ocean simulations},
  journal = {Ocean Science},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {?},
  pages = {in revision}
}

@ARTICLE{Phillips1959,
  author = {R. S. Phillips},
  title = {Dissipative Operators and Hyperbolic Systems of Partial Differential
	Equations},
  journal = {Transactions of the American Mathematical Society},
  year = {1959},
  volume = {90(2)},
  pages = {193-254},
  doi = {doi:10.2307/1993202},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Redi_JPO82,
  author = {M. H. Redi},
  title = {Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1982},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {1154-1158},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.02.02}
}

@ARTICLE{Reverdin1991,
  author = {G. Reverdin and P. Delecluse and C. L\'{e}vy and P. Andrich and A.
	Morli\`{e}re and J. M. Verstraete},
  title = {The near surface tropical Atlantic in 1982-1984 : results from a
	numerical simulation and a data analysis},
  journal = PO,
  year = {1991},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {273-340},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@BOOK{Richtmyer1967,
  title = {Difference methods for initial-value problems},
  publisher = {Interscience Publisher, Second Edition, 405pp},
  year = {1967},
  author = {R. D. Richtmyer and K. W. Morton},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Robert1966,
  author = {A. J. Robert},
  title = {The integration of a Low order spectral form of the primitive meteorological
	equations},
  journal = {J. Meteo. Soc. Japan},
  year = {1966},
  volume = {44, 2},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Roed1986,
  author = {L.P. Roed and C.K. Cooper},
  title = {Open boundary conditions in numerical ocean models},
  booktitle = {Advanced Physical Oceanography Numerical Modelling},
  publisher = { NATO ASI Series, vol. 186.},
  year = {1986},
  editor = {J.J. O'Brien}
}

@ARTICLE{Roullet2000,
  author = {G. Roullet and G. Madec},
  title = {salt conservation, free surface, and varying levels: a new formulation
	for ocean general circulation models},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {2000},
  volume = {105},
  pages = {23,927-23,942},
  owner = {sandra},
  pdf = {Roullet_Madec_JGR00.pdf},
  timestamp = {2007.03.22}
}

@ARTICLE{Sadourny1975,
  author = {R. Sadourny},
  title = {The Dynamics of Finite-Difference Models of the Shallow-Water Equations},
  journal = JAS,
  year = {1975},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {680-689},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {Two simple numerical models of the shallow-water equations identical
	in all respects but for their con-servation properties have been
	tested regarding their internal mixing processes. The experiments
	show that violation of enstrophy conservation results in a spurious
	accumulation of rotational energy in the smaller scales, reflected
	by an unrealistic increase of enstrophy, which ultimately produces
	a finite rate of energy dissipation in the zero viscosity limit,
	thus violating the well-known dynamics of two-dimensional flow. Further,
	the experiments show a tendency to equipartition of the kinetic energy
	of the divergent part of the flow in the inviscid limit, suggesting
	the possibility of a divergent energy cascade in the physical system,
	as well as a possible influence of the energy mixing on the process
	of adjustment toward balanced flow.},
  date = {April 01, 1975},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.05}
}

@ARTICLE{Sarmiento1982,
  author = {J. L. Sarmiento and K. Bryan},
  title = {Ocean transport model for the North Atlantic},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {1982},
  volume = {87},
  pages = {394-409},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Sacha2005,
  author = {A. F. Shchepetkin and J. C. McWilliams},
  title = {The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS) - a split-explicit, free-surface,
	topography-following-coordinate oceanic modelr},
  journal = {Ocean Modelling},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {9, 4},
  pages = {347-404},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Sacha2003,
  author = {A. F. Shchepetkin and J. C. McWilliams},
  title = {A method for computing horizontal pressure-gradient force in an oceanic
	model with a nonaligned 
	
	vertical coordinate},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {2003},
  volume = {108(C3)},
  pages = {3090, doi:10.1029/2001JC001047},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.05}
}

@ARTICLE{Shchepetkin1996,
  author = {A. F. Shchepetkin and J. J. O'Brien},
  title = {A Physically Consistent Formulation of Lateral Friction in Shallow-Water
	Equation Ocean Models},
  journal = MWR,
  year = {1996},
  volume = {124},
  pages = {1285-1300},
  number = {6},
  abstract = {Dissipation in numerical ocean models has two purposes: to simulate
	processes in which the friction is physically relevant and to prevent
	numerical instability by suppressing accumulation of energy in the
	smallest resolved scales. This study shows that even for the latter
	case the form of the friction term should be chosen in a physically
	consistent way. Violation of fundamental physical principles reduces
	the fidelity of the numerical solution, even if the friction is small.
	Several forms of the lateral friction, commonly used in numerical
	ocean models, are discussed in the context of shallow-water equations
	with nonuniform layer thickness. It is shown that in a numerical
	model tuned for the minimal dissipation, the improper form of the
	friction term creates finite artificial vorticity sources that do
	not vanish with increased resolution, even if the viscous coefficient
	is reduced consistently with resolution. An alternative numerical
	implementation of the no-slip boundary conditions for an arbitrary
	coast line is considered. It was found that the quality of the numerical
	solution may be considerably improved by discretization of the viscous
	stress tensor in such a way that the numerical boundary scheme approximates
	not only the stress tensor to a certain order of accuracy but also
	simulates the truncation error of the numerical scheme used in the
	interior of the domain. This ensures error cancellation during subsequent
	use of the elements of the tensor in the discrete version of the
	momentum equations, allowing for approximation of them without decrease
	in the order of accuracy near the boundary.},
  date = {June 01, 1996},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.14}
}

@ARTICLE{Simmons2003,
  author = {H. L. Simmons and S. R. Jayne and L. C. St. Laurent and A. J. Weaver},
  title = {Tidally driven mixing in a numerical model of the
	
	ocean general circulation},
  journal = OM,
  year = {2003},
  pages = {1-19},
  abstract = {Astronomical data reveals that approximately 3.5 terawatts (TW) of
	tidal energy is dissipated in the
	
	ocean. Tidal models and satellite altimetry suggest that 1 TW of this
	energy is converted from the barotropic
	
	to internal tides in the deep ocean, predominantly around regions
	of rough topography such as midocean
	
	ridges. Aglobal tidal model is used to compute turbulent energy levels
	associated with the dissipation
	
	of internal tides, and the diapycnal mixing supported by this energy
	?ux is computed using a simple parameterization.
	
	The mixing parameterization has been incorporated into a coarse resolution
	numerical model of the
	
	global ocean. This parameterization o?ers an energetically consistent
	and practical means of improving the
	
	representation of ocean mixing processes in climate models. Novel
	features of this implementation are that
	
	the model explicitly accounts for the tidal energy source for mixing,
	and that the mixing evolves both
	
	spatially and temporally with the model state. At equilibrium, the
	globally averaged di?usivity pro?le
	
	ranges from 0.3 cm2 s
1 at thermocline depths to 7.7 cm2 s
1 in the
	abyss with a depth average of 0.9
	
	cm2 s
1, in close agreement with inferences from global balances.
	Water properties are strongly in?uenced
	
	by the combination of weak mixing in the main thermocline and enhanced
	mixing in the deep ocean.
	
	Climatological comparisons show that the parameterized mixing scheme
	results in a substantial reduction},
  owner = {sandra},
  pdf = {Simmons_mixing_OM2003.pdf},
  timestamp = {2007.03.22}
}

@ARTICLE{Song1994,
  author = {Y. Song and D. Haidvogel},
  title = {A Semi-implicit Ocean Circulation Model Using a Generalized Topography-Following
	Coordinate System
	
	Authors:},
  journal = JCP,
  year = {1994},
  volume = {115, 1},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Song1998,
  author = {Y. T. Song},
  title = {A General Pressure Gradient Formulation for Ocean Models. Part I:
	Scheme Design and Diagnostic Analysis},
  journal = MWR,
  year = {1998},
  volume = {126},
  pages = {3213-3230},
  number = {12},
  abstract = {A Jacobian formulation of the pressure gradient force for use in models
	with topography-following coordinates is proposed. It can be used
	in conjunction with any vertical coordinate system and is easily
	implemented. Vertical variations in the pressure gradient are expressed
	in terms of a vertical integral of the Jacobian of density and depth
	with respect to the vertical computational coordinate. Finite difference
	approximations are made on the density field, consistent with piecewise
	linear and continuous fields, and accurate pressure gradients are
	obtained by vertically integrating the discrete Jacobian from sea
	surface.Two discrete schemes are derived and examined in detail:
	the first using standard centered differencing in the generalized
	vertical coordinate and the second using a vertical weighting such
	that the finite differences are centered with respect to the Cartesian
	z coordinate. Both schemes achieve second-order accuracy for any
	vertical coordinate system and are significantly more accurate than
	conventional schemes based on estimating the pressure gradients by
	finite differencing a previously determined pressure field.The standard
	Jacobian formulation is constructed to give exact pressure gradient
	results, independent of the bottom topography, if the buoyancy field
	varies bilinearly with horizontal position, x, and the generalized
	vertical coordinate, s, over each grid cell. Similarly, the weighted
	Jacobian scheme is designed to achieve exact results, when the buoyancy
	field varies linearly with z and arbitrarily with x, that is, b(x,z)
	= b0(x) + b1(x)z.When horizontal resolution cannot be made
	fine enough to avoid hydrostatic inconsistency, errors can be substantially
	reduced by the choice of an appropriate vertical coordinate. Tests
	with horizontally uniform, vertically varying, and with horizontally
	and vertically varying buoyancy fields show that the standard Jacobian
	formulation achieves superior results when the condition for hydrostatic
	consistency is satisfied, but when coarse horizontal resolution causes
	this condition to be strongly violated, the weighted Jacobian may
	give superior results.},
  date = {December 01, 1998},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.05}
}

@ARTICLE{SongWright1998,
  author = {Y. T. Song and D. G. Wright},
  title = {A General Pressure Gradient Formulation for Ocean Models. Part II
	- Energy, Momentum, and Bottom Torque Consistency},
  journal = MWR,
  year = {1998},
  volume = {126},
  pages = {3231-3247},
  number = {12},
  abstract = {A new formulation of the pressure gradient force for use in models
	with topography-following coordinates is proposed and diagnostically
	analyzed in Part I. Here, it is shown that important properties of
	the continuous equations are retained by the resulting numerical
	schemes, and their performance in prognostic simulations is examined.
	Numerical consistency is investigated with respect to global energy
	conservation, depth-integrated momentum changes, and the representation
	of the bottom pressure torque. The performances of the numerical
	schemes are tested in prognostic integrations of an ocean model to
	demonstrate numerical accuracy and long-term integral stability.
	Two typical geometries, an isolated tall seamount and an unforced
	basin with sloping boundaries, are considered for the special case
	of no external forcing and horizontal isopycnals to test numerical
	accuracy. These test problems confirm that the proposed schemes yield
	accurate approximations to the pressure gradient force. Integral
	consistency conditions are verified and the energetics of the “advective
	elimination” of the pressure gradient error (Mellor et al)
	is considered.A large-scale wind-driven basin with and without topography
	is used to test the model’s long-term integral performance
	and the effects of bottom pressure torque on the transport in western
	boundary currents. Integrations are carried out for 10 years in each
	case and results show that the schemes are stable, and the steep
	topography causes no obvious numerical problems. A realistic meandering
	western boundary current is well developed with detached cold cyclonic
	and warm anticyclonic eddies as it extends across the basin. In addition,
	the results with topography show earlier separation and enhanced
	transport in the western boundary currents due to the bottom pressure
	torque.},
  date = {December 01, 1998},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.05}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Speich1992,
  author = {S. Speich},
  title = {Etude du for\c{c}age de la circulation g\'{e}n\'{e}rale oc\'{e}anique
	par les d\'{e}troits - cas de la mer d'Alboran},
  school = {Universit\'{e} Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France},
  year = {1992},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@ARTICLE{Speich1996,
  author = {S. Speich and G. Madec and M. Cr\'{e}pon},
  title = {The circulation in the Alboran Sea - a sensitivity study},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1996},
  volume = {26},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@ARTICLE{Steele2001,
  author = {M. Steele and R. Morley and W. Ermold},
  title = {PHC- A Global Ocean Hydrography with a High-Quality Arctic Ocean},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {2079--2087
	
	},
  number = {9},
  abstract = {A new gridded ocean climatology, the Polar Science Center Hydrographic
	Climatology (PHC), has been created that merges the 1998 version
	of the World Ocean Atlas with the new regional Arctic Ocean Atlas.
	The result is a global climatology for temperature and salinity that
	contains a good description of the Arctic Ocean and its environs.
	Monthly, seasonal, and annual average products have been generated.
	How the original datasets were prepared for merging, how the optimal
	interpolation procedure was performed, and characteristics of the
	resulting dataset are discussed, followed by a summary and discussion
	of future plans.},
  date = {May 01, 2001},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@ARTICLE{Stein1992,
  author = {C. A. Stein and S. Stein},
  title = {A model for the global variation in oceanic depth and heat flow with
	lithospheric age},
  journal = {Nature},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {359},
  pages = {123-129},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Thiem2006,
  author = {O. Thiem and J. Berntsen},
  title = {Internal pressure errors in sigma-coordinate ocean models due to
	anisotropy},
  journal = {Ocean Modelling},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {12, 1-2},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.05}
}

@ARTICLE{Timmermann_al_OM05,
  author = {R. Timmermann and H. Goosse and G. Madec and T. Fichefet, and C.
	Ethe and V. Duli\`{e}re},
  title = {On the representation of high latitude processes in the ORCA-LIM
	global coupled 
	
	sea ice-ocean model.},
  journal = {Ocean Modelling},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {175–201},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.07.05}
}

@ARTICLE{Treguier1992,
  author = {A.M. Tr\'{e}guier},
  title = {Kinetic energy analysis of an eddy resolving, primitive equation
	North Atlantic model},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {1992},
  volume = {97},
  pages = {687-701}
}

@ARTICLE{Treguier2001,
  author = {A.M Tr\'{e}guier and B. Barnier and A.P. de Miranda and J.M. Molines
	and N. Grima and M. Imbard and G. Madec and C. Messager and T. Reynaud
	and S. Michel},
  title = {An Eddy Permitting model of the Atlantic circulation: evaluating
	open boundary conditions},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {2001},
  volume = {106},
  pages = {22115-22129}
}

@ARTICLE{Treguier1996,
  author = {A.-M. Tr\'{e}guier and J. Dukowicz and K. Bryan},
  title = {Properties of nonuniform grids used in ocean general circulation
	models},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {1996},
  volume = {101},
  pages = {20877-20881},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@ARTICLE{Treguier1997,
  author = {A. M. Tr\'{e}guier and I. M. Held and V. D. Larichev},
  title = {Parameterization of Quasigeostrophic Eddies in Primitive Equation
	Ocean Models},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1997},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {567-580},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {A parameterization of mesoscale eddy fluxes in the ocean should be
	consistent with the fact that the ocean interior is nearly adiabatic.
	Gent and McWilliams have described a framework in which this can
	be approximated in z-coordinate primitive equation models by incorporating
	the effects of eddies on the buoyancy field through an eddy-induced
	velocity. It is also natural to base a parameterization on the simple
	picture of the mixing of potential vorticity in the interior and
	the mixing of buoyancy at the surface. The authors discuss the various
	constraints imposed by these two requirements and attempt to clarify
	the appropriate boundary conditions on the eddy-induced velocities
	at the surface. Quasigeostrophic theory is used as a guide to the
	simplest way of satisfying these constraints.},
  date = {April 01, 1997},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.03}
}

@BOOK{UNESCO1983,
  title = {Algorithms for computation of fundamental property of sea water},
  publisher = {Techn. Paper in Mar. Sci, 44, UNESCO},
  year = {1983},
  author = {UNESCO},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@TECHREPORT{OASIS2006,
  author = {S. Valcke},
  title = {OASIS3 User Guide (prism\_2-5)},
  institution = {PRISM Support Initiative Report No 3, CERFACS, Toulouse, France,
	64 pp},
  year = {2006},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.05}
}

@TECHREPORT{valal00,
  author = {S. Valcke and L. Terray and A. Piacentini },
  title = {The OASIS Coupled User Guide Version 2.4},
  institution = {CERFACS},
  year = {2000},
  number = {TR/CMGC/00-10}
}

@ARTICLE{Vancoppenolle_al_OM08,
  author = {M. Vancoppenolle and T. Fichefet and H. Goosse and S. Bouillon and
	G. Madec and M. A. Morales Maqueda},
  title = {Simulating the mass balance and salinity of Arctic and Antarctic
	sea ice. 1. Model description and validation},
  journal = {Ocean Modelling},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {in press},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2008.07.05}
}

@ARTICLE{Weatherly1984,
  author = {G. L. Weatherly},
  title = {An estimate of bottom frictional dissipation by Gulf Stream fluctuations},
  journal = JMR,
  year = {1984},
  volume = {42, 2},
  pages = {289-301},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@ARTICLE{Weaver1997,
  author = {A. J. Weaver and M. Eby},
  title = {On the numerical implementation of advection schemes for use in conjuction
	with various mixing 
	
	parameterizations in the GFDL ocean model},
  journal = JPO,
  year = {1997},
  volume = {27},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.06}
}

@ARTICLE{Webb1998,
  author = {D. J. Webb and B. A. de Cuevas and C. S. Richmond},
  title = {Improved Advection Schemes for Ocean Models},
  journal = JAOT,
  year = {1998},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {1171-1187},
  number = {5},
  abstract = {Leonard’s widely used QUICK advection scheme is, like the Bryan–Cox–Semtner
	ocean model, based on a control volume form of the advection equation.
	Unfortunately, in its normal form it cannot be used with the leapfrog–Euler
	forward time-stepping schemes used by the ocean model. Farrow and
	Stevens overcame the problem by implementing a predictor–corrector
	time-stepping scheme, but this is computationally expensive to run.
	The present paper shows that the problem can be overcome by splitting
	the QUICK operator into an O(δx2) advective term and a velocity
	dependent biharmonic diffusion term. These can then be time-stepped
	using the combined leapfrog and Euler forward schemes of the Bryan–Cox–Semtner
	ocean model, leading to a significant increase in model efficiency.
	A small change in the advection operator coefficients may also be
	made leading to O(δx4) accuracy. Tests of the improved schemes
	are carried out making use of a global eddy-permitting ocean model.
	Results are presented from cases where the schemes were applied to
	only the tracer fields and also from cases where they were applied
	to both the tracer and velocity fields. It is found that the new
	schemes have the most effect in the western boundary current regions,
	where, for example, the warm core of the Agulhas Current is no longer
	broken up by numerical noise.},
  date = {October 01, 1998},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Willebrand2001,
  author = {J. Willebrand and B. Barnier and C. Boning and C. Dieterich and P.
	D. Killworth and C. Le Provost and Y. Jia and J.-M. Molines and A.
	L. New},
  title = {Circulation characteristics in three eddy-permitting models of the
	North Atlantic},
  journal = {Progress in Oceanography},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {48, 2},
  pages = {123-161},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Zalesak1979,
  author = {S. T. Zalesak},
  title = {Fully multidimensional flux corrected transport algorithms for fluids},
  journal = JCP,
  year = {1979},
  volume = {31},
  owner = {gm},
  timestamp = {2007.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Zhang1992,
  author = {Zhang, R.-H. and Endoh, M.},
  title = {A free surface general circulation model for the tropical Pacific
	Ocean},
  journal = JGR,
  year = {1992},
  volume = {97},
  pages = {11237-11255},
  month = jul,
  owner = {gm}
}

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