[372] | 1 | % $Id: presentation.tex 138 2007-11-30 06:15:07Z nanardon $ |
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| 2 | \documentclass[notes]{beamer} |
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| 3 | \usepackage[frenchb]{babel} |
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| 4 | \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} |
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| 5 | \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} |
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| 6 | \usepackage{moreverb} |
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| 7 | \usepackage{graphicx} |
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[403] | 8 | \usepackage{lcg} |
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| 9 | \reinitrand[counter=img,first=1,last=6] |
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[372] | 10 | |
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[400] | 11 | \newlength{\textlarg} |
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| 12 | \newcommand{\barre}[1]{% |
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| 13 | \settowidth{\textlarg}{#1} |
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| 14 | #1\hspace{-\textlarg}\rule[0.5ex]{\textlarg}{0.5pt}} |
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| 15 | |
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[372] | 16 | \mode<presentation> |
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| 17 | { |
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| 18 | \definecolor{beamerstructure}{RGB}{143,79,112} |
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| 19 | \definecolor{sidebackground}{RGB}{230,242,250} |
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| 20 | \color{beamerstructure} |
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| 21 | \usetheme{Frankfurt} |
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| 22 | \usepackage{times} |
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| 23 | \userightsidebarcolortemplate{\color{sidebackground}} |
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| 24 | \beamertemplateballitem |
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| 25 | } |
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| 26 | |
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| 27 | \title{Computers cluster} |
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| 28 | %%\subtitle{} |
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| 29 | \author{Olivier Thauvin} |
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| 30 | \date{\today} |
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| 31 | |
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[387] | 32 | \AtBeginSection[] |
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| 33 | { |
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| 34 | \begin{frame}<beamer> |
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| 35 | \frametitle{Plan} |
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[403] | 36 | \begin{columns}[c] |
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| 37 | \column{2.5in} |
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| 38 | \tableofcontents[currentsection] |
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| 39 | \column{1in} |
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| 40 | \rand\includegraphics[height=25mm]{Chaton\theimg} |
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| 41 | \end{columns} |
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[387] | 42 | \end{frame} |
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| 43 | } |
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[372] | 44 | |
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| 45 | \begin{document} |
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| 46 | |
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| 47 | \frame{\titlepage} |
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| 48 | |
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| 49 | \section*{Summary} |
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| 50 | |
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| 51 | \begin{frame}{Plan} |
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| 52 | \tableofcontents |
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| 53 | \end{frame} |
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| 54 | |
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[399] | 55 | \section{Basis: computers units} |
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[372] | 56 | |
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| 57 | \begin{frame}[fragile] |
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[399] | 58 | \frametitle{Network Units} |
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| 59 | \begin{block}{Network unit} |
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| 60 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 61 | \item Units: Bits |
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| 62 | \pause |
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| 63 | \item the bits is the most basic unit: $0$ or $1$ |
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| 64 | \pause |
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| 65 | \item $1kb = 1024b$ |
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| 66 | \end{itemize} |
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| 67 | \end{block} |
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| 68 | \pause |
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| 69 | |
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| 70 | \begin{block}{practice} |
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| 71 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 72 | \item $RTC = 56kb$ |
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[402] | 73 | \item $ADSL \simeq 10Mb$, $Home Fiber \simeq 100-500Mb$ |
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[399] | 74 | \pause |
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| 75 | \item $University Connectivity = 1Gb$ |
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| 76 | \item $Internet~DDU = 10Mb$ |
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| 77 | \end{itemize} |
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| 78 | \end{block} |
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| 79 | \end{frame} |
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| 80 | |
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| 81 | \begin{frame}[fragile] |
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[372] | 82 | \frametitle{Storage Units} |
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| 83 | \begin{block}{Storage unit} |
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| 84 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 85 | \item Units: Bytes |
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| 86 | \pause |
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[399] | 87 | \item $1Bytes = 8bits$ |
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| 88 | \pause |
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[372] | 89 | \item $1kB = 1024B$ |
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| 90 | \pause |
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| 91 | \item $1MB = 1024kB = 1048576B$ |
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| 92 | \pause |
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| 93 | \item $1TB = 1024GB = 1048576MB$ |
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| 94 | \pause |
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| 95 | \item $1EB = 1024PB = 1048576TB$ |
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| 96 | \end{itemize} |
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| 97 | \end{block} |
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| 98 | |
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| 99 | \begin{block}{practice} |
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| 100 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 101 | \item $Floppy Disk = 1.4 MB$ |
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| 102 | \pause |
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[399] | 103 | \item $CD-ROM = 650MB$, $DVD = 4GB$ |
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[372] | 104 | \pause |
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[387] | 105 | \item $mp3 = 4MB$, $divX = 500MB$ |
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[372] | 106 | \pause |
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| 107 | \item $GOMOS~data = 15TB$ (medium project) |
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| 108 | \end{itemize} |
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| 109 | \end{block} |
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| 110 | \end{frame} |
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| 111 | |
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| 112 | \begin{frame} |
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| 113 | \frametitle{Computation Units} |
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| 114 | \begin{block}{Flops} |
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| 115 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 116 | \item floating-point operations per second |
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| 117 | \item example: $1/2 \Rightarrow 1 flops/s$ |
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| 118 | \end{itemize} |
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| 119 | \end{block} |
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| 120 | \pause |
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| 121 | \begin{block}{Your computer} |
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| 122 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 123 | \item PC CPU: 1Gflops to 7Gflops |
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| 124 | \item Graphic card: 250Gflops to 700Gflops |
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| 125 | \end{itemize} |
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| 126 | \end{block} |
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| 127 | \pause |
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| 128 | \begin{block}{Bigger cluster around the world} |
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| 129 | LLNL (USA, defense): 20132700Gflops |
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| 130 | \end{block} |
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| 131 | \end{frame} |
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| 132 | |
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[400] | 133 | \section{Inside the computers} |
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| 134 | |
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| 135 | \begin{frame}[fragile] |
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| 136 | \frametitle{The Motherboard} |
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| 137 | \begin{columns}[c] |
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| 138 | \column{2in} |
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| 139 | \begin{exampleblock}{ASUS AV7333} |
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| 140 | \centering |
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| 141 | \includegraphics[height=40mm]{asus_mb} |
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| 142 | \end{exampleblock} |
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| 143 | \column{2.5in} |
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| 144 | \begin{block}{} |
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| 145 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 146 | \item Main components (PC) |
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| 147 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 148 | \item \textcolor{red}{CPU} |
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| 149 | \item \textcolor{green}{Memory} |
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| 150 | \item \textcolor{blue}{Bus} |
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| 151 | \item keyboard |
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| 152 | \item graphic card |
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| 153 | \end{itemize} |
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| 154 | \pause |
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| 155 | \item optionals components |
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| 156 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 157 | \item mouse and others rodents |
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| 158 | \item hard drive |
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| 159 | \item sound card |
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| 160 | \item \ldots |
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| 161 | \end{itemize} |
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| 162 | \end{itemize} |
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| 163 | \end{block} |
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| 164 | \end{columns} |
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| 165 | \end{frame} |
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| 166 | |
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| 167 | \begin{frame}[fragile] |
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| 168 | \frametitle{The processor} |
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| 169 | \begin{columns}[c] |
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| 170 | \column{3in} |
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| 171 | \begin{block}{CPU} |
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| 172 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 173 | \item perform computation |
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| 174 | \item one process at a time per processing unit |
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| 175 | \onslide<2->{ |
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| 176 | \item \og{}CPU\fg{} is the physical component |
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| 177 | \item \og{}core\fg{} refer to processing unit |
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| 178 | } |
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| 179 | \onslide<3->{ |
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| 180 | \item since around 2010 most CPU have multiple cores |
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| 181 | } |
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| 182 | \onslide<4->{ |
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| 183 | \item some computers can handle multiple CPU |
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| 184 | } |
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| 185 | \end{itemize} |
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| 186 | \end{block} |
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| 187 | \column{1in} |
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| 188 | \begin{exampleblock}{Intel Core 2} |
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| 189 | \centering |
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| 190 | \includegraphics[height=20mm]{cpu} |
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| 191 | \end{exampleblock} |
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| 192 | \end{columns} |
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| 193 | \end{frame} |
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| 194 | |
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| 195 | \begin{frame}[fragile] |
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| 196 | \frametitle{The Random Access Memory (RAM)} |
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| 197 | \begin{columns}[c] |
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| 198 | \column{3in} |
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| 199 | \begin{block}{Data used by CPUs} |
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| 200 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 201 | \item the programs themself (system and applications) |
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| 202 | \item the program's data |
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| 203 | \item hard drive cache |
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| 204 | \end{itemize} |
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| 205 | \end{block} |
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| 206 | |
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| 207 | \begin{block}{Properties} |
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| 208 | \onslide<2->{ |
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| 209 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 210 | \item is very fast |
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| 211 | \item is very small compared to storage |
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| 212 | \end{itemize} |
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| 213 | } |
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| 214 | \end{block} |
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| 215 | \column{1in} |
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| 216 | \begin{exampleblock}{RAM} |
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| 217 | \centering |
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| 218 | \includegraphics[height=20mm]{ram} |
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| 219 | \end{exampleblock} |
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| 220 | \end{columns} |
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| 221 | \end{frame} |
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| 222 | |
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| 223 | \begin{frame}[fragile] |
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| 224 | \frametitle{Multitasking (long time ago)} |
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| 225 | \begin{block}{Mono task: one thing at time} |
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| 226 | Does not exists anymore on standard computers |
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| 227 | \end{block} |
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| 228 | \pause |
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| 229 | |
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| 230 | \begin{block}{Cooperative multi taskting} |
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| 231 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 232 | \item More than one appplication are launch |
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| 233 | \item Up to the running application to give back CPU |
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| 234 | \end{itemize} |
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| 235 | Concern: |
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| 236 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 237 | \item MacOS 1 to 9 (before MacOS X) |
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| 238 | \item Windows 3.x, Windows 9x and Me |
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| 239 | \end{itemize} |
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| 240 | \end{block} |
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| 241 | \end{frame} |
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| 242 | |
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| 243 | \begin{frame}[fragile] |
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| 244 | \frametitle{Preemptive Multitasking} |
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| 245 | \begin{block}{The system has the hand} |
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| 246 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 247 | \item the system dispatch CPU to apllication |
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| 248 | \item the handle user's defined priority |
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| 249 | \pause |
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| 250 | \item process can be kill: |
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| 251 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 252 | \item not enough memory |
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| 253 | \item memory corruption attempt |
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| 254 | \end{itemize} |
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| 255 | \end{itemize} |
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| 256 | \end{block} |
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| 257 | \pause |
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| 258 | |
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| 259 | \begin{block}{The scheduler} |
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| 260 | It manage the order of application to run according |
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| 261 | \pause |
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| 262 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 263 | \item CPU resquested by applications |
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| 264 | \pause |
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| 265 | \item the number of process unit |
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| 266 | \pause |
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| 267 | \item hardware response time (hard drive) |
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| 268 | \pause |
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| 269 | \item process priority |
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| 270 | \end{itemize} |
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| 271 | \end{block} |
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| 272 | \end{frame} |
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| 273 | |
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[372] | 274 | \section{Models} |
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| 275 | |
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| 276 | \begin{frame}[fragile] |
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| 277 | \frametitle{Size issues} |
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| 278 | \begin{block}{How it works} |
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| 279 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 280 | \item an initial state: point representing atmosphere |
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| 281 | \item a loop reprensenting time |
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| 282 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 283 | \item applying changes |
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| 284 | \item storing new step |
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| 285 | \end{itemize} |
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| 286 | \end{itemize} |
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| 287 | \end{block} |
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| 288 | \pause |
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| 289 | |
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[402] | 290 | \begin{exampleblock}{Examples to mesure size} |
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[372] | 291 | \begin{itemize} |
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[400] | 292 | \item Cube: $O_3$ level / $m^3$ for 1km3: $1000 * 1000 * 1000 = 10^9 \simeq 1GB$ |
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[372] | 293 | \pause |
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[400] | 294 | \item loop: 1 second step for 1 hour (3600 steps) 3TB of data |
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[372] | 295 | \end{itemize} |
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[400] | 296 | \end{exampleblock} |
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| 297 | \pause |
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| 298 | |
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| 299 | \begin{alertblock}{Issues} |
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| 300 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 301 | \item Take a lot of time |
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| 302 | \item Need a lot of memory |
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| 303 | \end{itemize} |
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| 304 | \end{alertblock} |
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| 305 | \end{frame} |
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| 306 | |
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| 307 | \begin{frame}[fragile] |
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| 308 | \frametitle{The memory issue} |
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| 309 | \begin{block}{Solutions:} |
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| 310 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 311 | \item Buy more memory |
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| 312 | \pause\\ |
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| 313 | Necessary in some case but RAM is expensive |
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| 314 | \pause |
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| 315 | \item Write intermediate data / results on hard drive |
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| 316 | \pause\\ |
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| 317 | Will slowdown the process, less with a proper database format |
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| 318 | \end{itemize} |
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[372] | 319 | \end{block} |
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| 320 | \end{frame} |
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| 321 | |
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[400] | 322 | \begin{frame}[fragile] |
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| 323 | \frametitle{Run the code faster} |
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| 324 | \begin{block}{Solutions:} |
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| 325 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 326 | \item Buy a faster CPU |
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| 327 | \pause\\ |
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| 328 | Maybe, but the CPU speed is reaching a limit\\ |
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| 329 | Now the processor number increase, not the speed |
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| 330 | \pause |
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| 331 | \item Optimize the code |
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| 332 | \pause\\ |
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| 333 | Of course, not enough sometimes |
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| 334 | \pause |
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| 335 | \item Make the code parallel |
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| 336 | \pause\\ |
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| 337 | Yes ! Will split the work on all availlable cores\\ |
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| 338 | Need some work, sometimes very complex |
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| 339 | \end{itemize} |
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| 340 | \end{block} |
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| 341 | \end{frame} |
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| 342 | |
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[372] | 343 | \section{Clusters} |
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| 344 | |
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| 345 | \begin{frame} |
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[400] | 346 | \frametitle{About clusters} |
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| 347 | \begin{block}{Definition (Wikipedia)} |
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| 348 | A computer cluster consists of [\ldots] connected |
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| 349 | computers that work together so [\ldots] they can be |
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| 350 | viewed as a single system. |
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| 351 | \end{block} |
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| 352 | \pause |
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| 353 | |
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| 354 | \hfill |
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| 355 | \begin{block}{Pratice} |
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| 356 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 357 | \item a computer is call "node" |
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[402] | 358 | \item two separate roles: |
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| 359 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 360 | \item storage |
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| 361 | \item computation |
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| 362 | \end{itemize} |
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[400] | 363 | \item all computers share the same storages |
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[402] | 364 | \item computers are independants |
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[400] | 365 | \item a scheduler dispatch job on free node |
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| 366 | \end{itemize} |
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| 367 | \end{block} |
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| 368 | \pause |
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| 369 | |
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| 370 | \end{frame} |
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| 371 | |
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| 372 | \begin{frame} |
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[372] | 373 | \frametitle{CICLAD} |
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| 374 | \begin{block}{} |
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| 375 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 376 | \item managed by IPSL |
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| 377 | \item located at Paris (UPMC) |
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| 378 | \pause |
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| 379 | \item Storage: 700TB |
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[387] | 380 | \item 18 calcul nodes (288 CPU) |
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| 381 | \item 12 storage nodes, 600 hard drive |
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[372] | 382 | \end{itemize} |
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| 383 | \end{block} |
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| 384 | \end{frame} |
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| 385 | |
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| 386 | \begin{frame} |
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| 387 | \frametitle{CICLAD} |
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| 388 | \includegraphics[height=0.9\textheight]{ciclad} |
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| 389 | \end{frame} |
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| 390 | |
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| 391 | \begin{frame} |
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| 392 | \frametitle{CLIMSERV} |
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| 393 | \begin{block}{} |
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| 394 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 395 | \item managed by IPSL |
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| 396 | \item located at Palaiseau |
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| 397 | \pause |
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| 398 | \item Storage: 700TB |
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| 399 | \item 23 calcul node (248 CPU) |
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| 400 | \end{itemize} |
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| 401 | \end{block} |
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| 402 | \end{frame} |
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| 403 | |
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| 404 | \begin{frame} |
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| 405 | \frametitle{Other Clusters} |
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| 406 | \begin{block}{IDRIS} |
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| 407 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 408 | \item Managed by CNRS |
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| 409 | \item Several clusters |
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| 410 | \end{itemize} |
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| 411 | \end{block} |
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| 412 | \pause |
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| 413 | \begin{block}{CINES} |
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| 414 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 415 | \item Centre Informatique National de lâEnseignement Supérieur (Montpellier) |
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| 416 | \item Several clusters, (ex: 23040 CPUs on 2880 nodes) |
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| 417 | \end{itemize} |
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| 418 | \end{block} |
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| 419 | \pause |
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| 420 | \begin{block}{CCRT} |
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| 421 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 422 | \item CEA's cluster |
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| 423 | \item Severals clusters (ex: 8736 CPUs on 1092 nodes) |
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| 424 | \end{itemize} |
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| 425 | \end{block} |
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| 426 | \end{frame} |
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| 427 | |
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| 428 | \begin{frame} |
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| 429 | \begin{block}{} |
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| 430 | \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{panoramique-IDRIS--2011-web} |
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| 431 | |
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| 432 | \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{vue_diago-6} |
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| 433 | \end{block} |
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| 434 | \end{frame} |
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| 435 | |
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[387] | 436 | \section*{End} |
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[372] | 437 | |
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| 438 | \begin{frame}{Questions ?} |
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| 439 | \vfill |
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| 440 | \begin{block}{} |
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| 441 | \emph{Je suis fascine par l'air. Si on enlevait l'air du ciel, tous les oiseaux |
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[387] | 442 | tomberaient par terre....Et les avions aussi\ldots} |
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[372] | 443 | |
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[387] | 444 | \emph{I am facinated by the air. If we could remove the air from the sky all |
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| 445 | birds would fall on the ground. Then the plane\ldots} |
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| 446 | |
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[372] | 447 | \hfill{}J.C. VanDamme - Philosophe |
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| 448 | \end{block} |
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| 449 | |
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| 450 | \begin{block}{} |
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| 451 | \hfill{} |
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| 452 | \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{Abrichatons} |
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| 453 | \hfill{} |
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| 454 | \end{block} |
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| 455 | \end{frame} |
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| 456 | |
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| 457 | \end{document} |
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