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1\documentclass[../main/NEMO_manual]{subfiles}
2
3%% Custom aliases
4\newcommand{\cf}{\ensuremath{C\kern-0.14em f}}
5
6\begin{document}
7
8\chapter{Vertical Ocean Physics (ZDF)}
9\label{chap:ZDF}
10
11\thispagestyle{plain}
12
13\chaptertoc
14
15\paragraph{Changes record} ~\\
16
17{\footnotesize
18  \begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{l||X|X}
19    Release & Author(s) & Modifications \\
20    \hline
21    {\em   4.0} & {\em ...} & {\em ...} \\
22    {\em   3.6} & {\em ...} & {\em ...} \\
23    {\em   3.4} & {\em ...} & {\em ...} \\
24    {\em <=3.4} & {\em ...} & {\em ...}
25  \end{tabularx}
26}
27
28\clearpage
29
30%gm% Add here a small introduction to ZDF and naming of the different physics (similar to what have been written for TRA and DYN.
31
32%% =================================================================================================
33\section{Vertical mixing}
34\label{sec:ZDF}
35
36The discrete form of the ocean subgrid scale physics has been presented in
37\autoref{sec:TRA_zdf} and \autoref{sec:DYN_zdf}.
38At the surface and bottom boundaries, the turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and salt have to be defined.
39At the surface they are prescribed from the surface forcing (see \autoref{chap:SBC}),
40while at the bottom they are set to zero for heat and salt,
41unless a geothermal flux forcing is prescribed as a bottom boundary condition (\ie\ \np{ln_trabbc}{ln\_trabbc} defined,
42see \autoref{subsec:TRA_bbc}), and specified through a bottom friction parameterisation for momentum
43(see \autoref{sec:ZDF_drg}).
44
45In this section we briefly discuss the various choices offered to compute the vertical eddy viscosity and
46diffusivity coefficients, $A_u^{vm}$ , $A_v^{vm}$ and $A^{vT}$ ($A^{vS}$), defined at $uw$-, $vw$- and $w$- points,
47respectively (see \autoref{sec:TRA_zdf} and \autoref{sec:DYN_zdf}).
48These coefficients can be assumed to be either constant, or a function of the local Richardson number,
49or computed from a turbulent closure model (either TKE or GLS or OSMOSIS formulation).
50The computation of these coefficients is initialized in the \mdl{zdfphy} module and performed in
51the \mdl{zdfric}, \mdl{zdftke} or \mdl{zdfgls} or \mdl{zdfosm} modules.
52The trends due to the vertical momentum and tracer diffusion, including the surface forcing,
53are computed and added to the general trend in the \mdl{dynzdf} and \mdl{trazdf} modules, respectively.
54%These trends can be computed using either a forward time stepping scheme
55%(namelist parameter \np[=.true.]{ln_zdfexp}{ln\_zdfexp}) or a backward time stepping scheme
56%(\np[=.false.]{ln_zdfexp}{ln\_zdfexp}) depending on the magnitude of the mixing coefficients,
57%and thus of the formulation used (see \autoref{chap:TD}).
58
59\begin{listing}
60  \nlst{namzdf}
61  \caption{\forcode{&namzdf}}
62  \label{lst:namzdf}
63\end{listing}
64
65%% =================================================================================================
66\subsection[Constant (\forcode{ln_zdfcst})]{Constant (\protect\np{ln_zdfcst}{ln\_zdfcst})}
67\label{subsec:ZDF_cst}
68
69Options are defined through the \nam{zdf}{zdf} namelist variables.
70When \np{ln_zdfcst}{ln\_zdfcst} is defined, the momentum and tracer vertical eddy coefficients are set to
71constant values over the whole ocean.
72This is the crudest way to define the vertical ocean physics.
73It is recommended to use this option only in process studies, not in basin scale simulations.
74Typical values used in this case are:
75\begin{align*}
76  A_u^{vm} = A_v^{vm} &= 1.2\ 10^{-4}~m^2.s^{-1}   \\
77  A^{vT} = A^{vS} &= 1.2\ 10^{-5}~m^2.s^{-1}
78\end{align*}
79
80These values are set through the \np{rn_avm0}{rn\_avm0} and \np{rn_avt0}{rn\_avt0} namelist parameters.
81In all cases, do not use values smaller that those associated with the molecular viscosity and diffusivity,
82that is $\sim10^{-6}~m^2.s^{-1}$ for momentum, $\sim10^{-7}~m^2.s^{-1}$ for temperature and
83$\sim10^{-9}~m^2.s^{-1}$ for salinity.
84
85%% =================================================================================================
86\subsection[Richardson number dependent (\forcode{ln_zdfric})]{Richardson number dependent (\protect\np{ln_zdfric}{ln\_zdfric})}
87\label{subsec:ZDF_ric}
88
89\begin{listing}
90  \nlst{namzdf_ric}
91  \caption{\forcode{&namzdf_ric}}
92  \label{lst:namzdf_ric}
93\end{listing}
94
95When \np[=.true.]{ln_zdfric}{ln\_zdfric}, a local Richardson number dependent formulation for the vertical momentum and
96tracer eddy coefficients is set through the \nam{zdf_ric}{zdf\_ric} namelist variables.
97The vertical mixing coefficients are diagnosed from the large scale variables computed by the model.
98\textit{In situ} measurements have been used to link vertical turbulent activity to large scale ocean structures.
99The hypothesis of a mixing mainly maintained by the growth of Kelvin-Helmholtz like instabilities leads to
100a dependency between the vertical eddy coefficients and the local Richardson number
101(\ie\ the ratio of stratification to vertical shear).
102Following \citet{pacanowski.philander_JPO81}, the following formulation has been implemented:
103\[
104  % \label{eq:ZDF_ric}
105  \left\{
106    \begin{aligned}
107      A^{vT} &= \frac {A_{ric}^{vT}}{\left( 1+a \; Ri \right)^n} + A_b^{vT}       \\
108      A^{vm} &= \frac{A^{vT}        }{\left( 1+ a \;Ri  \right)   } + A_b^{vm}
109    \end{aligned}
110  \right.
111\]
112where $Ri = N^2 / \left(\partial_z \textbf{U}_h \right)^2$ is the local Richardson number,
113$N$ is the local Brunt-Vais\"{a}l\"{a} frequency (see \autoref{subsec:TRA_bn2}),
114$A_b^{vT} $ and $A_b^{vm}$ are the constant background values set as in the constant case
115(see \autoref{subsec:ZDF_cst}), and $A_{ric}^{vT} = 10^{-4}~m^2.s^{-1}$ is the maximum value that
116can be reached by the coefficient when $Ri\leq 0$, $a=5$ and $n=2$.
117The last three values can be modified by setting the \np{rn_avmri}{rn\_avmri}, \np{rn_alp}{rn\_alp} and
118\np{nn_ric}{nn\_ric} namelist parameters, respectively.
119
120A simple mixing-layer model to transfer and dissipate the atmospheric forcings
121(wind-stress and buoyancy fluxes) can be activated setting the \np[=.true.]{ln_mldw}{ln\_mldw} in the namelist.
122
123In this case, the local depth of turbulent wind-mixing or "Ekman depth" $h_{e}(x,y,t)$ is evaluated and
124the vertical eddy coefficients prescribed within this layer.
125
126This depth is assumed proportional to the "depth of frictional influence" that is limited by rotation:
127\[
128  h_{e} = Ek \frac {u^{*}} {f_{0}}
129\]
130where, $Ek$ is an empirical parameter, $u^{*}$ is the friction velocity and $f_{0}$ is the Coriolis parameter.
131
132In this similarity height relationship, the turbulent friction velocity:
133\[
134  u^{*} = \sqrt \frac {|\tau|} {\rho_o}
135\]
136is computed from the wind stress vector $|\tau|$ and the reference density $ \rho_o$.
137The final $h_{e}$ is further constrained by the adjustable bounds \np{rn_mldmin}{rn\_mldmin} and \np{rn_mldmax}{rn\_mldmax}.
138Once $h_{e}$ is computed, the vertical eddy coefficients within $h_{e}$ are set to
139the empirical values \np{rn_wtmix}{rn\_wtmix} and \np{rn_wvmix}{rn\_wvmix} \citep{lermusiaux_JMS01}.
140
141%% =================================================================================================
142\subsection[TKE turbulent closure scheme (\forcode{ln_zdftke})]{TKE turbulent closure scheme (\protect\np{ln_zdftke}{ln\_zdftke})}
143\label{subsec:ZDF_tke}
144
145\begin{listing}
146  \nlst{namzdf_tke}
147  \caption{\forcode{&namzdf_tke}}
148  \label{lst:namzdf_tke}
149\end{listing}
150
151The vertical eddy viscosity and diffusivity coefficients are computed from a TKE turbulent closure model based on
152a prognostic equation for $\bar{e}$, the turbulent kinetic energy,
153and a closure assumption for the turbulent length scales.
154This turbulent closure model has been developed by \citet{bougeault.lacarrere_MWR89} in the atmospheric case,
155adapted by \citet{gaspar.gregoris.ea_JGR90} for the oceanic case, and embedded in OPA, the ancestor of \NEMO,
156by \citet{blanke.delecluse_JPO93} for equatorial Atlantic simulations.
157Since then, significant modifications have been introduced by \citet{madec.delecluse.ea_NPM98} in both the implementation and
158the formulation of the mixing length scale.
159The time evolution of $\bar{e}$ is the result of the production of $\bar{e}$ through vertical shear,
160its destruction through stratification, its vertical diffusion, and its dissipation of \citet{kolmogorov_IANS42} type:
161\begin{equation}
162  \label{eq:ZDF_tke_e}
163  \frac{\partial \bar{e}}{\partial t} =
164  \frac{K_m}{{e_3}^2 }\;\left[ {\left( {\frac{\partial u}{\partial k}} \right)^2
165      +\left( {\frac{\partial v}{\partial k}} \right)^2} \right]
166  -K_\rho\,N^2
167  +\frac{1}{e_3}  \;\frac{\partial }{\partial k}\left[ {\frac{A^{vm}}{e_3 }
168      \;\frac{\partial \bar{e}}{\partial k}} \right]
169  - c_\epsilon \;\frac{\bar {e}^{3/2}}{l_\epsilon }
170\end{equation}
171\[
172  % \label{eq:ZDF_tke_kz}
173  \begin{split}
174    K_m &= C_k\  l_k\  \sqrt {\bar{e}\; }    \\
175    K_\rho &= A^{vm} / P_{rt}
176  \end{split}
177\]
178where $N$ is the local Brunt-Vais\"{a}l\"{a} frequency (see \autoref{subsec:TRA_bn2}),
179$l_{\epsilon }$ and $l_{\kappa }$ are the dissipation and mixing length scales,
180$P_{rt}$ is the Prandtl number, $K_m$ and $K_\rho$ are the vertical eddy viscosity and diffusivity coefficients.
181The constants $C_k =  0.1$ and $C_\epsilon = \sqrt {2} /2$ $\approx 0.7$ are designed to deal with
182vertical mixing at any depth \citep{gaspar.gregoris.ea_JGR90}.
183They are set through namelist parameters \np{nn_ediff}{nn\_ediff} and \np{nn_ediss}{nn\_ediss}.
184$P_{rt}$ can be set to unity or, following \citet{blanke.delecluse_JPO93}, be a function of the local Richardson number, $R_i$:
185\begin{align*}
186  % \label{eq:ZDF_prt}
187  P_{rt} =
188  \begin{cases}
189    \ \ \ 1 &      \text{if $\ R_i \leq 0.2$}   \\
190    5\,R_i &      \text{if $\ 0.2 \leq R_i \leq 2$}   \\
191    \ \ 10 &      \text{if $\ 2 \leq R_i$}
192  \end{cases}
193\end{align*}
194The choice of $P_{rt}$ is controlled by the \np{nn_pdl}{nn\_pdl} namelist variable.
195
196At the sea surface, the value of $\bar{e}$ is prescribed from the wind stress field as
197$\bar{e}_o = e_{bb} |\tau| / \rho_o$, with $e_{bb}$ the \np{rn_ebb}{rn\_ebb} namelist parameter.
198The default value of $e_{bb}$ is 3.75. \citep{gaspar.gregoris.ea_JGR90}), however a much larger value can be used when
199taking into account the surface wave breaking (see below Eq. \autoref{eq:ZDF_Esbc}).
200The bottom value of TKE is assumed to be equal to the value of the level just above.
201The time integration of the $\bar{e}$ equation may formally lead to negative values because
202the numerical scheme does not ensure its positivity.
203To overcome this problem, a cut-off in the minimum value of $\bar{e}$ is used (\np{rn_emin}{rn\_emin} namelist parameter).
204Following \citet{gaspar.gregoris.ea_JGR90}, the cut-off value is set to $\sqrt{2}/2~10^{-6}~m^2.s^{-2}$.
205This allows the subsequent formulations to match that of \citet{gargett_JMR84} for the diffusion in
206the thermocline and deep ocean :  $K_\rho = 10^{-3} / N$.
207In addition, a cut-off is applied on $K_m$ and $K_\rho$ to avoid numerical instabilities associated with
208too weak vertical diffusion.
209They must be specified at least larger than the molecular values, and are set through \np{rn_avm0}{rn\_avm0} and
210\np{rn_avt0}{rn\_avt0} (\nam{zdf}{zdf} namelist, see \autoref{subsec:ZDF_cst}).
211
212%% =================================================================================================
213\subsubsection{Turbulent length scale}
214
215For computational efficiency, the original formulation of the turbulent length scales proposed by
216\citet{gaspar.gregoris.ea_JGR90} has been simplified.
217Four formulations are proposed, the choice of which is controlled by the \np{nn_mxl}{nn\_mxl} namelist parameter.
218The first two are based on the following first order approximation \citep{blanke.delecluse_JPO93}:
219\begin{equation}
220  \label{eq:ZDF_tke_mxl0_1}
221  l_k = l_\epsilon = \sqrt {2 \bar{e}\; } / N
222\end{equation}
223which is valid in a stable stratified region with constant values of the Brunt-Vais\"{a}l\"{a} frequency.
224The resulting length scale is bounded by the distance to the surface or to the bottom
225(\np[=0]{nn_mxl}{nn\_mxl}) or by the local vertical scale factor (\np[=1]{nn_mxl}{nn\_mxl}).
226\citet{blanke.delecluse_JPO93} notice that this simplification has two major drawbacks:
227it makes no sense for locally unstable stratification and the computation no longer uses all
228the information contained in the vertical density profile.
229To overcome these drawbacks, \citet{madec.delecluse.ea_NPM98} introduces the \np[=2, 3]{nn_mxl}{nn\_mxl} cases,
230which add an extra assumption concerning the vertical gradient of the computed length scale.
231So, the length scales are first evaluated as in \autoref{eq:ZDF_tke_mxl0_1} and then bounded such that:
232\begin{equation}
233  \label{eq:ZDF_tke_mxl_constraint}
234  \frac{1}{e_3 }\left| {\frac{\partial l}{\partial k}} \right| \leq 1
235  \qquad \text{with }\  l =  l_k = l_\epsilon
236\end{equation}
237\autoref{eq:ZDF_tke_mxl_constraint} means that the vertical variations of the length scale cannot be larger than
238the variations of depth.
239It provides a better approximation of the \citet{gaspar.gregoris.ea_JGR90} formulation while being much less
240time consuming.
241In particular, it allows the length scale to be limited not only by the distance to the surface or
242to the ocean bottom but also by the distance to a strongly stratified portion of the water column such as
243the thermocline (\autoref{fig:ZDF_mixing_length}).
244In order to impose the \autoref{eq:ZDF_tke_mxl_constraint} constraint, we introduce two additional length scales:
245$l_{up}$ and $l_{dwn}$, the upward and downward length scales, and
246evaluate the dissipation and mixing length scales as
247(and note that here we use numerical indexing):
248\begin{figure}[!t]
249  \centering
250  \includegraphics[width=0.66\textwidth]{Fig_mixing_length}
251  \caption[Mixing length computation]{Illustration of the mixing length computation}
252  \label{fig:ZDF_mixing_length}
253\end{figure}
254\[
255  % \label{eq:ZDF_tke_mxl2}
256  \begin{aligned}
257    l_{up\ \ }^{(k)} &= \min \left(  l^{(k)} \ , \ l_{up}^{(k+1)} + e_{3t}^{(k)}\ \ \ \;  \right)
258    \quad &\text{ from $k=1$ to $jpk$ }\ \\
259    l_{dwn}^{(k)} &= \min \left(  l^{(k)} \ , \ l_{dwn}^{(k-1)} + e_{3t}^{(k-1)\right)
260    \quad &\text{ from $k=jpk$ to $1$ }\ \\
261  \end{aligned}
262\]
263where $l^{(k)}$ is computed using \autoref{eq:ZDF_tke_mxl0_1}, \ie\ $l^{(k)} = \sqrt {2 {\bar e}^{(k)} / {N^2}^{(k)} }$.
264
265In the \np[=2]{nn_mxl}{nn\_mxl} case, the dissipation and mixing length scales take the same value:
266$ l_k=  l_\epsilon = \min \left(\ l_{up} \;,\;  l_{dwn}\ \right)$, while in the \np[=3]{nn_mxl}{nn\_mxl} case,
267the dissipation and mixing turbulent length scales are give as in \citet{gaspar.gregoris.ea_JGR90}:
268\[
269  % \label{eq:ZDF_tke_mxl_gaspar}
270  \begin{aligned}
271    & l_k          = \sqrt{\  l_{up} \ \ l_{dwn}\ }   \\
272    & l_\epsilon = \min \left(\ l_{up} \;,\;  l_{dwn}\ \right)
273  \end{aligned}
274\]
275
276At the ocean surface, a non zero length scale is set through the  \np{rn_mxl0}{rn\_mxl0} namelist parameter.
277Usually the surface scale is given by $l_o = \kappa \,z_o$ where $\kappa = 0.4$ is von Karman's constant and
278$z_o$ the roughness parameter of the surface.
279Assuming $z_o=0.1$~m \citep{craig.banner_JPO94} leads to a 0.04~m, the default value of \np{rn_mxl0}{rn\_mxl0}.
280In the ocean interior a minimum length scale is set to recover the molecular viscosity when
281$\bar{e}$ reach its minimum value ($1.10^{-6}= C_k\, l_{min} \,\sqrt{\bar{e}_{min}}$ ).
282
283%% =================================================================================================
284\subsubsection{Surface wave breaking parameterization}
285
286Following \citet{mellor.blumberg_JPO04}, the TKE turbulence closure model has been modified to
287include the effect of surface wave breaking energetics.
288This results in a reduction of summertime surface temperature when the mixed layer is relatively shallow.
289The \citet{mellor.blumberg_JPO04} modifications acts on surface length scale and TKE values and
290air-sea drag coefficient.
291The latter concerns the bulk formulae and is not discussed here.
292
293Following \citet{craig.banner_JPO94}, the boundary condition on surface TKE value is :
294\begin{equation}
295  \label{eq:ZDF_Esbc}
296  \bar{e}_o = \frac{1}{2}\,\left(  15.8\,\alpha_{CB} \right)^{2/3} \,\frac{|\tau|}{\rho_o}
297\end{equation}
298where $\alpha_{CB}$ is the \citet{craig.banner_JPO94} constant of proportionality which depends on the ''wave age'',
299ranging from 57 for mature waves to 146 for younger waves \citep{mellor.blumberg_JPO04}.
300The boundary condition on the turbulent length scale follows the Charnock's relation:
301\begin{equation}
302  \label{eq:ZDF_Lsbc}
303  l_o = \kappa \beta \,\frac{|\tau|}{g\,\rho_o}
304\end{equation}
305where $\kappa=0.40$ is the von Karman constant, and $\beta$ is the Charnock's constant.
306\citet{mellor.blumberg_JPO04} suggest $\beta = 2.10^{5}$ the value chosen by
307\citet{stacey_JPO99} citing observation evidence, and
308$\alpha_{CB} = 100$ the Craig and Banner's value.
309As the surface boundary condition on TKE is prescribed through $\bar{e}_o = e_{bb} |\tau| / \rho_o$,
310with $e_{bb}$ the \np{rn_ebb}{rn\_ebb} namelist parameter, setting \np[=67.83]{rn_ebb}{rn\_ebb} corresponds
311to $\alpha_{CB} = 100$.
312Further setting  \np[=.true.]{ln_mxl0}{ln\_mxl0},  applies \autoref{eq:ZDF_Lsbc} as the surface boundary condition on the length scale,
313with $\beta$ hard coded to the Stacey's value.
314Note that a minimal threshold of \np{rn_emin0}{rn\_emin0}$=10^{-4}~m^2.s^{-2}$ (namelist parameters) is applied on the
315surface $\bar{e}$ value.
316
317%% =================================================================================================
318\subsubsection{Langmuir cells}
319
320Langmuir circulations (LC) can be described as ordered large-scale vertical motions in
321the surface layer of the oceans.
322Although LC have nothing to do with convection, the circulation pattern is rather similar to
323so-called convective rolls in the atmospheric boundary layer.
324The detailed physics behind LC is described in, for example, \citet{craik.leibovich_JFM76}.
325The prevailing explanation is that LC arise from a nonlinear interaction between the Stokes drift and
326wind drift currents.
327
328Here we introduced in the TKE turbulent closure the simple parameterization of Langmuir circulations proposed by
329\citep{axell_JGR02} for a $k-\epsilon$ turbulent closure.
330The parameterization, tuned against large-eddy simulation, includes the whole effect of LC in
331an extra source term of TKE, $P_{LC}$.
332The presence of $P_{LC}$ in \autoref{eq:ZDF_tke_e}, the TKE equation, is controlled by setting \np{ln_lc}{ln\_lc} to
333\forcode{.true.} in the \nam{zdf_tke}{zdf\_tke} namelist.
334
335By making an analogy with the characteristic convective velocity scale (\eg, \citet{dalessio.abdella.ea_JPO98}),
336$P_{LC}$ is assumed to be :
337\[
338P_{LC}(z) = \frac{w_{LC}^3(z)}{H_{LC}}
339\]
340where $w_{LC}(z)$ is the vertical velocity profile of LC, and $H_{LC}$ is the LC depth.
341With no information about the wave field, $w_{LC}$ is assumed to be proportional to
342the Stokes drift $u_s = 0.377\,\,|\tau|^{1/2}$, where $|\tau|$ is the surface wind stress module
343\footnote{Following \citet{li.garrett_JMR93}, the surface Stoke drift velocity may be expressed as
344  $u_s =  0.016 \,|U_{10m}|$.
345  Assuming an air density of $\rho_a=1.22 \,Kg/m^3$ and a drag coefficient of
346  $1.5~10^{-3}$ give the expression used of $u_s$ as a function of the module of surface stress
347}.
348For the vertical variation, $w_{LC}$ is assumed to be zero at the surface as well as at
349a finite depth $H_{LC}$ (which is often close to the mixed layer depth),
350and simply varies as a sine function in between (a first-order profile for the Langmuir cell structures).
351The resulting expression for $w_{LC}$ is :
352\[
353  w_{LC}  =
354  \begin{cases}
355    c_{LC} \,u_s \,\sin(- \pi\,z / H_{LC} )    &      \text{if $-z \leq H_{LC}$}    \\
356    0                             &      \text{otherwise}
357  \end{cases}
358\]
359where $c_{LC} = 0.15$ has been chosen by \citep{axell_JGR02} as a good compromise to fit LES data.
360The chosen value yields maximum vertical velocities $w_{LC}$ of the order of a few centimeters per second.
361The value of $c_{LC}$ is set through the \np{rn_lc}{rn\_lc} namelist parameter,
362having in mind that it should stay between 0.15 and 0.54 \citep{axell_JGR02}.
363
364The $H_{LC}$ is estimated in a similar way as the turbulent length scale of TKE equations:
365$H_{LC}$ is the depth to which a water parcel with kinetic energy due to Stoke drift can reach on its own by
366converting its kinetic energy to potential energy, according to
367\[
368- \int_{-H_{LC}}^0 { N^2\;\;dz} = \frac{1}{2} u_s^2
369\]
370
371%% =================================================================================================
372\subsubsection{Mixing just below the mixed layer}
373
374Vertical mixing parameterizations commonly used in ocean general circulation models tend to
375produce mixed-layer depths that are too shallow during summer months and windy conditions.
376This bias is particularly acute over the Southern Ocean.
377To overcome this systematic bias, an ad hoc parameterization is introduced into the TKE scheme \cite{rodgers.aumont.ea_B14}.
378The parameterization is an empirical one, \ie\ not derived from theoretical considerations,
379but rather is meant to account for observed processes that affect the density structure of
380the ocean’s planetary boundary layer that are not explicitly captured by default in the TKE scheme
381(\ie\ near-inertial oscillations and ocean swells and waves).
382
383When using this parameterization (\ie\ when \np[=1]{nn_etau}{nn\_etau}),
384the TKE input to the ocean ($S$) imposed by the winds in the form of near-inertial oscillations,
385swell and waves is parameterized by \autoref{eq:ZDF_Esbc} the standard TKE surface boundary condition,
386plus a depth depend one given by:
387\begin{equation}
388  \label{eq:ZDF_Ehtau}
389  S = (1-f_i) \; f_r \; e_s \; e^{-z / h_\tau}
390\end{equation}
391where $z$ is the depth, $e_s$ is TKE surface boundary condition, $f_r$ is the fraction of the surface TKE that
392penetrates in the ocean, $h_\tau$ is a vertical mixing length scale that controls exponential shape of
393the penetration, and $f_i$ is the ice concentration
394(no penetration if $f_i=1$, \ie\ if the ocean is entirely covered by sea-ice).
395The value of $f_r$, usually a few percents, is specified through \np{rn_efr}{rn\_efr} namelist parameter.
396The vertical mixing length scale, $h_\tau$, can be set as a 10~m uniform value (\np[=0]{nn_etau}{nn\_etau}) or
397a latitude dependent value (varying from 0.5~m at the Equator to a maximum value of 30~m at high latitudes
398(\np[=1]{nn_etau}{nn\_etau}).
399
400Note that two other option exist, \np[=2, 3]{nn_etau}{nn\_etau}.
401They correspond to applying \autoref{eq:ZDF_Ehtau} only at the base of the mixed layer,
402or to using the high frequency part of the stress to evaluate the fraction of TKE that penetrates the ocean.
403Those two options are obsolescent features introduced for test purposes.
404They will be removed in the next release.
405
406% This should be explain better below what this rn_eice parameter is meant for:
407In presence of Sea Ice, the value of this mixing can be modulated by the \np{rn_eice}{rn\_eice} namelist parameter.
408This parameter varies from \forcode{0} for no effect to \forcode{4} to suppress the TKE input into the ocean when Sea Ice concentration
409is greater than 25\%.
410
411% from Burchard et al OM 2008 :
412% the most critical process not reproduced by statistical turbulence models is the activity of
413% internal waves and their interaction with turbulence. After the Reynolds decomposition,
414% internal waves are in principle included in the RANS equations, but later partially
415% excluded by the hydrostatic assumption and the model resolution.
416% Thus far, the representation of internal wave mixing in ocean models has been relatively crude
417% (\eg\ Mellor, 1989; Large et al., 1994; Meier, 2001; Axell, 2002; St. Laurent and Garrett, 2002).
418
419%% =================================================================================================
420\subsection[GLS: Generic Length Scale (\forcode{ln_zdfgls})]{GLS: Generic Length Scale (\protect\np{ln_zdfgls}{ln\_zdfgls})}
421\label{subsec:ZDF_gls}
422
423\begin{listing}
424  \nlst{namzdf_gls}
425  \caption{\forcode{&namzdf_gls}}
426  \label{lst:namzdf_gls}
427\end{listing}
428
429The Generic Length Scale (GLS) scheme is a turbulent closure scheme based on two prognostic equations:
430one for the turbulent kinetic energy $\bar {e}$, and another for the generic length scale,
431$\psi$ \citep{umlauf.burchard_JMR03, umlauf.burchard_CSR05}.
432This later variable is defined as: $\psi = {C_{0\mu}}^{p} \ {\bar{e}}^{m} \ l^{n}$,
433where the triplet $(p, m, n)$ value given in Tab.\autoref{tab:ZDF_GLS} allows to recover a number of
434well-known turbulent closures ($k$-$kl$ \citep{mellor.yamada_RG82}, $k$-$\epsilon$ \citep{rodi_JGR87},
435$k$-$\omega$ \citep{wilcox_AJ88} among others \citep{umlauf.burchard_JMR03,kantha.carniel_JMR03}).
436The GLS scheme is given by the following set of equations:
437\begin{equation}
438  \label{eq:ZDF_gls_e}
439  \frac{\partial \bar{e}}{\partial t} =
440  \frac{K_m}{\sigma_e e_3 }\;\left[ {\left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial k} \right)^2
441      +\left( \frac{\partial v}{\partial k} \right)^2} \right]
442  -K_\rho \,N^2
443  +\frac{1}{e_3}\,\frac{\partial}{\partial k} \left[ \frac{K_m}{e_3}\,\frac{\partial \bar{e}}{\partial k} \right]
444  - \epsilon
445\end{equation}
446
447\[
448  % \label{eq:ZDF_gls_psi}
449  \begin{split}
450    \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial t} =& \frac{\psi}{\bar{e}} \left\{
451      \frac{C_1\,K_m}{\sigma_{\psi} {e_3}}\;\left[ {\left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial k} \right)^2
452          +\left( \frac{\partial v}{\partial k} \right)^2} \right]
453      - C_3 \,K_\rho\,N^2   - C_2 \,\epsilon \,Fw   \right\}             \\
454    &+\frac{1}{e_3\;\frac{\partial }{\partial k}\left[ {\frac{K_m}{e_3 }
455        \;\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial k}} \right]\;
456  \end{split}
457\]
458
459\[
460  % \label{eq:ZDF_gls_kz}
461  \begin{split}
462    K_m    &= C_{\mu} \ \sqrt {\bar{e}} \ l         \\
463    K_\rho &= C_{\mu'}\ \sqrt {\bar{e}} \ l
464  \end{split}
465\]
466
467\[
468  % \label{eq:ZDF_gls_eps}
469  {\epsilon} = C_{0\mu} \,\frac{\bar {e}^{3/2}}{l} \;
470\]
471where $N$ is the local Brunt-Vais\"{a}l\"{a} frequency (see \autoref{subsec:TRA_bn2}) and
472$\epsilon$ the dissipation rate.
473The constants $C_1$, $C_2$, $C_3$, ${\sigma_e}$, ${\sigma_{\psi}}$ and the wall function ($Fw$) depends of
474the choice of the turbulence model.
475Four different turbulent models are pre-defined (\autoref{tab:ZDF_GLS}).
476They are made available through the \np{nn_clo}{nn\_clo} namelist parameter.
477
478\begin{table}[htbp]
479  \centering
480  % \begin{tabular}{cp{70pt}cp{70pt}cp{70pt}cp{70pt}cp{70pt}cp{70pt}c}
481  \begin{tabular}{ccccc}
482    &   $k-kl$   & $k-\epsilon$ & $k-\omega$ &   generic   \\
483    % & \citep{mellor.yamada_RG82} &  \citep{rodi_JGR87}       & \citep{wilcox_AJ88} &                 \\
484    \hline
485    \hline
486    \np{nn_clo}{nn\_clo}     & \textbf{0} &   \textbf{1}  &   \textbf{2}   &    \textbf{3}   \\
487    \hline
488    $( p , n , m )$         &   ( 0 , 1 , 1 )   & ( 3 , 1.5 , -1 )   & ( -1 , 0.5 , -1 )    &  ( 2 , 1 , -0.67 )  \\
489    $\sigma_k$      &    2.44         &     1.              &      2.                &      0.8          \\
490    $\sigma_\psi$  &    2.44         &     1.3            &      2.                 &       1.07       \\
491    $C_1$              &      0.9         &     1.44          &      0.555          &       1.           \\
492    $C_2$              &      0.5         &     1.92          &      0.833          &       1.22       \\
493    $C_3$              &      1.           &     1.              &      1.                &       1.           \\
494    $F_{wall}$        &      Yes        &       --             &     --                  &      --          \\
495    \hline
496    \hline
497  \end{tabular}
498  \caption[Set of predefined GLS parameters or equivalently predefined turbulence models available]{
499    Set of predefined GLS parameters, or equivalently predefined turbulence models available with
500    \protect\np[=.true.]{ln_zdfgls}{ln\_zdfgls} and controlled by
501    the \protect\np{nn_clos}{nn\_clos} namelist variable in \protect\nam{zdf_gls}{zdf\_gls}.}
502  \label{tab:ZDF_GLS}
503\end{table}
504
505In the Mellor-Yamada model, the negativity of $n$ allows to use a wall function to force the convergence of
506the mixing length towards $\kappa z_b$ ($\kappa$ is the Von Karman constant and $z_b$ the rugosity length scale) value near physical boundaries
507(logarithmic boundary layer law).
508$C_{\mu}$ and $C_{\mu'}$ are calculated from stability function proposed by \citet{galperin.kantha.ea_JAS88},
509or by \citet{kantha.clayson_JGR94} or one of the two functions suggested by \citet{canuto.howard.ea_JPO01}
510(\np[=0, 3]{nn_stab_func}{nn\_stab\_func}, resp.).
511The value of $C_{0\mu}$ depends on the choice of the stability function.
512
513The surface and bottom boundary condition on both $\bar{e}$ and $\psi$ can be calculated thanks to Dirichlet or
514Neumann condition through \np{nn_bc_surf}{nn\_bc\_surf} and \np{nn_bc_bot}{nn\_bc\_bot}, resp.
515As for TKE closure, the wave effect on the mixing is considered when
516\np[ > 0.]{rn_crban}{rn\_crban} \citep{craig.banner_JPO94, mellor.blumberg_JPO04}.
517The \np{rn_crban}{rn\_crban} namelist parameter is $\alpha_{CB}$ in \autoref{eq:ZDF_Esbc} and
518\np{rn_charn}{rn\_charn} provides the value of $\beta$ in \autoref{eq:ZDF_Lsbc}.
519
520The $\psi$ equation is known to fail in stably stratified flows, and for this reason
521almost all authors apply a clipping of the length scale as an \textit{ad hoc} remedy.
522With this clipping, the maximum permissible length scale is determined by $l_{max} = c_{lim} \sqrt{2\bar{e}}/ N$.
523A value of $c_{lim} = 0.53$ is often used \citep{galperin.kantha.ea_JAS88}.
524\cite{umlauf.burchard_CSR05} show that the value of the clipping factor is of crucial importance for
525the entrainment depth predicted in stably stratified situations,
526and that its value has to be chosen in accordance with the algebraic model for the turbulent fluxes.
527The clipping is only activated if \np[=.true.]{ln_length_lim}{ln\_length\_lim},
528and the $c_{lim}$ is set to the \np{rn_clim_galp}{rn\_clim\_galp} value.
529
530The time and space discretization of the GLS equations follows the same energetic consideration as for
531the TKE case described in \autoref{subsec:ZDF_tke_ene} \citep{burchard_OM02}.
532Evaluation of the 4 GLS turbulent closure schemes can be found in \citet{warner.sherwood.ea_OM05} in ROMS model and
533 in \citet{reffray.guillaume.ea_GMD15} for the \NEMO\ model.
534
535% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
536%        OSM OSMOSIS BL Scheme
537% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
538\subsection[OSM: OSMOSIS boundary layer scheme (\forcode{ln_zdfosm = .true.})]
539{OSM: OSMOSIS boundary layer scheme (\protect\np{ln\_zdfosm}\forcode{ = .true.})}
540\label{subsec:ZDF_osm}
541
542\begin{listing}
543  \nlst{namzdf_osm}
544  \caption{\forcode{&namzdf_osm}}
545  \label{lst:namzdf_osm}
546\end{listing}
547
548Much of the time the turbulent motions in the ocean surface boundary
549layer (OSBL) are not given by
550classical shear turbulence. Instead they are in a regime known as
551`Langmuir turbulence',  dominated by an
552interaction between the currents and the Stokes drift of the surface waves \citep[e.g.][]{mcwilliams.ea_JFM97}.
553This regime is characterised by strong vertical turbulent motion, and appears when the surface Stokes drift $u_{s0}$ is much greater than the friction velocity $u_{\ast}$. More specifically Langmuir turbulence is thought to be crucial where the turbulent Langmuir number $\mathrm{La}_{t}=(u_{\ast}/u_{s0}) > 0.4$.
554
555The OSMOSIS model is fundamentally based on results of Large Eddy
556Simulations (LES) of Langmuir turbulence and aims to fully describe
557this Langmuir regime. The description in this section is of necessity incomplete and further details are available in the manuscript ``The OSMOSIS scheme'', Grant. A (2019); in prep.
558
559The OSMOSIS turbulent closure scheme is a similarity-scale scheme in
560the same spirit as the K-profile
561parameterization (KPP) scheme of \citet{large.ea_RG97}.
562A specified shape of diffusivity, scaled by the (OSBL) depth
563$h_{\mathrm{BL}}$ and a turbulent velocity scale, is imposed throughout the
564boundary layer
565$-h_{\mathrm{BL}}<z<\eta$. The turbulent closure model
566also includes fluxes of tracers and momentum that are``non-local'' (independent of the local property gradient).
567
568Rather than the OSBL
569depth being diagnosed in terms of a bulk Richardson number criterion,
570as in KPP, it is set by a prognostic equation that is informed by
571energy budget considerations reminiscent of the classical mixed layer
572models of \citet{kraus.turner_tellus67}.
573The model also includes an explicit parametrization of the structure
574of the pycnocline (the stratified region at the bottom of the OSBL).
575
576Presently, mixing below the OSBL is handled by the Richardson
577number-dependent mixing scheme used in \citet{large.ea_RG97}.
578
579Convective parameterizations such as described in \ref{sec:ZDF_conv}
580below should not be used with the OSMOSIS-OBL model: instabilities
581within the OSBL are part of the model, while instabilities below the
582ML are handled by the Ri # dependent scheme.
583
584\subsubsection{Depth and velocity scales}
585The model supposes a boundary layer of thickness $h_{\mathrm{bl}}$ enclosing a well-mixed layer of thickness $h_{\mathrm{ml}}$ and a relatively thin pycnocline at the base of thickness $\Delta h$; Fig.~\ref{fig: OSBL_structure} shows typical (a) buoyancy structure and (b) turbulent buoyancy flux profile for the unstable boundary layer (losing buoyancy at the surface; e.g.\ cooling).
586\begin{figure}[!t]
587  \begin{center}
588    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Fig_ZDF_OSM_structure_of_OSBL}
589    \caption{
590      \protect\label{fig: OSBL_structure}
591     The structure of the entraining  boundary layer. (a) Mean buoyancy profile. (b) Profile of the buoyancy flux.
592    }
593  \end{center}
594\end{figure}
595The pycnocline in the OSMOSIS scheme is assumed to have a finite thickness, and may include a number of model levels. This means that the OSMOSIS scheme must parametrize both the thickness of the pycnocline, and the turbulent fluxes within the pycnocline.
596
597Consideration of the power input by wind acting on the Stokes drift suggests that the Langmuir turbulence has velocity scale:
598\begin{equation}\label{eq:w_La}
599w_{*L}= \left(u_*^2 u_{s\,0}\right)^{1/3};
600\end{equation} 
601but at times the Stokes drift may be weak due to e.g.\ ice cover, short fetch, misalignment with the surface stress, etc.\ so  a composite velocity scale is assumed for the stable (warming) boundary layer:
602\begin{equation}\label{eq:composite-nu}
603  \nu_{\ast}= \left\{ u_*^3 \left[1-\exp(-1.5 \mathrm{La}_t^2})\right]+w_{*L}^3\right\}^{1/3}.
604\end{equation}
605For the unstable boundary layer this is merged with the standard convective velocity scale $w_{*C}=\left(\overline{w^\prime b^\prime}_0 \,h_\mathrm{ml}\right)^{1/3}$, where $\overline{w^\prime b^\prime}_0$ is the upwards surface buoyancy flux to give:
606\begin{equation}\label{eq:vel-scale-unstable}
607\omega_* = \left(\nu_*^3 + 0.5 w_{*C}^3\right)^{1/3}.
608\end{equation}
609
610\subsubsection{The flux gradient model}
611The flux-gradient relationships used in the OSMOSIS scheme take the form:
612%
613\begin{equation}\label{eq:flux-grad-gen}
614\overline{w^\prime\chi^\prime}=-K\frac{\partial\overline{\chi}}{\partial z} + N_{\chi,s} +N_{\chi,b} +N_{\chi,t},
615\end{equation}
616%
617where $\chi$ is a general variable and $N_{\chi,s}, N_{\chi,b} \mathrm{and} N_{\chi,t}$  are the non-gradient terms, and represent the effects of the different terms in the turbulent flux-budget on the transport of $\chi$. $N_{\chi,s}$ represents the effects that the Stokes shear has on the transport of $\chi$, $N_{\chi,b}$  the effect of buoyancy, and $N_{\chi,t}$ the effect of the turbulent transport.  The same general form for the flux-gradient relationship is used to parametrize the transports of momentum, heat and salinity.
618
619In terms of the non-dimensionalized depth variables
620%
621\begin{equation}\label{eq:sigma}
622\sigma_{\mathrm{ml}}= -z/h_{\mathrm{ml}}; \;\sigma_{\mathrm{bl}}= -z/h_{\mathrm{bl}},
623\end{equation}
624%
625in unstable conditions the eddy diffusivity ($K_d$) and eddy viscosity ($K_\nu$) profiles are parametrized as:
626%
627\begin{align}\label{eq:diff-unstable}
628K_d=&0.8\, \omega_*\, h_{\mathrm{ml}} \, \sigma_{\mathrm{ml}} \left(1-\beta_d \sigma_{\mathrm{ml}}\right)^{3/2}
629\\\label{eq:visc-unstable}
630K_\nu =& 0.3\, \omega_* \,h_{\mathrm{ml}}\, \sigma_{\mathrm{ml}} \left(1-\beta_\nu \sigma_{\mathrm{ml}}\right)\left(1-\tfrac{1}{2}\sigma_{\mathrm{ml}}^2\right)
631\end{align}
632%
633where $\beta_d$ and $\beta_\nu$ are parameters that are determined by matching Eqs \ref{eq:diff-unstable} and \ref{eq:visc-unstable} to the eddy diffusivity and viscosity at the base of the well-mixed layer, given by
634%
635\begin{equation}\label{eq:diff-wml-base} 
636K_{d,\mathrm{ml}}=K_{\nu,\mathrm{ml}}=\,0.16\,\omega_* \Delta h.
637\end{equation}
638%
639For stable conditions the eddy diffusivity/viscosity profiles are given by:
640%
641\begin{align}\label{diff-stable}
642K_d= & 0.75\,\, \nu_*\, h_{\mathrm{ml}}\,\,  \exp\left[-2.8 \left(h_{\mathrm{bl}}/L_L\right)^2\right]\sigma_{\mathrm{ml}} \left(1-\sigma_{\mathrm{ml}}\right)^{3/2} \\\label{eq:visc-stable}
643K_\nu = & 0.375\,\,  \nu_*\, h_{\mathrm{ml}} \,\, \exp\left[-2.8 \left(h_{\mathrm{bl}}/L_L\right)^2\right] \sigma_{\mathrm{ml}} \left(1-\sigma_{\mathrm{ml}}\right)\left(1-\tfrac{1}{2}\sigma_{\mathrm{ml}}^2\right).
644\end{align}
645%
646The shape of the eddy viscosity and diffusivity profiles is the same as the shape in the unstable OSBL. The eddy diffusivity/viscosity depends on the stability parameter $h_{\mathrm{bl}}/{L_L}$ where $ L_L$ is analogous to the Obukhov length, but for Langmuir turbulence:
647\begin{equation}\label{eq:diff-wml-base} 
648  L_L=-w_{*L}^3/\left<\overline{w^\prime b^\prime}\right>_L,
649\end{equation}
650with the mean turbulent buoyancy flux averaged over the boundary layer given in terms of its surface value $\overline{w^\prime b^\prime}}_0$ and (downwards) )solar irradiance $I(z)$ by
651\begin{equation} \label{eq:stable-av-buoy-flux}
652\left<\overline{w^\prime b^\prime}\right>_L = \tfrac{1}{2} {\overline{w^\prime b^\prime}}_0-g\alpha_E\left[\tfrac{1}{2}(I(0)+I(-h))-\left<I\right>\right].
653\end{equation}
654%
655In unstable conditions the eddy diffusivity and viscosity depend on stability through the velocity scale $\omega_*$, which depends on the two velocity scales $\nu_*$ and $w_{*C}$.
656
657Details of the non-gradient terms in \eqref{eq:flux-grad-gen} and of the fluxes within the pycnocline $-h_{\mathrm{bl}}<z<h_{\mathrm{ml}}$ can be found in Grant (2019).
658
659\subsubsection{Evolution of the boundary layer depth}
660The prognostic equation for the depth of the neutral/unstable boundary layer is given by \citep{grant+etal18},
661
662\begin{equation} \label{eq:dhdt-unstable}
663\frac{\partial h_\mathrm{bl}}{\partial t} + \mathbf{U}_b\nabla h_\mathrm{bl}= W_b - \frac{{\overline{w^\prime b^\prime}}_\mathrm{ent}}{\Delta B_\mathrm{bl}}
664\end{equation}
665where $h_\mathrm{bl}$ is the horizontally-varying depth of the OSBL, $\mathbf{U}_b$ and $W_b$ are the mean horizontal and vertical velocities at the base of the OSBL, ${\overline{w^\prime b^\prime}}_\mathrm{ent}$ is the buoyancy flux due to entrainment and $\Delta B_\mathrm{bl}$ is the difference between the buoyancy, averaged over the depth of the OSBL, and the buoyancy just below the base of the OSBL. This equation is similar to that used in mixed-layer models \cite[e.g.][]{kraus+turner67}, in which the thickness of the pycnocline is taken to be zero. \cite{grant+etal18} show that this equation for $\partial h_\mathrm{bl}/\partial t$ can be obtained from the potential energy budget of the OSBL when the pycnocline has a finite thickness. Equation \ref{eq:dhdt-unstable} is the leading term in the parametrization.%The full equation obtained by \cite{grant+etal18} includes additional terms that depend on the thickness of the pycnocline, and increase the rate of deepening of the entraining OSBL by less than $\sim20$\%.
666
667The entrainment rate for the combination of convective and Langmuir turbulence is given by ,
668
669
670
671%% =================================================================================================
672\subsection[ Discrete energy conservation for TKE and GLS schemes]{Discrete energy conservation for TKE and GLS schemes}
673\label{subsec:ZDF_tke_ene}
674
675\begin{figure}[!t]
676  \centering
677  \includegraphics[width=0.66\textwidth]{Fig_ZDF_TKE_time_scheme}
678  \caption[Subgrid kinetic energy integration in GLS and TKE schemes]{
679    Illustration of the subgrid kinetic energy integration in GLS and TKE schemes and
680    its links to the momentum and tracer time integration.}
681  \label{fig:ZDF_TKE_time_scheme}
682\end{figure}
683
684The production of turbulence by vertical shear (the first term of the right hand side of
685\autoref{eq:ZDF_tke_e}) and  \autoref{eq:ZDF_gls_e}) should balance the loss of kinetic energy associated with the vertical momentum diffusion
686(first line in \autoref{eq:MB_zdf}).
687To do so a special care has to be taken for both the time and space discretization of
688the kinetic energy equation \citep{burchard_OM02,marsaleix.auclair.ea_OM08}.
689
690Let us first address the time stepping issue. \autoref{fig:ZDF_TKE_time_scheme} shows how
691the two-level Leap-Frog time stepping of the momentum and tracer equations interplays with
692the one-level forward time stepping of the equation for $\bar{e}$.
693With this framework, the total loss of kinetic energy (in 1D for the demonstration) due to
694the vertical momentum diffusion is obtained by multiplying this quantity by $u^t$ and
695summing the result vertically:
696\begin{equation}
697  \label{eq:ZDF_energ1}
698  \begin{split}
699    \int_{-H}^{\eta}  u^t \,\partial_z &\left( {K_m}^t \,(\partial_z u)^{t+\rdt}  \right) \,dz   \\
700    &= \Bigl[  u^t \,{K_m}^t \,(\partial_z u)^{t+\rdt} \Bigr]_{-H}^{\eta}
701    - \int_{-H}^{\eta}{ {K_m}^t \,\partial_z{u^t} \,\partial_z u^{t+\rdt} \,dz }
702  \end{split}
703\end{equation}
704Here, the vertical diffusion of momentum is discretized backward in time with a coefficient, $K_m$,
705known at time $t$ (\autoref{fig:ZDF_TKE_time_scheme}), as it is required when using the TKE scheme
706(see \autoref{sec:TD_forward_imp}).
707The first term of the right hand side of \autoref{eq:ZDF_energ1} represents the kinetic energy transfer at
708the surface (atmospheric forcing) and at the bottom (friction effect).
709The second term is always negative.
710It is the dissipation rate of kinetic energy, and thus minus the shear production rate of $\bar{e}$.
711\autoref{eq:ZDF_energ1} implies that, to be energetically consistent,
712the production rate of $\bar{e}$ used to compute $(\bar{e})^t$ (and thus ${K_m}^t$) should be expressed as
713${K_m}^{t-\rdt}\,(\partial_z u)^{t-\rdt} \,(\partial_z u)^t$
714(and not by the more straightforward $K_m \left( \partial_z u \right)^2$ expression taken at time $t$ or $t-\rdt$).
715
716A similar consideration applies on the destruction rate of $\bar{e}$ due to stratification
717(second term of the right hand side of \autoref{eq:ZDF_tke_e} and \autoref{eq:ZDF_gls_e}).
718This term must balance the input of potential energy resulting from vertical mixing.
719The rate of change of potential energy (in 1D for the demonstration) due to vertical mixing is obtained by
720multiplying the vertical density diffusion tendency by $g\,z$ and and summing the result vertically:
721\begin{equation}
722  \label{eq:ZDF_energ2}
723  \begin{split}
724    \int_{-H}^{\eta} g\,z\,\partial_z &\left( {K_\rho}^t \,(\partial_k \rho)^{t+\rdt}   \right) \,dz    \\
725    &= \Bigl[  g\,z \,{K_\rho}^t \,(\partial_z \rho)^{t+\rdt} \Bigr]_{-H}^{\eta}
726    - \int_{-H}^{\eta}{ g \,{K_\rho}^t \,(\partial_k \rho)^{t+\rdt} } \,dz   \\
727    &= - \Bigl[  z\,{K_\rho}^t \,(N^2)^{t+\rdt} \Bigr]_{-H}^{\eta}
728    + \int_{-H}^{\eta}{  \rho^{t+\rdt} \, {K_\rho}^t \,(N^2)^{t+\rdt} \,dz  }
729  \end{split}
730\end{equation}
731where we use $N^2 = -g \,\partial_k \rho / (e_3 \rho)$.
732The first term of the right hand side of \autoref{eq:ZDF_energ2} is always zero because
733there is no diffusive flux through the ocean surface and bottom).
734The second term is minus the destruction rate of  $\bar{e}$ due to stratification.
735Therefore \autoref{eq:ZDF_energ1} implies that, to be energetically consistent,
736the product ${K_\rho}^{t-\rdt}\,(N^2)^t$ should be used in \autoref{eq:ZDF_tke_e} and  \autoref{eq:ZDF_gls_e}.
737
738Let us now address the space discretization issue.
739The vertical eddy coefficients are defined at $w$-point whereas the horizontal velocity components are in
740the centre of the side faces of a $t$-box in staggered C-grid (\autoref{fig:DOM_cell}).
741A space averaging is thus required to obtain the shear TKE production term.
742By redoing the \autoref{eq:ZDF_energ1} in the 3D case, it can be shown that the product of eddy coefficient by
743the shear at $t$ and $t-\rdt$ must be performed prior to the averaging.
744Furthermore, the time variation of $e_3$ has be taken into account.
745
746The above energetic considerations leads to the following final discrete form for the TKE equation:
747\begin{equation}
748  \label{eq:ZDF_tke_ene}
749  \begin{split}
750    \frac { (\bar{e})^t - (\bar{e})^{t-\rdt} } {\rdt}  \equiv
751    \Biggl\{ \Biggr.
752    &\overline{ \left( \left(\overline{K_m}^{\,i+1/2}\right)^{t-\rdt} \,\frac{\delta_{k+1/2}[u^{t+\rdt}]}{{e_3u}^{t+\rdt} }
753        \ \frac{\delta_{k+1/2}[u^ t         ]}{{e_3u}^ t          }  \right) }^{\,i} \\
754    +&\overline{  \left( \left(\overline{K_m}^{\,j+1/2}\right)^{t-\rdt} \,\frac{\delta_{k+1/2}[v^{t+\rdt}]}{{e_3v}^{t+\rdt} }
755        \ \frac{\delta_{k+1/2}[v^ t         ]}{{e_3v}^ t          }  \right) }^{\,j}
756    \Biggr. \Biggr\}   \\
757    %
758    - &{K_\rho}^{t-\rdt}\,{(N^2)^t}    \\
759    %
760    +&\frac{1}{{e_3w}^{t+\rdt}}  \;\delta_{k+1/2} \left[   {K_m}^{t-\rdt} \,\frac{\delta_{k}[(\bar{e})^{t+\rdt}]} {{e_3w}^{t+\rdt}}   \right]   \\
761    %
762    - &c_\epsilon \; \left( \frac{\sqrt{\bar {e}}}{l_\epsilon}\right)^{t-\rdt}\,(\bar {e})^{t+\rdt}
763  \end{split}
764\end{equation}
765where the last two terms in \autoref{eq:ZDF_tke_ene} (vertical diffusion and Kolmogorov dissipation)
766are time stepped using a backward scheme (see\autoref{sec:TD_forward_imp}).
767Note that the Kolmogorov term has been linearized in time in order to render the implicit computation possible.
768%The restart of the TKE scheme requires the storage of $\bar {e}$, $K_m$, $K_\rho$ and $l_\epsilon$ as
769%they all appear in the right hand side of \autoref{eq:ZDF_tke_ene}.
770%For the latter, it is in fact the ratio $\sqrt{\bar{e}}/l_\epsilon$ which is stored.
771
772%% =================================================================================================
773\section{Convection}
774\label{sec:ZDF_conv}
775
776Static instabilities (\ie\ light potential densities under heavy ones) may occur at particular ocean grid points.
777In nature, convective processes quickly re-establish the static stability of the water column.
778These processes have been removed from the model via the hydrostatic assumption so they must be parameterized.
779Three parameterisations are available to deal with convective processes:
780a non-penetrative convective adjustment or an enhanced vertical diffusion,
781or/and the use of a turbulent closure scheme.
782
783%% =================================================================================================
784\subsection[Non-penetrative convective adjustment (\forcode{ln_tranpc})]{Non-penetrative convective adjustment (\protect\np{ln_tranpc}{ln\_tranpc})}
785\label{subsec:ZDF_npc}
786
787\begin{figure}[!htb]
788  \centering
789  \includegraphics[width=0.66\textwidth]{Fig_npc}
790  \caption[Unstable density profile treated by the non penetrative convective adjustment algorithm]{
791    Example of an unstable density profile treated by
792    the non penetrative convective adjustment algorithm.
793    $1^{st}$ step: the initial profile is checked from the surface to the bottom.
794    It is found to be unstable between levels 3 and 4.
795    They are mixed.
796    The resulting $\rho$ is still larger than $\rho$(5): levels 3 to 5 are mixed.
797    The resulting $\rho$ is still larger than $\rho$(6): levels 3 to 6 are mixed.
798    The $1^{st}$ step ends since the density profile is then stable below the level 3.
799    $2^{nd}$ step: the new $\rho$ profile is checked following the same procedure as in $1^{st}$ step:
800    levels 2 to 5 are mixed.
801    The new density profile is checked.
802    It is found stable: end of algorithm.}
803  \label{fig:ZDF_npc}
804\end{figure}
805
806Options are defined through the \nam{zdf}{zdf} namelist variables.
807The non-penetrative convective adjustment is used when \np[=.true.]{ln_zdfnpc}{ln\_zdfnpc}.
808It is applied at each \np{nn_npc}{nn\_npc} time step and mixes downwards instantaneously the statically unstable portion of
809the water column, but only until the density structure becomes neutrally stable
810(\ie\ until the mixed portion of the water column has \textit{exactly} the density of the water just below)
811\citep{madec.delecluse.ea_JPO91}.
812The associated algorithm is an iterative process used in the following way (\autoref{fig:ZDF_npc}):
813starting from the top of the ocean, the first instability is found.
814Assume in the following that the instability is located between levels $k$ and $k+1$.
815The temperature and salinity in the two levels are vertically mixed, conserving the heat and salt contents of
816the water column.
817The new density is then computed by a linear approximation.
818If the new density profile is still unstable between levels $k+1$ and $k+2$,
819levels $k$, $k+1$ and $k+2$ are then mixed.
820This process is repeated until stability is established below the level $k$
821(the mixing process can go down to the ocean bottom).
822The algorithm is repeated to check if the density profile between level $k-1$ and $k$ is unstable and/or
823if there is no deeper instability.
824
825This algorithm is significantly different from mixing statically unstable levels two by two.
826The latter procedure cannot converge with a finite number of iterations for some vertical profiles while
827the algorithm used in \NEMO\ converges for any profile in a number of iterations which is less than
828the number of vertical levels.
829This property is of paramount importance as pointed out by \citet{killworth_iprc89}:
830it avoids the existence of permanent and unrealistic static instabilities at the sea surface.
831This non-penetrative convective algorithm has been proved successful in studies of the deep water formation in
832the north-western Mediterranean Sea \citep{madec.delecluse.ea_JPO91, madec.chartier.ea_DAO91, madec.crepon_iprc91}.
833
834The current implementation has been modified in order to deal with any non linear equation of seawater
835(L. Brodeau, personnal communication).
836Two main differences have been introduced compared to the original algorithm:
837$(i)$ the stability is now checked using the Brunt-V\"{a}is\"{a}l\"{a} frequency
838(not the difference in potential density);
839$(ii)$ when two levels are found unstable, their thermal and haline expansion coefficients are vertically mixed in
840the same way their temperature and salinity has been mixed.
841These two modifications allow the algorithm to perform properly and accurately with TEOS10 or EOS-80 without
842having to recompute the expansion coefficients at each mixing iteration.
843
844%% =================================================================================================
845\subsection[Enhanced vertical diffusion (\forcode{ln_zdfevd})]{Enhanced vertical diffusion (\protect\np{ln_zdfevd}{ln\_zdfevd})}
846\label{subsec:ZDF_evd}
847
848Options are defined through the  \nam{zdf}{zdf} namelist variables.
849The enhanced vertical diffusion parameterisation is used when \np[=.true.]{ln_zdfevd}{ln\_zdfevd}.
850In this case, the vertical eddy mixing coefficients are assigned very large values
851in regions where the stratification is unstable
852(\ie\ when $N^2$ the Brunt-Vais\"{a}l\"{a} frequency is negative) \citep{lazar_phd97, lazar.madec.ea_JPO99}.
853This is done either on tracers only (\np[=0]{nn_evdm}{nn\_evdm}) or
854on both momentum and tracers (\np[=1]{nn_evdm}{nn\_evdm}).
855
856In practice, where $N^2\leq 10^{-12}$, $A_T^{vT}$ and $A_T^{vS}$, and if \np[=1]{nn_evdm}{nn\_evdm},
857the four neighbouring $A_u^{vm} \;\mbox{and}\;A_v^{vm}$ values also, are set equal to
858the namelist parameter \np{rn_avevd}{rn\_avevd}.
859A typical value for $rn\_avevd$ is between 1 and $100~m^2.s^{-1}$.
860This parameterisation of convective processes is less time consuming than
861the convective adjustment algorithm presented above when mixing both tracers and
862momentum in the case of static instabilities.
863
864Note that the stability test is performed on both \textit{before} and \textit{now} values of $N^2$.
865This removes a potential source of divergence of odd and even time step in
866a leapfrog environment \citep{leclair_phd10} (see \autoref{sec:TD_mLF}).
867
868%% =================================================================================================
869\subsection[Handling convection with turbulent closure schemes (\forcode{ln_zdf_}\{\forcode{tke,gls,osm}\})]{Handling convection with turbulent closure schemes (\forcode{ln_zdf{tke,gls,osm}})}
870\label{subsec:ZDF_tcs}
871
872The turbulent closure schemes presented in \autoref{subsec:ZDF_tke}, \autoref{subsec:ZDF_gls} and
873\autoref{subsec:ZDF_osm} (\ie\ \np{ln_zdftke}{ln\_zdftke} or \np{ln_zdfgls}{ln\_zdfgls} or \np{ln_zdfosm}{ln\_zdfosm} defined) deal, in theory,
874with statically unstable density profiles.
875In such a case, the term corresponding to the destruction of turbulent kinetic energy through stratification in
876\autoref{eq:ZDF_tke_e} or \autoref{eq:ZDF_gls_e} becomes a source term, since $N^2$ is negative.
877It results in large values of $A_T^{vT}$ and  $A_T^{vT}$, and also of the four neighboring values at
878velocity points $A_u^{vm} {and}\;A_v^{vm}$ (up to $1\;m^2s^{-1}$).
879These large values restore the static stability of the water column in a way similar to that of
880the enhanced vertical diffusion parameterisation (\autoref{subsec:ZDF_evd}).
881However, in the vicinity of the sea surface (first ocean layer), the eddy coefficients computed by
882the turbulent closure scheme do not usually exceed $10^{-2}m.s^{-1}$,
883because the mixing length scale is bounded by the distance to the sea surface.
884It can thus be useful to combine the enhanced vertical diffusion with the turbulent closure scheme,
885\ie\ setting the \np{ln_zdfnpc}{ln\_zdfnpc} namelist parameter to true and
886defining the turbulent closure (\np{ln_zdftke}{ln\_zdftke} or \np{ln_zdfgls}{ln\_zdfgls} = \forcode{.true.}) all together.
887
888The OSMOSIS turbulent closure scheme already includes enhanced vertical diffusion in the case of convection,
889%as governed by the variables $bvsqcon$ and $difcon$ found in \mdl{zdfkpp},
890therefore \np[=.false.]{ln_zdfevd}{ln\_zdfevd} should be used with the OSMOSIS scheme.
891% gm%  + one word on non local flux with KPP scheme trakpp.F90 module...
892
893%% =================================================================================================
894\section[Double diffusion mixing (\forcode{ln_zdfddm})]{Double diffusion mixing (\protect\np{ln_zdfddm}{ln\_zdfddm})}
895\label{subsec:ZDF_ddm}
896
897%\nlst{namzdf_ddm}
898
899This parameterisation has been introduced in \mdl{zdfddm} module and is controlled by the namelist parameter
900\np{ln_zdfddm}{ln\_zdfddm} in \nam{zdf}{zdf}.
901Double diffusion occurs when relatively warm, salty water overlies cooler, fresher water, or vice versa.
902The former condition leads to salt fingering and the latter to diffusive convection.
903Double-diffusive phenomena contribute to diapycnal mixing in extensive regions of the ocean.
904\citet{merryfield.holloway.ea_JPO99} include a parameterisation of such phenomena in a global ocean model and show that
905it leads to relatively minor changes in circulation but exerts significant regional influences on
906temperature and salinity.
907
908Diapycnal mixing of S and T are described by diapycnal diffusion coefficients
909\begin{align*}
910  % \label{eq:ZDF_ddm_Kz}
911  &A^{vT} = A_o^{vT}+A_f^{vT}+A_d^{vT} \\
912  &A^{vS} = A_o^{vS}+A_f^{vS}+A_d^{vS}
913\end{align*}
914where subscript $f$ represents mixing by salt fingering, $d$ by diffusive convection,
915and $o$ by processes other than double diffusion.
916The rates of double-diffusive mixing depend on the buoyancy ratio
917$R_\rho = \alpha \partial_z T / \beta \partial_z S$, where $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are coefficients of
918thermal expansion and saline contraction (see \autoref{subsec:TRA_eos}).
919To represent mixing of $S$ and $T$ by salt fingering, we adopt the diapycnal diffusivities suggested by Schmitt
920(1981):
921\begin{align}
922  \label{eq:ZDF_ddm_f}
923  A_f^{vS} &=
924             \begin{cases}
925               \frac{A^{\ast v}}{1+(R_\rho / R_c)^n   } &\text{if  $R_\rho > 1$ and $N^2>0$ } \\
926               0                              &\text{otherwise}
927             \end{cases}
928  \\         \label{eq:ZDF_ddm_f_T}
929  A_f^{vT} &= 0.7 \ A_f^{vS} / R_\rho
930\end{align}
931
932\begin{figure}[!t]
933  \centering
934  \includegraphics[width=0.66\textwidth]{Fig_zdfddm}
935  \caption[Diapycnal diffusivities for temperature and salt in regions of salt fingering and
936  diffusive convection]{
937    From \citet{merryfield.holloway.ea_JPO99}:
938    (a) Diapycnal diffusivities $A_f^{vT}$ and $A_f^{vS}$ for temperature and salt in
939    regions of salt fingering.
940    Heavy curves denote $A^{\ast v} = 10^{-3}~m^2.s^{-1}$ and
941    thin curves $A^{\ast v} = 10^{-4}~m^2.s^{-1}$;
942    (b) diapycnal diffusivities $A_d^{vT}$ and $A_d^{vS}$ for temperature and salt in
943    regions of diffusive convection.
944    Heavy curves denote the Federov parameterisation and thin curves the Kelley parameterisation.
945    The latter is not implemented in \NEMO.}
946  \label{fig:ZDF_ddm}
947\end{figure}
948
949The factor 0.7 in \autoref{eq:ZDF_ddm_f_T} reflects the measured ratio $\alpha F_T /\beta F_S \approx  0.7$ of
950buoyancy flux of heat to buoyancy flux of salt (\eg, \citet{mcdougall.taylor_JMR84}).
951Following  \citet{merryfield.holloway.ea_JPO99}, we adopt $R_c = 1.6$, $n = 6$, and $A^{\ast v} = 10^{-4}~m^2.s^{-1}$.
952
953To represent mixing of S and T by diffusive layering,  the diapycnal diffusivities suggested by
954Federov (1988) is used:
955\begin{align}
956  % \label{eq:ZDF_ddm_d}
957  A_d^{vT} &=
958             \begin{cases}
959               1.3635 \, \exp{\left( 4.6\, \exp{ \left[  -0.54\,( R_{\rho}^{-1} - 1 )  \right] }    \right)}
960               &\text{if  $0<R_\rho < 1$ and $N^2>0$ } \\
961               0                       &\text{otherwise}
962             \end{cases}
963                                       \nonumber \\
964  \label{eq:ZDF_ddm_d_S}
965  A_d^{vS} &=
966             \begin{cases}
967               A_d^{vT}\ \left( 1.85\,R_{\rho} - 0.85 \right) &\text{if  $0.5 \leq R_\rho<1$ and $N^2>0$ } \\
968               A_d^{vT} \ 0.15 \ R_\rho               &\text{if  $\ \ 0 < R_\rho<0.5$ and $N^2>0$ } \\
969               0                       &\text{otherwise}
970             \end{cases}
971\end{align}
972
973The dependencies of \autoref{eq:ZDF_ddm_f} to \autoref{eq:ZDF_ddm_d_S} on $R_\rho$ are illustrated in
974\autoref{fig:ZDF_ddm}.
975Implementing this requires computing $R_\rho$ at each grid point on every time step.
976This is done in \mdl{eosbn2} at the same time as $N^2$ is computed.
977This avoids duplication in the computation of $\alpha$ and $\beta$ (which is usually quite expensive).
978
979%% =================================================================================================
980\section[Bottom and top friction (\textit{zdfdrg.F90})]{Bottom and top friction (\protect\mdl{zdfdrg})}
981\label{sec:ZDF_drg}
982
983\begin{listing}
984  \nlst{namdrg}
985  \caption{\forcode{&namdrg}}
986  \label{lst:namdrg}
987\end{listing}
988\begin{listing}
989  \nlst{namdrg_top}
990  \caption{\forcode{&namdrg_top}}
991  \label{lst:namdrg_top}
992\end{listing}
993\begin{listing}
994  \nlst{namdrg_bot}
995  \caption{\forcode{&namdrg_bot}}
996  \label{lst:namdrg_bot}
997\end{listing}
998
999Options to define the top and bottom friction are defined through the \nam{drg}{drg} namelist variables.
1000The bottom friction represents the friction generated by the bathymetry.
1001The top friction represents the friction generated by the ice shelf/ocean interface.
1002As the friction processes at the top and the bottom are treated in and identical way,
1003the description below considers mostly the bottom friction case, if not stated otherwise.
1004
1005Both the surface momentum flux (wind stress) and the bottom momentum flux (bottom friction) enter the equations as
1006a condition on the vertical diffusive flux.
1007For the bottom boundary layer, one has:
1008 \[
1009   % \label{eq:ZDF_bfr_flux}
1010   A^{vm} \left( \partial {\textbf U}_h / \partial z \right) = {{\cal F}}_h^{\textbf U}
1011 \]
1012where ${\cal F}_h^{\textbf U}$ is represents the downward flux of horizontal momentum outside
1013the logarithmic turbulent boundary layer (thickness of the order of 1~m in the ocean).
1014How ${\cal F}_h^{\textbf U}$ influences the interior depends on the vertical resolution of the model near
1015the bottom relative to the Ekman layer depth.
1016For example, in order to obtain an Ekman layer depth $d = \sqrt{2\;A^{vm}} / f = 50$~m,
1017one needs a vertical diffusion coefficient $A^{vm} = 0.125$~m$^2$s$^{-1}$
1018(for a Coriolis frequency $f = 10^{-4}$~m$^2$s$^{-1}$).
1019With a background diffusion coefficient $A^{vm} = 10^{-4}$~m$^2$s$^{-1}$, the Ekman layer depth is only 1.4~m.
1020When the vertical mixing coefficient is this small, using a flux condition is equivalent to
1021entering the viscous forces (either wind stress or bottom friction) as a body force over the depth of the top or
1022bottom model layer.
1023To illustrate this, consider the equation for $u$ at $k$, the last ocean level:
1024\begin{equation}
1025  \label{eq:ZDF_drg_flux2}
1026  \frac{\partial u_k}{\partial t} = \frac{1}{e_{3u}} \left[ \frac{A_{uw}^{vm}}{e_{3uw}} \delta_{k+1/2}\;[u] - {\cal F}^u_h \right] \approx - \frac{{\cal F}^u_{h}}{e_{3u}}
1027\end{equation}
1028If the bottom layer thickness is 200~m, the Ekman transport will be distributed over that depth.
1029On the other hand, if the vertical resolution is high (1~m or less) and a turbulent closure model is used,
1030the turbulent Ekman layer will be represented explicitly by the model.
1031However, the logarithmic layer is never represented in current primitive equation model applications:
1032it is \emph{necessary} to parameterize the flux ${\cal F}^u_h $.
1033Two choices are available in \NEMO: a linear and a quadratic bottom friction.
1034Note that in both cases, the rotation between the interior velocity and the bottom friction is neglected in
1035the present release of \NEMO.
1036
1037In the code, the bottom friction is imposed by adding the trend due to the bottom friction to
1038 the general momentum trend in \mdl{dynzdf}.
1039For the time-split surface pressure gradient algorithm, the momentum trend due to
1040the barotropic component needs to be handled separately.
1041For this purpose it is convenient to compute and store coefficients which can be simply combined with
1042bottom velocities and geometric values to provide the momentum trend due to bottom friction.
1043 These coefficients are computed in \mdl{zdfdrg} and generally take the form $c_b^{\textbf U}$ where:
1044\begin{equation}
1045  \label{eq:ZDF_bfr_bdef}
1046  \frac{\partial {\textbf U_h}}{\partial t} =
1047  - \frac{{\cal F}^{\textbf U}_{h}}{e_{3u}} = \frac{c_b^{\textbf U}}{e_{3u}} \;{\textbf U}_h^b
1048\end{equation}
1049where $\textbf{U}_h^b = (u_b\;,\;v_b)$ is the near-bottom, horizontal, ocean velocity.
1050Note than from \NEMO\ 4.0, drag coefficients are only computed at cell centers (\ie\ at T-points) and refer to as $c_b^T$ in the following. These are then linearly interpolated in space to get $c_b^\textbf{U}$ at velocity points.
1051
1052%% =================================================================================================
1053\subsection[Linear top/bottom friction (\forcode{ln_lin})]{Linear top/bottom friction (\protect\np{ln_lin}{ln\_lin})}
1054\label{subsec:ZDF_drg_linear}
1055
1056The linear friction parameterisation (including the special case of a free-slip condition) assumes that
1057the friction is proportional to the interior velocity (\ie\ the velocity of the first/last model level):
1058\[
1059  % \label{eq:ZDF_bfr_linear}
1060  {\cal F}_h^\textbf{U} = \frac{A^{vm}}{e_3} \; \frac{\partial \textbf{U}_h}{\partial k} = r \; \textbf{U}_h^b
1061\]
1062where $r$ is a friction coefficient expressed in $m s^{-1}$.
1063This coefficient is generally estimated by setting a typical decay time $\tau$ in the deep ocean,
1064and setting $r = H / \tau$, where $H$ is the ocean depth.
1065Commonly accepted values of $\tau$ are of the order of 100 to 200 days \citep{weatherly_JMR84}.
1066A value $\tau^{-1} = 10^{-7}$~s$^{-1}$ equivalent to 115 days, is usually used in quasi-geostrophic models.
1067One may consider the linear friction as an approximation of quadratic friction, $r \approx 2\;C_D\;U_{av}$
1068(\citet{gill_bk82}, Eq. 9.6.6).
1069For example, with a drag coefficient $C_D = 0.002$, a typical speed of tidal currents of $U_{av} =0.1$~m\;s$^{-1}$,
1070and assuming an ocean depth $H = 4000$~m, the resulting friction coefficient is $r = 4\;10^{-4}$~m\;s$^{-1}$.
1071This is the default value used in \NEMO. It corresponds to a decay time scale of 115~days.
1072It can be changed by specifying \np{rn_Uc0}{rn\_Uc0} (namelist parameter).
1073
1074 For the linear friction case the drag coefficient used in the general expression \autoref{eq:ZDF_bfr_bdef} is:
1075\[
1076  % \label{eq:ZDF_bfr_linbfr_b}
1077    c_b^T = - r
1078\]
1079When \np[=.true.]{ln_lin}{ln\_lin}, the value of $r$ used is \np{rn_Uc0}{rn\_Uc0}*\np{rn_Cd0}{rn\_Cd0}.
1080Setting \np[=.true.]{ln_OFF}{ln\_OFF} (and \forcode{ln_lin=.true.}) is equivalent to setting $r=0$ and leads to a free-slip boundary condition.
1081
1082These values are assigned in \mdl{zdfdrg}.
1083Note that there is support for local enhancement of these values via an externally defined 2D mask array
1084(\np[=.true.]{ln_boost}{ln\_boost}) given in the \ifile{bfr\_coef} input NetCDF file.
1085The mask values should vary from 0 to 1.
1086Locations with a non-zero mask value will have the friction coefficient increased by
1087$mask\_value$ * \np{rn_boost}{rn\_boost} * \np{rn_Cd0}{rn\_Cd0}.
1088
1089%% =================================================================================================
1090\subsection[Non-linear top/bottom friction (\forcode{ln_non_lin})]{Non-linear top/bottom friction (\protect\np{ln_non_lin}{ln\_non\_lin})}
1091\label{subsec:ZDF_drg_nonlinear}
1092
1093The non-linear bottom friction parameterisation assumes that the top/bottom friction is quadratic:
1094\[
1095  % \label{eq:ZDF_drg_nonlinear}
1096  {\cal F}_h^\textbf{U} = \frac{A^{vm}}{e_3 }\frac{\partial \textbf {U}_h
1097  }{\partial k}=C_D \;\sqrt {u_b ^2+v_b ^2+e_b } \;\; \textbf {U}_h^b
1098\]
1099where $C_D$ is a drag coefficient, and $e_b $ a top/bottom turbulent kinetic energy due to tides,
1100internal waves breaking and other short time scale currents.
1101A typical value of the drag coefficient is $C_D = 10^{-3} $.
1102As an example, the CME experiment \citep{treguier_JGR92} uses $C_D = 10^{-3}$ and
1103$e_b = 2.5\;10^{-3}$m$^2$\;s$^{-2}$, while the FRAM experiment \citep{killworth_JPO92} uses $C_D = 1.4\;10^{-3}$ and
1104$e_b =2.5\;\;10^{-3}$m$^2$\;s$^{-2}$.
1105The CME choices have been set as default values (\np{rn_Cd0}{rn\_Cd0} and \np{rn_ke0}{rn\_ke0} namelist parameters).
1106
1107As for the linear case, the friction is imposed in the code by adding the trend due to
1108the friction to the general momentum trend in \mdl{dynzdf}.
1109For the non-linear friction case the term computed in \mdl{zdfdrg} is:
1110\[
1111  % \label{eq:ZDF_drg_nonlinbfr}
1112    c_b^T = - \; C_D\;\left[ \left(\bar{u_b}^{i}\right)^2 + \left(\bar{v_b}^{j}\right)^2 + e_b \right]^{1/2}
1113\]
1114
1115The coefficients that control the strength of the non-linear friction are initialised as namelist parameters:
1116$C_D$= \np{rn_Cd0}{rn\_Cd0}, and $e_b$ =\np{rn_bfeb2}{rn\_bfeb2}.
1117Note that for applications which consider tides explicitly, a low or even zero value of \np{rn_bfeb2}{rn\_bfeb2} is recommended. A local enhancement of $C_D$ is again possible via an externally defined 2D mask array
1118(\np[=.true.]{ln_boost}{ln\_boost}).
1119This works in the same way as for the linear friction case with non-zero masked locations increased by
1120$mask\_value$ * \np{rn_boost}{rn\_boost} * \np{rn_Cd0}{rn\_Cd0}.
1121
1122%% =================================================================================================
1123\subsection[Log-layer top/bottom friction (\forcode{ln_loglayer})]{Log-layer top/bottom friction (\protect\np{ln_loglayer}{ln\_loglayer})}
1124\label{subsec:ZDF_drg_loglayer}
1125
1126In the non-linear friction case, the drag coefficient, $C_D$, can be optionally enhanced using
1127a "law of the wall" scaling. This assumes that the model vertical resolution can capture the logarithmic layer which typically occur for layers thinner than 1 m or so.
1128If  \np[=.true.]{ln_loglayer}{ln\_loglayer}, $C_D$ is no longer constant but is related to the distance to the wall (or equivalently to the half of the top/bottom layer thickness):
1129\[
1130  C_D = \left ( {\kappa \over {\mathrm log}\left ( 0.5 \; e_{3b} / rn\_{z0} \right ) } \right )^2
1131\]
1132
1133\noindent where $\kappa$ is the von-Karman constant and \np{rn_z0}{rn\_z0} is a roughness length provided via the namelist.
1134
1135The drag coefficient is bounded such that it is kept greater or equal to
1136the base \np{rn_Cd0}{rn\_Cd0} value which occurs where layer thicknesses become large and presumably logarithmic layers are not resolved at all. For stability reason, it is also not allowed to exceed the value of an additional namelist parameter:
1137\np{rn_Cdmax}{rn\_Cdmax}, \ie
1138\[
1139  rn\_Cd0 \leq C_D \leq rn\_Cdmax
1140\]
1141
1142\noindent The log-layer enhancement can also be applied to the top boundary friction if
1143under ice-shelf cavities are activated (\np[=.true.]{ln_isfcav}{ln\_isfcav}).
1144%In this case, the relevant namelist parameters are \np{rn_tfrz0}{rn\_tfrz0}, \np{rn_tfri2}{rn\_tfri2} and \np{rn_tfri2_max}{rn\_tfri2\_max}.
1145
1146%% =================================================================================================
1147\subsection[Explicit top/bottom friction (\forcode{ln_drgimp=.false.})]{Explicit top/bottom friction (\protect\np[=.false.]{ln_drgimp}{ln\_drgimp})}
1148\label{subsec:ZDF_drg_stability}
1149
1150Setting \np[=.false.]{ln_drgimp}{ln\_drgimp} means that bottom friction is treated explicitly in time, which has the advantage of simplifying the interaction with the split-explicit free surface (see \autoref{subsec:ZDF_drg_ts}). The latter does indeed require the knowledge of bottom stresses in the course of the barotropic sub-iteration, which becomes less straightforward in the implicit case. In the explicit case, top/bottom stresses can be computed using \textit{before} velocities and inserted in the overall momentum tendency budget. This reads:
1151
1152At the top (below an ice shelf cavity):
1153\[
1154  \left.{\left( {\frac{A^{vm} }{e_3 }\ \frac{\partial \textbf{U}_h}{\partial k}} \right)} \right|_{t}
1155  = c_{t}^{\textbf{U}}\textbf{u}^{n-1}_{t}
1156\]
1157
1158At the bottom (above the sea floor):
1159\[
1160  \left.{\left( {\frac{A^{vm} }{e_3 }\ \frac{\partial \textbf{U}_h}{\partial k}} \right)} \right|_{b}
1161  = c_{b}^{\textbf{U}}\textbf{u}^{n-1}_{b}
1162\]
1163
1164Since this is conditionally stable, some care needs to exercised over the choice of parameters to ensure that the implementation of explicit top/bottom friction does not induce numerical instability.
1165For the purposes of stability analysis, an approximation to \autoref{eq:ZDF_drg_flux2} is:
1166\begin{equation}
1167  \label{eq:ZDF_Eqn_drgstab}
1168  \begin{split}
1169    \Delta u &= -\frac{{{\cal F}_h}^u}{e_{3u}}\;2 \rdt    \\
1170    &= -\frac{ru}{e_{3u}}\;2\rdt\\
1171  \end{split}
1172\end{equation}
1173\noindent where linear friction and a leapfrog timestep have been assumed.
1174To ensure that the friction cannot reverse the direction of flow it is necessary to have:
1175\[
1176  |\Delta u| < \;|u|
1177\]
1178\noindent which, using \autoref{eq:ZDF_Eqn_drgstab}, gives:
1179\[
1180  r\frac{2\rdt}{e_{3u}} < 1 \qquad  \Rightarrow \qquad r < \frac{e_{3u}}{2\rdt}\\
1181\]
1182This same inequality can also be derived in the non-linear bottom friction case if
1183a velocity of 1 m.s$^{-1}$ is assumed.
1184Alternatively, this criterion can be rearranged to suggest a minimum bottom box thickness to ensure stability:
1185\[
1186  e_{3u} > 2\;r\;\rdt
1187\]
1188\noindent which it may be necessary to impose if partial steps are being used.
1189For example, if $|u| = 1$ m.s$^{-1}$, $rdt = 1800$ s, $r = 10^{-3}$ then $e_{3u}$ should be greater than 3.6 m.
1190For most applications, with physically sensible parameters these restrictions should not be of concern.
1191But caution may be necessary if attempts are made to locally enhance the bottom friction parameters.
1192To ensure stability limits are imposed on the top/bottom friction coefficients both
1193during initialisation and at each time step.
1194Checks at initialisation are made in \mdl{zdfdrg} (assuming a 1 m.s$^{-1}$ velocity in the non-linear case).
1195The number of breaches of the stability criterion are reported as well as
1196the minimum and maximum values that have been set.
1197The criterion is also checked at each time step, using the actual velocity, in \mdl{dynzdf}.
1198Values of the friction coefficient are reduced as necessary to ensure stability;
1199these changes are not reported.
1200
1201Limits on the top/bottom friction coefficient are not imposed if the user has elected to
1202handle the friction implicitly (see \autoref{subsec:ZDF_drg_imp}).
1203The number of potential breaches of the explicit stability criterion are still reported for information purposes.
1204
1205%% =================================================================================================
1206\subsection[Implicit top/bottom friction (\forcode{ln_drgimp=.true.})]{Implicit top/bottom friction (\protect\np[=.true.]{ln_drgimp}{ln\_drgimp})}
1207\label{subsec:ZDF_drg_imp}
1208
1209An optional implicit form of bottom friction has been implemented to improve model stability.
1210We recommend this option for shelf sea and coastal ocean applications. %, especially for split-explicit time splitting.
1211This option can be invoked by setting \np{ln_drgimp}{ln\_drgimp} to \forcode{.true.} in the \nam{drg}{drg} namelist.
1212%This option requires \np{ln_zdfexp}{ln\_zdfexp} to be \forcode{.false.} in the \nam{zdf}{zdf} namelist.
1213
1214This implementation is performed in \mdl{dynzdf} where the following boundary conditions are set while solving the fully implicit diffusion step:
1215
1216At the top (below an ice shelf cavity):
1217\[
1218  % \label{eq:ZDF_dynZDF__drg_top}
1219  \left.{\left( {\frac{A^{vm} }{e_3 }\ \frac{\partial \textbf{U}_h}{\partial k}} \right)} \right|_{t}
1220  = c_{t}^{\textbf{U}}\textbf{u}^{n+1}_{t}
1221\]
1222
1223At the bottom (above the sea floor):
1224\[
1225  % \label{eq:ZDF_dynZDF__drg_bot}
1226  \left.{\left( {\frac{A^{vm} }{e_3 }\ \frac{\partial \textbf{U}_h}{\partial k}} \right)} \right|_{b}
1227  = c_{b}^{\textbf{U}}\textbf{u}^{n+1}_{b}
1228\]
1229
1230where $t$ and $b$ refers to top and bottom layers respectively.
1231Superscript $n+1$ means the velocity used in the friction formula is to be calculated, so it is implicit.
1232
1233%% =================================================================================================
1234\subsection[Bottom friction with split-explicit free surface]{Bottom friction with split-explicit free surface}
1235\label{subsec:ZDF_drg_ts}
1236
1237With split-explicit free surface, the sub-stepping of barotropic equations needs the knowledge of top/bottom stresses. An obvious way to satisfy this is to take them as constant over the course of the barotropic integration and equal to the value used to update the baroclinic momentum trend. Provided \np[=.false.]{ln_drgimp}{ln\_drgimp} and a centred or \textit{leap-frog} like integration of barotropic equations is used (\ie\ \forcode{ln_bt_fw=.false.}, cf \autoref{subsec:DYN_spg_ts}), this does ensure that barotropic and baroclinic dynamics feel the same stresses during one leapfrog time step. However, if \np[=.true.]{ln_drgimp}{ln\_drgimp},  stresses depend on the \textit{after} value of the velocities which themselves depend on the barotropic iteration result. This cyclic dependency makes difficult obtaining consistent stresses in 2d and 3d dynamics. Part of this mismatch is then removed when setting the final barotropic component of 3d velocities to the time splitting estimate. This last step can be seen as a necessary evil but should be minimized since it interferes with the adjustment to the boundary conditions.
1238
1239The strategy to handle top/bottom stresses with split-explicit free surface in \NEMO\ is as follows:
1240\begin{enumerate}
1241\item To extend the stability of the barotropic sub-stepping, bottom stresses are refreshed at each sub-iteration. The baroclinic part of the flow entering the stresses is frozen at the initial time of the barotropic iteration. In case of non-linear friction, the drag coefficient is also constant.
1242\item In case of an implicit drag, specific computations are performed in \mdl{dynzdf} which renders the overall scheme mixed explicit/implicit: the barotropic components of 3d velocities are removed before seeking for the implicit vertical diffusion result. Top/bottom stresses due to the barotropic components are explicitly accounted for thanks to the updated values of barotropic velocities. Then the implicit solution of 3d velocities is obtained. Lastly, the residual barotropic component is replaced by the time split estimate.
1243\end{enumerate}
1244
1245Note that other strategies are possible, like considering vertical diffusion step in advance, \ie\ prior barotropic integration.
1246
1247%% =================================================================================================
1248\section[Internal wave-driven mixing (\forcode{ln_zdfiwm})]{Internal wave-driven mixing (\protect\np{ln_zdfiwm}{ln\_zdfiwm})}
1249\label{subsec:ZDF_tmx_new}
1250
1251\begin{listing}
1252  \nlst{namzdf_iwm}
1253  \caption{\forcode{&namzdf_iwm}}
1254  \label{lst:namzdf_iwm}
1255\end{listing}
1256
1257The parameterization of mixing induced by breaking internal waves is a generalization of
1258the approach originally proposed by \citet{st-laurent.simmons.ea_GRL02}.
1259A three-dimensional field of internal wave energy dissipation $\epsilon(x,y,z)$ is first constructed,
1260and the resulting diffusivity is obtained as
1261\[
1262  % \label{eq:ZDF_Kwave}
1263  A^{vT}_{wave} =  R_f \,\frac{ \epsilon }{ \rho \, N^2 }
1264\]
1265where $R_f$ is the mixing efficiency and $\epsilon$ is a specified three dimensional distribution of
1266the energy available for mixing.
1267If the \np{ln_mevar}{ln\_mevar} namelist parameter is set to \forcode{.false.}, the mixing efficiency is taken as constant and
1268equal to 1/6 \citep{osborn_JPO80}.
1269In the opposite (recommended) case, $R_f$ is instead a function of
1270the turbulence intensity parameter $Re_b = \frac{ \epsilon}{\nu \, N^2}$,
1271with $\nu$ the molecular viscosity of seawater, following the model of \cite{bouffard.boegman_DAO13} and
1272the implementation of \cite{de-lavergne.madec.ea_JPO16}.
1273Note that $A^{vT}_{wave}$ is bounded by $10^{-2}\,m^2/s$, a limit that is often reached when
1274the mixing efficiency is constant.
1275
1276In addition to the mixing efficiency, the ratio of salt to heat diffusivities can chosen to vary
1277as a function of $Re_b$ by setting the \np{ln_tsdiff}{ln\_tsdiff} parameter to \forcode{.true.}, a recommended choice.
1278This parameterization of differential mixing, due to \cite{jackson.rehmann_JPO14},
1279is implemented as in \cite{de-lavergne.madec.ea_JPO16}.
1280
1281The three-dimensional distribution of the energy available for mixing, $\epsilon(i,j,k)$,
1282is constructed from three static maps of column-integrated internal wave energy dissipation,
1283$E_{cri}(i,j)$, $E_{pyc}(i,j)$, and $E_{bot}(i,j)$, combined to three corresponding vertical structures:
1284
1285\begin{align*}
1286  F_{cri}(i,j,k) &\propto e^{-h_{ab} / h_{cri} }\\
1287  F_{pyc}(i,j,k) &\propto N^{n_p}\\
1288  F_{bot}(i,j,k) &\propto N^2 \, e^{- h_{wkb} / h_{bot} }
1289\end{align*}
1290In the above formula, $h_{ab}$ denotes the height above bottom,
1291$h_{wkb}$ denotes the WKB-stretched height above bottom, defined by
1292\[
1293  h_{wkb} = H \, \frac{ \int_{-H}^{z} N \, dz' } { \int_{-H}^{\eta} N \, dz'  } \; ,
1294\]
1295The $n_p$ parameter (given by \np{nn_zpyc}{nn\_zpyc} in \nam{zdf_iwm}{zdf\_iwm} namelist)
1296controls the stratification-dependence of the pycnocline-intensified dissipation.
1297It can take values of $1$ (recommended) or $2$.
1298Finally, the vertical structures $F_{cri}$ and $F_{bot}$ require the specification of
1299the decay scales $h_{cri}(i,j)$ and $h_{bot}(i,j)$, which are defined by two additional input maps.
1300$h_{cri}$ is related to the large-scale topography of the ocean (etopo2) and
1301$h_{bot}$ is a function of the energy flux $E_{bot}$, the characteristic horizontal scale of
1302the abyssal hill topography \citep{goff_JGR10} and the latitude.
1303% Jc: input files names ?
1304
1305%% =================================================================================================
1306\section[Surface wave-induced mixing (\forcode{ln_zdfswm})]{Surface wave-induced mixing (\protect\np{ln_zdfswm}{ln\_zdfswm})}
1307\label{subsec:ZDF_swm}
1308
1309Surface waves produce an enhanced mixing through wave-turbulence interaction.
1310In addition to breaking waves induced turbulence (\autoref{subsec:ZDF_tke}),
1311the influence of non-breaking waves can be accounted introducing
1312wave-induced viscosity and diffusivity as a function of the wave number spectrum.
1313Following \citet{qiao.yuan.ea_OD10}, a formulation of wave-induced mixing coefficient
1314is provided  as a function of wave amplitude, Stokes Drift and wave-number:
1315
1316\begin{equation}
1317  \label{eq:ZDF_Bv}
1318  B_{v} = \alpha {A} {U}_{st} {exp(3kz)}
1319\end{equation}
1320
1321Where $B_{v}$ is the wave-induced mixing coefficient, $A$ is the wave amplitude,
1322${U}_{st}$ is the Stokes Drift velocity, $k$ is the wave number and $\alpha$
1323is a constant which should be determined by observations or
1324numerical experiments and is set to be 1.
1325
1326The coefficient $B_{v}$ is then directly added to the vertical viscosity
1327and diffusivity coefficients.
1328
1329In order to account for this contribution set: \forcode{ln_zdfswm=.true.},
1330then wave interaction has to be activated through \forcode{ln_wave=.true.},
1331the Stokes Drift can be evaluated by setting \forcode{ln_sdw=.true.}
1332(see \autoref{subsec:SBC_wave_sdw})
1333and the needed wave fields can be provided either in forcing or coupled mode
1334(for more information on wave parameters and settings see \autoref{sec:SBC_wave})
1335
1336%% =================================================================================================
1337\section[Adaptive-implicit vertical advection (\forcode{ln_zad_Aimp})]{Adaptive-implicit vertical advection(\protect\np{ln_zad_Aimp}{ln\_zad\_Aimp})}
1338\label{subsec:ZDF_aimp}
1339
1340The adaptive-implicit vertical advection option in NEMO is based on the work of
1341\citep{shchepetkin_OM15}.  In common with most ocean models, the timestep used with NEMO
1342needs to satisfy multiple criteria associated with different physical processes in order
1343to maintain numerical stability. \citep{shchepetkin_OM15} pointed out that the vertical
1344CFL criterion is commonly the most limiting. \citep{lemarie.debreu.ea_OM15} examined the
1345constraints for a range of time and space discretizations and provide the CFL stability
1346criteria for a range of advection schemes. The values for the Leap-Frog with Robert
1347asselin filter time-stepping (as used in NEMO) are reproduced in
1348\autoref{tab:ZDF_zad_Aimp_CFLcrit}. Treating the vertical advection implicitly can avoid these
1349restrictions but at the cost of large dispersive errors and, possibly, large numerical
1350viscosity. The adaptive-implicit vertical advection option provides a targetted use of the
1351implicit scheme only when and where potential breaches of the vertical CFL condition
1352occur. In many practical applications these events may occur remote from the main area of
1353interest or due to short-lived conditions such that the extra numerical diffusion or
1354viscosity does not greatly affect the overall solution. With such applications, setting:
1355\forcode{ln_zad_Aimp=.true.} should allow much longer model timesteps to be used whilst
1356retaining the accuracy of the high order explicit schemes over most of the domain.
1357
1358\begin{table}[htbp]
1359  \centering
1360  % \begin{tabular}{cp{70pt}cp{70pt}cp{70pt}cp{70pt}}
1361  \begin{tabular}{r|ccc}
1362    \hline
1363    spatial discretization  & 2$^nd$ order centered & 3$^rd$ order upwind & 4$^th$ order compact \\
1364    advective CFL criterion &                 0.904 &              0.472  &                0.522 \\
1365    \hline
1366  \end{tabular}
1367  \caption[Advective CFL criteria for the leapfrog with Robert Asselin filter time-stepping]{
1368    The advective CFL criteria for a range of spatial discretizations for
1369    the leapfrog with Robert Asselin filter time-stepping
1370    ($\nu=0.1$) as given in \citep{lemarie.debreu.ea_OM15}.}
1371  \label{tab:ZDF_zad_Aimp_CFLcrit}
1372\end{table}
1373
1374In particular, the advection scheme remains explicit everywhere except where and when
1375local vertical velocities exceed a threshold set just below the explicit stability limit.
1376Once the threshold is reached a tapered transition towards an implicit scheme is used by
1377partitioning the vertical velocity into a part that can be treated explicitly and any
1378excess that must be treated implicitly. The partitioning is achieved via a Courant-number
1379dependent weighting algorithm as described in \citep{shchepetkin_OM15}.
1380
1381The local cell Courant number ($Cu$) used for this partitioning is:
1382
1383\begin{equation}
1384  \label{eq:ZDF_Eqn_zad_Aimp_Courant}
1385  \begin{split}
1386    Cu &= {2 \rdt \over e^n_{3t_{ijk}}} \bigg (\big [ \texttt{Max}(w^n_{ijk},0.0) - \texttt{Min}(w^n_{ijk+1},0.0) \big ]    \\
1387       &\phantom{=} +\big [ \texttt{Max}(e_{{2_u}ij}e^n_{{3_{u}}ijk}u^n_{ijk},0.0) - \texttt{Min}(e_{{2_u}i-1j}e^n_{{3_{u}}i-1jk}u^n_{i-1jk},0.0) \big ]
1388                     \big / e_{{1_t}ij}e_{{2_t}ij}            \\
1389       &\phantom{=} +\big [ \texttt{Max}(e_{{1_v}ij}e^n_{{3_{v}}ijk}v^n_{ijk},0.0) - \texttt{Min}(e_{{1_v}ij-1}e^n_{{3_{v}}ij-1k}v^n_{ij-1k},0.0) \big ]
1390                     \big / e_{{1_t}ij}e_{{2_t}ij} \bigg )    \\
1391  \end{split}
1392\end{equation}
1393
1394\noindent and the tapering algorithm follows \citep{shchepetkin_OM15} as:
1395
1396\begin{align}
1397  \label{eq:ZDF_Eqn_zad_Aimp_partition}
1398Cu_{min} &= 0.15 \nonumber \\
1399Cu_{max} &= 0.3  \nonumber \\
1400Cu_{cut} &= 2Cu_{max} - Cu_{min} \nonumber \\
1401Fcu    &= 4Cu_{max}*(Cu_{max}-Cu_{min}) \nonumber \\
1402\cf &=
1403     \begin{cases}
1404        0.0                                                        &\text{if $Cu \leq Cu_{min}$} \\
1405        (Cu - Cu_{min})^2 / (Fcu +  (Cu - Cu_{min})^2)             &\text{else if $Cu < Cu_{cut}$} \\
1406        (Cu - Cu_{max}) / Cu                                       &\text{else}
1407     \end{cases}
1408\end{align}
1409
1410\begin{figure}[!t]
1411  \centering
1412  \includegraphics[width=0.66\textwidth]{Fig_ZDF_zad_Aimp_coeff}
1413  \caption[Partitioning coefficient used to partition vertical velocities into parts]{
1414    The value of the partitioning coefficient (\cf) used to partition vertical velocities into
1415    parts to be treated implicitly and explicitly for a range of typical Courant numbers
1416    (\forcode{ln_zad_Aimp=.true.}).}
1417  \label{fig:ZDF_zad_Aimp_coeff}
1418\end{figure}
1419
1420\noindent The partitioning coefficient is used to determine the part of the vertical
1421velocity that must be handled implicitly ($w_i$) and to subtract this from the total
1422vertical velocity ($w_n$) to leave that which can continue to be handled explicitly:
1423
1424\begin{align}
1425  \label{eq:ZDF_Eqn_zad_Aimp_partition2}
1426    w_{i_{ijk}} &= \cf_{ijk} w_{n_{ijk}}     \nonumber \\
1427    w_{n_{ijk}} &= (1-\cf_{ijk}) w_{n_{ijk}}
1428\end{align}
1429
1430\noindent Note that the coefficient is such that the treatment is never fully implicit;
1431the three cases from \autoref{eq:ZDF_Eqn_zad_Aimp_partition} can be considered as:
1432fully-explicit; mixed explicit/implicit and mostly-implicit.  With the settings shown the
1433coefficient (\cf) varies as shown in \autoref{fig:ZDF_zad_Aimp_coeff}. Note with these values
1434the $Cu_{cut}$ boundary between the mixed implicit-explicit treatment and 'mostly
1435implicit' is 0.45 which is just below the stability limited given in
1436\autoref{tab:ZDF_zad_Aimp_CFLcrit}  for a 3rd order scheme.
1437
1438The $w_i$ component is added to the implicit solvers for the vertical mixing in
1439\mdl{dynzdf} and \mdl{trazdf} in a similar way to \citep{shchepetkin_OM15}.  This is
1440sufficient for the flux-limited advection scheme (\forcode{ln_traadv_mus}) but further
1441intervention is required when using the flux-corrected scheme (\forcode{ln_traadv_fct}).
1442For these schemes the implicit upstream fluxes must be added to both the monotonic guess
1443and to the higher order solution when calculating the antidiffusive fluxes. The implicit
1444vertical fluxes are then removed since they are added by the implicit solver later on.
1445
1446The adaptive-implicit vertical advection option is new to NEMO at v4.0 and has yet to be
1447used in a wide range of simulations. The following test simulation, however, does illustrate
1448the potential benefits and will hopefully encourage further testing and feedback from users:
1449
1450\begin{figure}[!t]
1451  \centering
1452  \includegraphics[width=0.66\textwidth]{Fig_ZDF_zad_Aimp_overflow_frames}
1453  \caption[OVERFLOW: time-series of temperature vertical cross-sections]{
1454    A time-series of temperature vertical cross-sections for the OVERFLOW test case.
1455    These results are for the default settings with \forcode{nn_rdt=10.0} and
1456    without adaptive implicit vertical advection (\forcode{ln_zad_Aimp=.false.}).}
1457  \label{fig:ZDF_zad_Aimp_overflow_frames}
1458\end{figure}
1459
1460%% =================================================================================================
1461\subsection{Adaptive-implicit vertical advection in the OVERFLOW test-case}
1462
1463The \href{https://forge.ipsl.jussieu.fr/nemo/chrome/site/doc/NEMO/guide/html/test\_cases.html\#overflow}{OVERFLOW test case}
1464provides a simple illustration of the adaptive-implicit advection in action. The example here differs from the basic test case
1465by only a few extra physics choices namely:
1466
1467\begin{verbatim}
1468     ln_dynldf_OFF = .false.
1469     ln_dynldf_lap = .true.
1470     ln_dynldf_hor = .true.
1471     ln_zdfnpc     = .true.
1472     ln_traadv_fct = .true.
1473        nn_fct_h   =  2
1474        nn_fct_v   =  2
1475\end{verbatim}
1476
1477\noindent which were chosen to provide a slightly more stable and less noisy solution. The
1478result when using the default value of \forcode{nn_rdt=10.} without adaptive-implicit
1479vertical velocity is illustrated in \autoref{fig:ZDF_zad_Aimp_overflow_frames}. The mass of
1480cold water, initially sitting on the shelf, moves down the slope and forms a
1481bottom-trapped, dense plume. Even with these extra physics choices the model is close to
1482stability limits and attempts with \forcode{nn_rdt=30.} will fail after about 5.5 hours
1483with excessively high horizontal velocities. This time-scale corresponds with the time the
1484plume reaches the steepest part of the topography and, although detected as a horizontal
1485CFL breach, the instability originates from a breach of the vertical CFL limit. This is a good
1486candidate, therefore, for use of the adaptive-implicit vertical advection scheme.
1487
1488The results with \forcode{ln_zad_Aimp=.true.} and a variety of model timesteps
1489are shown in \autoref{fig:ZDF_zad_Aimp_overflow_all_rdt} (together with the equivalent
1490frames from the base run).  In this simple example the use of the adaptive-implicit
1491vertcal advection scheme has enabled a 12x increase in the model timestep without
1492significantly altering the solution (although at this extreme the plume is more diffuse
1493and has not travelled so far).  Notably, the solution with and without the scheme is
1494slightly different even with \forcode{nn_rdt=10.}; suggesting that the base run was
1495close enough to instability to trigger the scheme despite completing successfully.
1496To assist in diagnosing how active the scheme is, in both location and time, the 3D
1497implicit and explicit components of the vertical velocity are available via XIOS as
1498\texttt{wimp} and \texttt{wexp} respectively.  Likewise, the partitioning coefficient
1499(\cf) is also available as \texttt{wi\_cff}. For a quick oversight of
1500the schemes activity the global maximum values of the absolute implicit component
1501of the vertical velocity and the partitioning coefficient are written to the netCDF
1502version of the run statistics file (\texttt{run.stat.nc}) if this is active (see
1503\autoref{sec:MISC_opt} for activation details).
1504
1505\autoref{fig:ZDF_zad_Aimp_maxCf} shows examples of the maximum partitioning coefficient for
1506the various overflow tests.  Note that the adaptive-implicit vertical advection scheme is
1507active even in the base run with \forcode{nn_rdt=10.0s} adding to the evidence that the
1508test case is close to stability limits even with this value. At the larger timesteps, the
1509vertical velocity is treated mostly implicitly at some location throughout the run. The
1510oscillatory nature of this measure appears to be linked to the progress of the plume front
1511as each cusp is associated with the location of the maximum shifting to the adjacent cell.
1512This is illustrated in \autoref{fig:ZDF_zad_Aimp_maxCf_loc} where the i- and k- locations of the
1513maximum have been overlaid for the base run case.
1514
1515\medskip
1516\noindent Only limited tests have been performed in more realistic configurations. In the
1517ORCA2\_ICE\_PISCES reference configuration the scheme does activate and passes
1518restartability and reproducibility tests but it is unable to improve the model's stability
1519enough to allow an increase in the model time-step. A view of the time-series of maximum
1520partitioning coefficient (not shown here)  suggests that the default time-step of 5400s is
1521already pushing at stability limits, especially in the initial start-up phase. The
1522time-series does not, however, exhibit any of the 'cuspiness' found with the overflow
1523tests.
1524
1525\medskip
1526\noindent A short test with an eORCA1 configuration promises more since a test using a
1527time-step of 3600s remains stable with \forcode{ln_zad_Aimp=.true.} whereas the
1528time-step is limited to 2700s without.
1529
1530\begin{figure}[!t]
1531  \centering
1532  \includegraphics[width=0.66\textwidth]{Fig_ZDF_zad_Aimp_overflow_all_rdt}
1533  \caption[OVERFLOW: sample temperature vertical cross-sections from mid- and end-run]{
1534    Sample temperature vertical cross-sections from mid- and end-run using
1535    different values for \forcode{nn_rdt} and with or without adaptive implicit vertical advection.
1536    Without the adaptive implicit vertical advection
1537    only the run with the shortest timestep is able to run to completion.
1538    Note also that the colour-scale has been chosen to confirm that
1539    temperatures remain within the original range of 10$^o$ to 20$^o$.}
1540  \label{fig:ZDF_zad_Aimp_overflow_all_rdt}
1541\end{figure}
1542
1543\begin{figure}[!t]
1544  \centering
1545  \includegraphics[width=0.66\textwidth]{Fig_ZDF_zad_Aimp_maxCf}
1546  \caption[OVERFLOW: maximum partitioning coefficient during a series of test runs]{
1547    The maximum partitioning coefficient during a series of test runs with
1548    increasing model timestep length.
1549    At the larger timesteps,
1550    the vertical velocity is treated mostly implicitly at some location throughout the run.}
1551  \label{fig:ZDF_zad_Aimp_maxCf}
1552\end{figure}
1553
1554\begin{figure}[!t]
1555  \centering
1556  \includegraphics[width=0.66\textwidth]{Fig_ZDF_zad_Aimp_maxCf_loc}
1557  \caption[OVERFLOW: maximum partitioning coefficient for the case overlaid]{
1558    The maximum partitioning coefficient for the \forcode{nn_rdt=10.0} case overlaid with
1559    information on the gridcell i- and k-locations of the maximum value.}
1560  \label{fig:ZDF_zad_Aimp_maxCf_loc}
1561\end{figure}
1562
1563\onlyinsubfile{\input{../../global/epilogue}}
1564
1565\end{document}
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