1 | \documentclass[../main/NEMO_manual]{subfiles} |
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2 | |
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3 | \begin{document} |
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4 | |
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5 | \chapter{Note on some algorithms} |
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6 | \label{apdx:ALGOS} |
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7 | |
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8 | \thispagestyle{plain} |
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9 | |
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10 | \chaptertoc |
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11 | |
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12 | \paragraph{Changes record} ~\\ |
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13 | |
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14 | {\footnotesize |
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15 | \begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{l||X|X} |
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16 | Release & Author(s) & Modifications \\ |
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17 | \hline |
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18 | {\em 4.0} & {\em ...} & {\em ...} \\ |
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19 | {\em 3.6} & {\em ...} & {\em ...} \\ |
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20 | {\em 3.4} & {\em ...} & {\em ...} \\ |
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21 | {\em <=3.4} & {\em ...} & {\em ...} |
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22 | \end{tabularx} |
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23 | } |
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24 | |
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25 | \clearpage |
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26 | |
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27 | This appendix some on going consideration on algorithms used or planned to be used in \NEMO. |
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28 | |
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29 | %% ================================================================================================= |
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30 | \section{Upstream Biased Scheme (UBS) (\protect\np[=.true.]{ln_traadv_ubs}{ln\_traadv\_ubs})} |
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31 | \label{sec:ALGOS_tra_adv_ubs} |
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32 | |
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33 | The UBS advection scheme is an upstream biased third order scheme based on |
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34 | an upstream-biased parabolic interpolation. |
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35 | It is also known as Cell Averaged QUICK scheme (Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinematics). |
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36 | For example, in the $i$-direction: |
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37 | \begin{equation} |
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38 | \label{eq:ALGOS_tra_adv_ubs2} |
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39 | \tau_u^{ubs} = \left\{ |
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40 | \begin{aligned} |
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41 | & \tau_u^{cen4} + \frac{1}{12} \,\tau"_i & \quad \text{if }\ u_{i+1/2} \geqslant 0 \\ |
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42 | & \tau_u^{cen4} - \frac{1}{12} \,\tau"_{i+1} & \quad \text{if }\ u_{i+1/2} < 0 |
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43 | \end{aligned} |
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44 | \right. |
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45 | \end{equation} |
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46 | or equivalently, the advective flux is |
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47 | \begin{equation} |
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48 | \label{eq:ALGOS_tra_adv_ubs2} |
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49 | U_{i+1/2} \ \tau_u^{ubs} |
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50 | =U_{i+1/2} \ \overline{ T_i - \frac{1}{6}\,\tau"_i }^{\,i+1/2} |
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51 | - \frac{1}{2}\, |U|_{i+1/2} \;\frac{1}{6} \;\delta_{i+1/2}[\tau"_i] |
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52 | \end{equation} |
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53 | where $U_{i+1/2} = e_{1u}\,e_{3u}\,u_{i+1/2}$ and |
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54 | $\tau "_i =\delta_i \left[ {\delta_{i+1/2} \left[ \tau \right]} \right]$. |
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55 | By choosing this expression for $\tau "$ we consider a fourth order approximation of $\partial_i^2$ with |
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56 | a constant i-grid spacing ($\Delta i=1$). |
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57 | |
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58 | Alternative choice: introduce the scale factors: |
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59 | $\tau "_i =\frac{e_{1T}}{e_{2T}\,e_{3T}}\delta_i \left[ \frac{e_{2u} e_{3u} }{e_{1u} }\delta_{i+1/2}[\tau] \right]$. |
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60 | |
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61 | This results in a dissipatively dominant (\ie\ hyper-diffusive) truncation error |
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62 | \citep{shchepetkin.mcwilliams_OM05}. |
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63 | The overall performance of the advection scheme is similar to that reported in \cite{farrow.stevens_JPO95}. |
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64 | It is a relatively good compromise between accuracy and smoothness. |
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65 | It is not a \emph{positive} scheme meaning false extrema are permitted but |
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66 | the amplitude of such are significantly reduced over the centred second order method. |
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67 | Nevertheless it is not recommended to apply it to a passive tracer that requires positivity. |
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68 | |
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69 | The intrinsic diffusion of UBS makes its use risky in the vertical direction where |
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70 | the control of artificial diapycnal fluxes is of paramount importance. |
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71 | It has therefore been preferred to evaluate the vertical flux using the TVD scheme when |
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72 | \np[=.true.]{ln_traadv_ubs}{ln\_traadv\_ubs}. |
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73 | |
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74 | For stability reasons, in \autoref{eq:TRA_adv_ubs}, the first term which corresponds to |
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75 | a second order centred scheme is evaluated using the \textit{now} velocity (centred in time) while |
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76 | the second term which is the diffusive part of the scheme, is evaluated using the \textit{before} velocity |
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77 | (forward in time). |
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78 | This is discussed by \citet{webb.de-cuevas.ea_JAOT98} in the context of the Quick advection scheme. |
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79 | UBS and QUICK schemes only differ by one coefficient. |
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80 | Substituting 1/6 with 1/8 in (\autoref{eq:TRA_adv_ubs}) leads to the QUICK advection scheme \citep{webb.de-cuevas.ea_JAOT98}. |
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81 | This option is not available through a namelist parameter, since the 1/6 coefficient is hard coded. |
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82 | Nevertheless it is quite easy to make the substitution in \mdl{traadv\_ubs} module and obtain a QUICK scheme. |
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83 | |
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84 | NB 1: When a high vertical resolution $O(1m)$ is used, the model stability can be controlled by vertical advection |
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85 | (not vertical diffusion which is usually solved using an implicit scheme). |
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86 | Computer time can be saved by using a time-splitting technique on vertical advection. |
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87 | This possibility have been implemented and validated in ORCA05-L301. |
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88 | It is not currently offered in the current reference version. |
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89 | |
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90 | NB 2: In a forthcoming release four options will be proposed for the vertical component used in the UBS scheme. |
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91 | $\tau_w^{ubs}$ will be evaluated using either \textit{(a)} a centered $2^{nd}$ order scheme, |
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92 | or \textit{(b)} a TVD scheme, or \textit{(c)} an interpolation based on conservative parabolic splines following |
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93 | \citet{shchepetkin.mcwilliams_OM05} implementation of UBS in ROMS, or \textit{(d)} an UBS. |
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94 | The $3^{rd}$ case has dispersion properties similar to an eight-order accurate conventional scheme. |
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95 | |
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96 | NB 3: It is straight forward to rewrite \autoref{eq:TRA_adv_ubs} as follows: |
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97 | \begin{equation} |
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98 | \label{eq:ALGOS_tra_adv_ubs2} |
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99 | \tau_u^{ubs} = \left\{ |
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100 | \begin{aligned} |
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101 | & \tau_u^{cen4} + \frac{1}{12} \tau"_i & \quad \text{if }\ u_{i+1/2} \geqslant 0 \\ |
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102 | & \tau_u^{cen4} - \frac{1}{12} \tau"_{i+1} & \quad \text{if }\ u_{i+1/2} < 0 |
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103 | \end{aligned} |
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104 | \right. |
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105 | \end{equation} |
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106 | or equivalently |
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107 | \begin{equation} |
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108 | \label{eq:ALGOS_tra_adv_ubs2} |
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109 | \begin{split} |
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110 | e_{2u} e_{3u}\,u_{i+1/2} \ \tau_u^{ubs} |
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111 | &= e_{2u} e_{3u}\,u_{i+1/2} \ \overline{ T - \frac{1}{6}\,\tau"_i }^{\,i+1/2} \\ |
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112 | & - \frac{1}{2} e_{2u} e_{3u}\,|u|_{i+1/2} \;\frac{1}{6} \;\delta_{i+1/2}[\tau"_i] |
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113 | \end{split} |
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114 | \end{equation} |
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115 | \autoref{eq:TRA_adv_ubs2} has several advantages. |
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116 | First it clearly evidences that the UBS scheme is based on the fourth order scheme to which |
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117 | is added an upstream biased diffusive term. |
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118 | Second, this emphasises that the $4^{th}$ order part have to be evaluated at \emph{now} time step, |
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119 | not only the $2^{th}$ order part as stated above using \autoref{eq:TRA_adv_ubs}. |
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120 | Third, the diffusive term is in fact a biharmonic operator with a eddy coefficient which |
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121 | is simply proportional to the velocity. |
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122 | |
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123 | laplacian diffusion: |
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124 | \begin{equation} |
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125 | \label{eq:ALGOS_tra_ldf_lap} |
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126 | \begin{split} |
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127 | D_T^{lT} =\frac{1}{e_{1T} \; e_{2T}\; e_{3T} } &\left[ {\quad \delta_i |
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128 | \left[ {A_u^{lT} \frac{e_{2u} e_{3u} }{e_{1u} }\;\delta_{i+1/2} |
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129 | \left[ T \right]} \right]} \right. \\ |
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130 | &\ \left. {+\; \delta_j \left[ |
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131 | {A_v^{lT} \left( {\frac{e_{1v} e_{3v} }{e_{2v} }\;\delta_{j+1/2} \left[ T |
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132 | \right]} \right)} \right]\quad } \right] |
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133 | \end{split} |
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134 | \end{equation} |
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135 | |
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136 | bilaplacian: |
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137 | \begin{equation} |
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138 | \label{eq:ALGOS_tra_ldf_lap} |
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139 | \begin{split} |
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140 | D_T^{lT} =&-\frac{1}{e_{1T} \; e_{2T}\; e_{3T}} \\ |
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141 | & \delta_i \left[ \sqrt{A_u^{lT}}\ \frac{e_{2u}\,e_{3u}}{e_{1u}}\;\delta_{i+1/2} |
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142 | \left[ \frac{1}{e_{1T}\,e_{2T}\, e_{3T}} |
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143 | \delta_i \left[ \sqrt{A_u^{lT}}\ \frac{e_{2u}\,e_{3u}}{e_{1u}}\;\delta_{i+1/2} |
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144 | [T] \right] \right] \right] |
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145 | \end{split} |
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146 | \end{equation} |
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147 | with ${A_u^{lT}}^2 = \frac{1}{12} {e_{1u}}^3\ |u|$, |
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148 | \ie\ $A_u^{lT} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{12}} \,e_{1u}\ \sqrt{ e_{1u}\,|u|\,}$ |
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149 | it comes: |
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150 | \begin{equation} |
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151 | \label{eq:ALGOS_tra_ldf_lap} |
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152 | \begin{split} |
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153 | D_T^{lT} =&-\frac{1}{12}\,\frac{1}{e_{1T} \; e_{2T}\; e_{3T}} \\ |
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154 | & \delta_i \left[ e_{2u}\,e_{3u}\,\sqrt{ e_{1u}\,|u|\,}\;\delta_{i+1/2} |
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155 | \left[ \frac{1}{e_{1T}\,e_{2T}\, e_{3T}} |
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156 | \delta_i \left[ e_{2u}\,e_{3u}\,\sqrt{ e_{1u}\,|u|\,}\;\delta_{i+1/2} |
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157 | [T] \right] \right] \right] |
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158 | \end{split} |
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159 | \end{equation} |
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160 | if the velocity is uniform (\ie\ $|u|=cst$) then the diffusive flux is |
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161 | \begin{equation} |
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162 | \label{eq:ALGOS_tra_ldf_lap} |
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163 | \begin{split} |
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164 | F_u^{lT} = - \frac{1}{12} |
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165 | e_{2u}\,e_{3u}\,|u| \;\sqrt{ e_{1u}}\,\delta_{i+1/2} |
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166 | \left[ \frac{1}{e_{1T}\,e_{2T}\, e_{3T}} |
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167 | \delta_i \left[ e_{2u}\,e_{3u}\,\sqrt{ e_{1u}}\:\delta_{i+1/2} |
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168 | [T] \right] \right] |
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169 | \end{split} |
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170 | \end{equation} |
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171 | beurk.... reverte the logic: starting from the diffusive part of the advective flux it comes: |
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172 | |
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173 | \begin{equation} |
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174 | \label{eq:ALGOS_tra_adv_ubs2} |
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175 | \begin{split} |
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176 | F_u^{lT} &= - \frac{1}{2} e_{2u} e_{3u}\,|u|_{i+1/2} \;\frac{1}{6} \;\delta_{i+1/2}[\tau"_i] |
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177 | \end{split} |
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178 | \end{equation} |
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179 | if the velocity is uniform (\ie\ $|u|=cst$) and |
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180 | choosing $\tau "_i =\frac{e_{1T}}{e_{2T}\,e_{3T}}\delta_i \left[ \frac{e_{2u} e_{3u} }{e_{1u} } \delta_{i+1/2}[\tau] \right]$ |
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181 | |
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182 | sol 1 coefficient at T-point ( add $e_{1u}$ and $e_{1T}$ on both side of first $\delta$): |
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183 | \begin{equation} |
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184 | \label{eq:ALGOS_tra_adv_ubs2} |
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185 | \begin{split} |
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186 | F_u^{lT} &= - \frac{1}{12} \frac{e_{2u} e_{3u}}{e_{1u}}\;\delta_{i+1/2}\left[ \frac{e_{1T}^3\,|u|}{e_{1T}e_{2T}\,e_{3T}}\,\delta_i \left[ \frac{e_{2u} e_{3u} }{e_{1u} } \delta_{i+1/2}[\tau] \right] \right] |
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187 | \end{split} |
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188 | \end{equation} |
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189 | which leads to ${A_T^{lT}}^2 = \frac{1}{12} {e_{1T}}^3\ \overline{|u|}^{\,i+1/2}$ |
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190 | |
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191 | sol 2 coefficient at u-point: split $|u|$ into $\sqrt{|u|}$ and $e_{1T}$ into $\sqrt{e_{1u}}$ |
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192 | \begin{equation} |
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193 | \label{eq:ALGOS_tra_adv_ubs2} |
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194 | \begin{split} |
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195 | F_u^{lT} &= - \frac{1}{12} {e_{1u}}^1 \sqrt{e_{1u}|u|} \frac{e_{2u} e_{3u}}{e_{1u}}\;\delta_{i+1/2}\left[ \frac{1}{e_{2T}\,e_{3T}}\,\delta_i \left[ \sqrt{e_{1u}|u|} \frac{e_{2u} e_{3u} }{e_{1u} } \delta_{i+1/2}[\tau] \right] \right] \\ |
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196 | &= - \frac{1}{12} e_{1u} \sqrt{e_{1u}|u|\,} \frac{e_{2u} e_{3u}}{e_{1u}}\;\delta_{i+1/2}\left[ \frac{1}{e_{1T}\,e_{2T}\,e_{3T}}\,\delta_i \left[ e_{1u} \sqrt{e_{1u}|u|\,} \frac{e_{2u} e_{3u} }{e_{1u}} \delta_{i+1/2}[\tau] \right] \right] |
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197 | \end{split} |
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198 | \end{equation} |
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199 | which leads to ${A_u^{lT}} = \frac{1}{12} {e_{1u}}^3\ |u|$ |
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200 | |
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201 | %% ================================================================================================= |
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202 | \section{Leapfrog energetic} |
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203 | \label{sec:ALGOS_LF} |
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204 | |
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205 | We adopt the following semi-discrete notation for time derivative. |
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206 | Given the values of a variable $q$ at successive time step, |
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207 | the time derivation and averaging operators at the mid time step are: |
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208 | \[ |
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209 | % \label{eq:ALGOS_dt_mt} |
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210 | \begin{split} |
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211 | \delta_{t+\rdt/2} [q] &= \ \ \, q^{t+\rdt} - q^{t} \\ |
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212 | \overline q^{\,t+\rdt/2} &= \left\{ q^{t+\rdt} + q^{t} \right\} \; / \; 2 |
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213 | \end{split} |
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214 | \] |
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215 | As for space operator, |
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216 | the adjoint of the derivation and averaging time operators are $\delta_t^*=\delta_{t+\rdt/2}$ and |
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217 | $\overline{\cdot}^{\,t\,*}= \overline{\cdot}^{\,t+\Delta/2}$, respectively. |
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218 | |
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219 | The Leap-frog time stepping given by \autoref{eq:DOM_nxt} can be defined as: |
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220 | \[ |
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221 | % \label{eq:ALGOS_LF} |
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222 | \frac{\partial q}{\partial t} |
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223 | \equiv \frac{1}{\rdt} \overline{ \delta_{t+\rdt/2}[q]}^{\,t} |
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224 | = \frac{q^{t+\rdt}-q^{t-\rdt}}{2\rdt} |
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225 | \] |
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226 | Note that \autoref{chap:LF} shows that the leapfrog time step is $\rdt$, |
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227 | not $2\rdt$ as it can be found sometimes in literature. |
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228 | The leap-Frog time stepping is a second order centered scheme. |
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229 | As such it respects the quadratic invariant in integral forms, \ie\ the following continuous property, |
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230 | \[ |
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231 | % \label{eq:ALGOS_Energy} |
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232 | \int_{t_0}^{t_1} {q\, \frac{\partial q}{\partial t} \;dt} |
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233 | =\int_{t_0}^{t_1} {\frac{1}{2}\, \frac{\partial q^2}{\partial t} \;dt} |
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234 | = \frac{1}{2} \left( {q_{t_1}}^2 - {q_{t_0}}^2 \right) , |
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235 | \] |
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236 | is satisfied in discrete form. |
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237 | Indeed, |
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238 | \[ |
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239 | \begin{split} |
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240 | \int_{t_0}^{t_1} {q\, \frac{\partial q}{\partial t} \;dt} |
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241 | &\equiv \sum\limits_{0}^{N} |
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242 | {\frac{1}{\rdt} q^t \ \overline{ \delta_{t+\rdt/2}[q]}^{\,t} \ \rdt} |
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243 | \equiv \sum\limits_{0}^{N} { q^t \ \overline{ \delta_{t+\rdt/2}[q]}^{\,t} } \\ |
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244 | &\equiv \sum\limits_{0}^{N} { \overline{q}^{\,t+\Delta/2}{ \delta_{t+\rdt/2}[q]}} |
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245 | \equiv \sum\limits_{0}^{N} { \frac{1}{2} \delta_{t+\rdt/2}[q^2] }\\ |
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246 | &\equiv \sum\limits_{0}^{N} { \frac{1}{2} \delta_{t+\rdt/2}[q^2] } |
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247 | \equiv \frac{1}{2} \left( {q_{t_1}}^2 - {q_{t_0}}^2 \right) |
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248 | \end{split} |
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249 | \] |
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250 | NB here pb of boundary condition when applying the adjoint! |
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251 | In space, setting to 0 the quantity in land area is sufficient to get rid of the boundary condition |
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252 | (equivalently of the boundary value of the integration by part). |
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253 | In time this boundary condition is not physical and \textbf{add something here!!!} |
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254 | |
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255 | %% ================================================================================================= |
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256 | \section{Lateral diffusion operator} |
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257 | |
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258 | %% ================================================================================================= |
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259 | \subsection{Griffies iso-neutral diffusion operator} |
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260 | |
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261 | Let try to define a scheme that get its inspiration from the \citet{griffies.gnanadesikan.ea_JPO98} scheme, |
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262 | but is formulated within the \NEMO\ framework |
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263 | (\ie\ using scale factors rather than grid-size and having a position of $T$-points that |
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264 | is not necessary in the middle of vertical velocity points, see \autoref{fig:DOM_zgr_e3}). |
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265 | |
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266 | In the formulation \autoref{eq:TRA_ldf_iso} introduced in 1995 in OPA, the ancestor of \NEMO, |
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267 | the off-diagonal terms of the small angle diffusion tensor contain several double spatial averages of a gradient, |
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268 | for example $\overline{\overline{\delta_k \cdot}}^{\,i,k}$. |
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269 | It is apparent that the combination of a $k$ average and a $k$ derivative of the tracer allows for |
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270 | the presence of grid point oscillation structures that will be invisible to the operator. |
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271 | These structures are \textit{computational modes}. |
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272 | They will not be damped by the iso-neutral operator, and even possibly amplified by it. |
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273 | In other word, the operator applied to a tracer does not warranties the decrease of its global average variance. |
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274 | To circumvent this, we have introduced a smoothing of the slopes of the iso-neutral surfaces |
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275 | (see \autoref{chap:LDF}). |
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276 | Nevertheless, this technique works fine for $T$ and $S$ as they are active tracers |
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277 | (\ie\ they enter the computation of density), but it does not work for a passive tracer. |
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278 | \citep{griffies.gnanadesikan.ea_JPO98} introduce a different way to discretise the off-diagonal terms that |
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279 | nicely solve the problem. |
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280 | The idea is to get rid of combinations of an averaged in one direction combined with |
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281 | a derivative in the same direction by considering triads. |
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282 | For example in the (\textbf{i},\textbf{k}) plane, the four triads are defined at the $(i,k)$ $T$-point as follows: |
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283 | \begin{equation} |
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284 | \label{eq:ALGOS_Gf_triads} |
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285 | _i^k \mathbb{T}_{i_p}^{k_p} (T) |
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286 | = \frac{1}{4} \ {b_u}_{\,i+i_p}^{\,k} \ A_i^k \left( |
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287 | \frac{ \delta_{i + i_p}[T^k] }{ {e_{1u}}_{\,i + i_p}^{\,k} } |
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288 | -\ {_i^k \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p}} \ \frac{ \delta_{k+k_p} [T^i] }{ {e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+k_p} } |
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289 | \right) |
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290 | \end{equation} |
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291 | where the indices $i_p$ and $k_p$ define the four triads and take the following value: |
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292 | $i_p = -1/2$ or $1/2$ and $k_p = -1/2$ or $1/2$, |
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293 | $b_u= e_{1u}\,e_{2u}\,e_{3u}$ is the volume of $u$-cells, |
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294 | $A_i^k$ is the lateral eddy diffusivity coefficient defined at $T$-point, |
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295 | and $_i^k \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p}$ is the slope associated with each triad: |
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296 | \begin{equation} |
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297 | \label{eq:ALGOS_Gf_slopes} |
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298 | _i^k \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p} |
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299 | =\frac{ {e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+k_p}} { {e_{1u}}_{\,i+i_p}^{\,k}} \ \frac |
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300 | {\left(\alpha / \beta \right)_i^k \ \delta_{i + i_p}[T^k] - \delta_{i + i_p}[S^k] } |
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301 | {\left(\alpha / \beta \right)_i^k \ \delta_{k+k_p}[T^i ] - \delta_{k+k_p}[S^i ] } |
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302 | \end{equation} |
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303 | Note that in \autoref{eq:ALGOS_Gf_slopes} we use the ratio $\alpha / \beta$ instead of |
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304 | multiplying the temperature derivative by $\alpha$ and the salinity derivative by $\beta$. |
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305 | This is more efficient as the ratio $\alpha / \beta$ can to be evaluated directly. |
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306 | |
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307 | Note that in \autoref{eq:ALGOS_Gf_triads}, we chose to use ${b_u}_{\,i+i_p}^{\,k}$ instead of ${b_{uw}}_{\,i+i_p}^{\,k+k_p}$. |
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308 | This choice has been motivated by the decrease of tracer variance and |
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309 | the presence of partial cell at the ocean bottom (see \autoref{subsec:ALGOS_Gf_operator}). |
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310 | |
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311 | \begin{figure}[!ht] |
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312 | \centering |
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313 | \includegraphics[width=0.66\textwidth]{ALGOS_ISO_triad} |
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314 | \caption[Triads used in the Griffies's like iso-neutral diffision scheme for |
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315 | $u$- and $w$-components)]{ |
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316 | Triads used in the Griffies's like iso-neutral diffision scheme for |
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317 | $u$-component (upper panel) and $w$-component (lower panel).} |
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318 | \label{fig:ALGOS_ISO_triad} |
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319 | \end{figure} |
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320 | |
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321 | The four iso-neutral fluxes associated with the triads are defined at $T$-point. |
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322 | They take the following expression: |
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323 | \begin{flalign*} |
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324 | % \label{eq:ALGOS_Gf_fluxes} |
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325 | \begin{split} |
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326 | {_i^k {\mathbb{F}_u}_{i_p}^{k_p} } (T) |
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327 | &= \ \; \qquad \quad { _i^k \mathbb{T}_{i_p}^{k_p} }(T) \;\ / \ { {e_{1u}}_{\,i+i_p}^{\,k}} \\ |
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328 | {_i^k {\mathbb{F}_w}_{i_p}^{k_p} } (T) |
---|
329 | &= -\; { _i^k \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p} } |
---|
330 | \ \; { _i^k \mathbb{T}_{i_p}^{k_p} }(T) \;\ / \ { {e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+k_p}} |
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331 | \end{split} |
---|
332 | \end{flalign*} |
---|
333 | |
---|
334 | The resulting iso-neutral fluxes at $u$- and $w$-points are then given by |
---|
335 | the sum of the fluxes that cross the $u$- and $w$-face (\autoref{fig:TRIADS_ISO_triad}): |
---|
336 | \begin{flalign} |
---|
337 | \label{eq:ALGOS_iso_flux} |
---|
338 | \textbf{F}_{iso}(T) |
---|
339 | &\equiv \sum_{\substack{i_p,\,k_p}} |
---|
340 | \begin{pmatrix} |
---|
341 | {_{i+1/2-i_p}^k {\mathbb{F}_u}_{i_p}^{k_p} } (T) \\ \\ |
---|
342 | {_i^{k+1/2-k_p} {\mathbb{F}_w}_{i_p}^{k_p} } (T) |
---|
343 | \end{pmatrix} |
---|
344 | \notag \\ |
---|
345 | & \notag \\ |
---|
346 | &\equiv \sum_{\substack{i_p,\,k_p}} |
---|
347 | \begin{pmatrix} |
---|
348 | && { _{i+1/2-i_p}^k \mathbb{T}_{i_p}^{k_p} }(T) \;\ / \ { {e_{1u}}_{\,i+1/2}^{\,k} } \\ \\ |
---|
349 | & -\; { _i^{k+1/2-k_p} \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p} } |
---|
350 | & {_i^{k+1/2-k_p} \mathbb{T}_{i_p}^{k_p} }(T) \;\ / \ { {e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+1/2} } |
---|
351 | \end{pmatrix} % \\ |
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352 | % &\\ |
---|
353 | % &\equiv \sum_{\substack{i_p,\,k_p}} |
---|
354 | % \begin{pmatrix} |
---|
355 | % \qquad \qquad \qquad |
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356 | % \frac{1}{ {e_{1u}}_{\,i+1/2}^{\,k} } \ \; |
---|
357 | % { _{i+1/2-i_p}^k \mathbb{T}_{i_p}^{k_p} }(T)\\ |
---|
358 | % \\ |
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359 | % -\frac{1}{ {e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+1/2} } \ \; |
---|
360 | % { _i^{k+1/2-k_p} \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p} } \ \; |
---|
361 | % {_i^{k+1/2-k_p} \mathbb{T}_{i_p}^{k_p} }(T)\\ |
---|
362 | % \end{pmatrix} |
---|
363 | \end{flalign} |
---|
364 | resulting in a iso-neutral diffusion tendency on temperature given by |
---|
365 | the divergence of the sum of all the four triad fluxes: |
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366 | \begin{equation} |
---|
367 | \label{eq:ALGOS_Gf_operator} |
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368 | D_l^T = \frac{1}{b_T} \sum_{\substack{i_p,\,k_p}} \left\{ |
---|
369 | \delta_{i} \left[{_{i+1/2-i_p}^k {\mathbb{F}_u }_{i_p}^{k_p}} \right] |
---|
370 | + \delta_{k} \left[ {_i^{k+1/2-k_p} {\mathbb{F}_w}_{i_p}^{k_p}} \right] \right\} |
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371 | \end{equation} |
---|
372 | where $b_T= e_{1T}\,e_{2T}\,e_{3T}$ is the volume of $T$-cells. |
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373 | |
---|
374 | This expression of the iso-neutral diffusion has been chosen in order to satisfy the following six properties: |
---|
375 | \begin{description} |
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376 | \item [Horizontal diffusion] The discretization of the diffusion operator recovers the traditional five-point Laplacian in the limit of flat iso-neutral direction: |
---|
377 | \[ |
---|
378 | % \label{eq:ALGOS_Gf_property1a} |
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379 | D_l^T = \frac{1}{b_T} \ \delta_{i} |
---|
380 | \left[ \frac{e_{2u}\,e_{3u}}{e_{1u}} \; \overline{A}^{\,i} \; \delta_{i+1/2}[T] \right] |
---|
381 | \qquad \text{when} \quad |
---|
382 | { _i^k \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p} }=0 |
---|
383 | \] |
---|
384 | \item [Implicit treatment in the vertical] In the diagonal term associated with the vertical divergence of the iso-neutral fluxes |
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385 | \ie\ the term associated with a second order vertical derivative) |
---|
386 | appears only tracer values associated with a single water column. |
---|
387 | This is of paramount importance since it means that |
---|
388 | the implicit in time algorithm for solving the vertical diffusion equation can be used to evaluate this term. |
---|
389 | It is a necessity since the vertical eddy diffusivity associated with this term, |
---|
390 | \[ |
---|
391 | \sum_{\substack{i_p, \,k_p}} \left\{ |
---|
392 | A_i^k \; \left(_i^k \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p}\right)^2 |
---|
393 | \right\} |
---|
394 | \] |
---|
395 | can be quite large. |
---|
396 | \item [Pure iso-neutral operator] The iso-neutral flux of locally referenced potential density is zero, \ie |
---|
397 | \begin{align*} |
---|
398 | % \label{eq:ALGOS_Gf_property2} |
---|
399 | \begin{matrix} |
---|
400 | &{_i^k {\mathbb{F}_u}_{i_p}^{k_p} (\rho)} |
---|
401 | &= &\alpha_i^k &{_i^k {\mathbb{F}_u}_{i_p}^{k_p} } (T) |
---|
402 | &- \ \; \beta _i^k &{_i^k {\mathbb{F}_u}_{i_p}^{k_p} } (S) & = \ 0 \\ |
---|
403 | &{_i^k {\mathbb{F}_w}_{i_p}^{k_p} (\rho)} |
---|
404 | &= &\alpha_i^k &{_i^k {\mathbb{F}_w}_{i_p}^{k_p} } (T) |
---|
405 | &- \ \; \beta _i^k &{_i^k {\mathbb{F}_w}_{i_p}^{k_p} } (S) &= \ 0 |
---|
406 | \end{matrix} |
---|
407 | \end{align*} |
---|
408 | This result is trivially obtained using the \autoref{eq:ALGOS_Gf_triads} applied to $T$ and $S$ and |
---|
409 | the definition of the triads' slopes \autoref{eq:ALGOS_Gf_slopes}. |
---|
410 | \item [Conservation of tracer] The iso-neutral diffusion term conserve the total tracer content, \ie |
---|
411 | \[ |
---|
412 | % \label{eq:ALGOS_Gf_property1} |
---|
413 | \sum_{i,j,k} \left\{ D_l^T \ b_T \right\} = 0 |
---|
414 | \] |
---|
415 | This property is trivially satisfied since the iso-neutral diffusive operator is written in flux form. |
---|
416 | \item [Decrease of tracer variance] The iso-neutral diffusion term does not increase the total tracer variance, \ie |
---|
417 | \[ |
---|
418 | % \label{eq:ALGOS_Gf_property1} |
---|
419 | \sum_{i,j,k} \left\{ T \ D_l^T \ b_T \right\} \leq 0 |
---|
420 | \] |
---|
421 | The property is demonstrated in the \autoref{subsec:ALGOS_Gf_operator}. |
---|
422 | It is a key property for a diffusion term. |
---|
423 | It means that the operator is also a dissipation term, |
---|
424 | \ie\ it is a sink term for the square of the quantity on which it is applied. |
---|
425 | It therfore ensures that, when the diffusivity coefficient is large enough, |
---|
426 | the field on which it is applied become free of grid-point noise. |
---|
427 | \item [Self-adjoint operator] The iso-neutral diffusion operator is self-adjoint, \ie |
---|
428 | \[ |
---|
429 | % \label{eq:ALGOS_Gf_property1} |
---|
430 | \sum_{i,j,k} \left\{ S \ D_l^T \ b_T \right\} = \sum_{i,j,k} \left\{ D_l^S \ T \ b_T \right\} |
---|
431 | \] |
---|
432 | In other word, there is no needs to develop a specific routine from the adjoint of this operator. |
---|
433 | We just have to apply the same routine. |
---|
434 | This properties can be demonstrated quite easily in a similar way the "non increase of tracer variance" property |
---|
435 | has been proved (see \autoref{apdx:ALGOS_Gf_operator}). |
---|
436 | \end{description} |
---|
437 | |
---|
438 | %% ================================================================================================= |
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439 | \subsection{Eddy induced velocity and skew flux formulation} |
---|
440 | |
---|
441 | When Gent and McWilliams [1990] diffusion is used (\key{traldf\_eiv} defined), |
---|
442 | an additional advection term is added. |
---|
443 | The associated velocity is the so called eddy induced velocity, |
---|
444 | the formulation of which depends on the slopes of iso-neutral surfaces. |
---|
445 | Contrary to the case of iso-neutral mixing, the slopes used here are referenced to the geopotential surfaces, |
---|
446 | \ie\ \autoref{eq:LDF_slp_geo} is used in $z$-coordinate, |
---|
447 | and the sum \autoref{eq:LDF_slp_geo} + \autoref{eq:LDF_slp_iso} in $z^*$ or $s$-coordinates. |
---|
448 | |
---|
449 | The eddy induced velocity is given by: |
---|
450 | \begin{equation} |
---|
451 | \label{eq:ALGOS_eiv_v} |
---|
452 | \begin{split} |
---|
453 | u^* & = - \frac{1}{e_2\,e_{3}} \;\partial_k \left( e_2 \, A_e \; r_i \right) |
---|
454 | = - \frac{1}{e_3} \;\partial_k \left( A_e \; r_i \right) \\ |
---|
455 | v^* & = - \frac{1}{e_1\,e_3}\; \partial_k \left( e_1 \, A_e \; r_j \right) |
---|
456 | = - \frac{1}{e_3} \;\partial_k \left( A_e \; r_j \right) \\ |
---|
457 | w^* & = \frac{1}{e_1\,e_2}\; \left\{ \partial_i \left( e_2 \, A_e \; r_i \right) |
---|
458 | + \partial_j \left( e_1 \, A_e \;r_j \right) \right\} |
---|
459 | \end{split} |
---|
460 | \end{equation} |
---|
461 | where $A_{e}$ is the eddy induced velocity coefficient, |
---|
462 | and $r_i$ and $r_j$ the slopes between the iso-neutral and the geopotential surfaces. |
---|
463 | %%gm wrong: to be modified with 2 2D streamfunctions |
---|
464 | In other words, the eddy induced velocity can be derived from a vector streamfuntion, $\phi$, |
---|
465 | which is given by $\phi = A_e\,\textbf{r}$ as $\textbf{U}^* = \textbf{k} \times \nabla \phi$. |
---|
466 | %%end gm |
---|
467 | |
---|
468 | A traditional way to implement this additional advection is to add it to the eulerian velocity prior to |
---|
469 | compute the tracer advection. |
---|
470 | This allows us to take advantage of all the advection schemes offered for the tracers |
---|
471 | (see \autoref{sec:TRA_adv}) and not just a $2^{nd}$ order advection scheme. |
---|
472 | This is particularly useful for passive tracers where |
---|
473 | \emph{positivity} of the advection scheme is of paramount importance. |
---|
474 | % give here the expression using the triads. It is different from the one given in \autoref{eq:LDF_eiv} |
---|
475 | % see just below a copy of this equation: |
---|
476 | %\begin{equation} \label{eq:ALGOS_ldfeiv} |
---|
477 | %\begin{split} |
---|
478 | % u^* & = \frac{1}{e_{2u}e_{3u}}\; \delta_k \left[e_{2u} \, A_{uw}^{eiv} \; \overline{r_{1w}}^{\,i+1/2} \right]\\ |
---|
479 | % v^* & = \frac{1}{e_{1u}e_{3v}}\; \delta_k \left[e_{1v} \, A_{vw}^{eiv} \; \overline{r_{2w}}^{\,j+1/2} \right]\\ |
---|
480 | %w^* & = \frac{1}{e_{1w}e_{2w}}\; \left\{ \delta_i \left[e_{2u} \, A_{uw}^{eiv} \; \overline{r_{1w}}^{\,i+1/2} \right] + %\delta_j \left[e_{1v} \, A_{vw}^{eiv} \; \overline{r_{2w}}^{\,j+1/2} \right] \right\} \\ |
---|
481 | %\end{split} |
---|
482 | %\end{equation} |
---|
483 | \[ |
---|
484 | % \label{eq:ALGOS_eiv_vd} |
---|
485 | \textbf{F}_{eiv}^T \equiv \left( |
---|
486 | \begin{aligned} |
---|
487 | \sum_{\substack{i_p,\,k_p}} & |
---|
488 | +{e_{2u}}_{i+1/2-i_p}^{k} \ \ {A_{e}}_{i+1/2-i_p}^{k} |
---|
489 | \ \ \ { _{i+1/2-i_p}^k \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p} } \ \ \delta_{k+k_p}[T_{i+1/2-i_p}] \\ \\ |
---|
490 | \sum_{\substack{i_p,\,k_p}} & |
---|
491 | - {e_{2u}}_i^{k+1/2-k_p} \ {A_{e}}_i^{k+1/2-k_p} |
---|
492 | \ \ { _i^{k+1/2-k_p} \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p} } \ \delta_{i+i_p}[T^{k+1/2-k_p}] |
---|
493 | \end{aligned} |
---|
494 | \right) |
---|
495 | \] |
---|
496 | |
---|
497 | \citep{griffies_JPO98} introduces another way to implement the eddy induced advection, the so-called skew form. |
---|
498 | It is based on a transformation of the advective fluxes using the non-divergent nature of the eddy induced velocity. |
---|
499 | For example in the (\textbf{i},\textbf{k}) plane, the tracer advective fluxes can be transformed as follows: |
---|
500 | \begin{flalign*} |
---|
501 | \begin{split} |
---|
502 | \textbf{F}_{eiv}^T = |
---|
503 | \begin{pmatrix} |
---|
504 | {e_{2}\,e_{3}\; u^*} \\ |
---|
505 | {e_{1}\,e_{2}\; w^*} |
---|
506 | \end{pmatrix} |
---|
507 | \; T |
---|
508 | &= |
---|
509 | \begin{pmatrix} |
---|
510 | { - \partial_k \left( e_{2} \, A_{e} \; r_i \right) \; T \;} \\ |
---|
511 | {+ \partial_i \left( e_{2} \, A_{e} \; r_i \right) \; T \;} |
---|
512 | \end{pmatrix} |
---|
513 | \\ |
---|
514 | &= |
---|
515 | \begin{pmatrix} |
---|
516 | { - \partial_k \left( e_{2} \, A_{e} \; r_i \; T \right) \;} \\ |
---|
517 | {+ \partial_i \left( e_{2} \, A_{e} \; r_i \; T \right) \;} |
---|
518 | \end{pmatrix} |
---|
519 | + |
---|
520 | \begin{pmatrix} |
---|
521 | {+ e_{2} \, A_{e} \; r_i \; \partial_k T} \\ |
---|
522 | { - e_{2} \, A_{e} \; r_i \; \partial_i T} |
---|
523 | \end{pmatrix} |
---|
524 | \end{split} |
---|
525 | \end{flalign*} |
---|
526 | and since the eddy induces velocity field is no-divergent, |
---|
527 | we end up with the skew form of the eddy induced advective fluxes: |
---|
528 | \begin{equation} |
---|
529 | \label{eq:ALGOS_eiv_skew_continuous} |
---|
530 | \textbf{F}_{eiv}^T = |
---|
531 | \begin{pmatrix} |
---|
532 | {+ e_{2} \, A_{e} \; r_i \; \partial_k T} \\ |
---|
533 | { - e_{2} \, A_{e} \; r_i \; \partial_i T} |
---|
534 | \end{pmatrix} |
---|
535 | \end{equation} |
---|
536 | The tendency associated with eddy induced velocity is then simply the divergence of |
---|
537 | the \autoref{eq:ALGOS_eiv_skew_continuous} fluxes. |
---|
538 | It naturally conserves the tracer content, as it is expressed in flux form and, |
---|
539 | as the advective form, it preserves the tracer variance. |
---|
540 | Another interesting property of \autoref{eq:ALGOS_eiv_skew_continuous} form is that when $A=A_e$, |
---|
541 | a simplification occurs in the sum of the iso-neutral diffusion and eddy induced velocity terms: |
---|
542 | \begin{flalign*} |
---|
543 | % \label{eq:ALGOS_eiv_skew+eiv_continuous} |
---|
544 | \textbf{F}_{iso}^T + \textbf{F}_{eiv}^T &= |
---|
545 | \begin{pmatrix} |
---|
546 | + \frac{e_2\,e_3\,}{e_1} A \;\partial_i T - e_2 \, A \; r_i \;\partial_k T \\ |
---|
547 | - e_2 \, A_{e} \; r_i \;\partial_i T + \frac{e_1\,e_2}{e_3} \, A \; r_i^2 \;\partial_k T |
---|
548 | \end{pmatrix} |
---|
549 | + |
---|
550 | \begin{pmatrix} |
---|
551 | {+ e_{2} \, A_{e} \; r_i \; \partial_k T} \\ |
---|
552 | { - e_{2} \, A_{e} \; r_i \; \partial_i T} |
---|
553 | \end{pmatrix} |
---|
554 | \\ |
---|
555 | &= |
---|
556 | \begin{pmatrix} |
---|
557 | + \frac{e_2\,e_3\,}{e_1} A \;\partial_i T \\ |
---|
558 | - 2\; e_2 \, A_{e} \; r_i \;\partial_i T + \frac{e_1\,e_2}{e_3} \, A \; r_i^2 \;\partial_k T |
---|
559 | \end{pmatrix} |
---|
560 | \end{flalign*} |
---|
561 | The horizontal component reduces to the one use for an horizontal laplacian operator and |
---|
562 | the vertical one keeps the same complexity, but not more. |
---|
563 | This property has been used to reduce the computational time \citep{griffies_JPO98}, |
---|
564 | but it is not of practical use as usually $A \neq A_e$. |
---|
565 | Nevertheless this property can be used to choose a discret form of \autoref{eq:ALGOS_eiv_skew_continuous} which |
---|
566 | is consistent with the iso-neutral operator \autoref{eq:ALGOS_Gf_operator}. |
---|
567 | Using the slopes \autoref{eq:ALGOS_Gf_slopes} and defining $A_e$ at $T$-point(\ie\ as $A$, |
---|
568 | the eddy diffusivity coefficient), the resulting discret form is given by: |
---|
569 | \begin{equation} |
---|
570 | \label{eq:ALGOS_eiv_skew} |
---|
571 | \textbf{F}_{eiv}^T \equiv \frac{1}{4} \left( |
---|
572 | \begin{aligned} |
---|
573 | \sum_{\substack{i_p,\,k_p}} & |
---|
574 | +{e_{2u}}_{i+1/2-i_p}^{k} \ \ {A_{e}}_{i+1/2-i_p}^{k} |
---|
575 | \ \ \ { _{i+1/2-i_p}^k \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p} } \ \ \delta_{k+k_p}[T_{i+1/2-i_p}] \\ \\ |
---|
576 | \sum_{\substack{i_p,\,k_p}} & |
---|
577 | - {e_{2u}}_i^{k+1/2-k_p} \ {A_{e}}_i^{k+1/2-k_p} |
---|
578 | \ \ { _i^{k+1/2-k_p} \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p} } \ \delta_{i+i_p}[T^{k+1/2-k_p}] |
---|
579 | \end{aligned} |
---|
580 | \right) |
---|
581 | \end{equation} |
---|
582 | Note that \autoref{eq:ALGOS_eiv_skew} is valid in $z$-coordinate with or without partial cells. |
---|
583 | In $z^*$ or $s$-coordinate, the slope between the level and the geopotential surfaces must be added to |
---|
584 | $\mathbb{R}$ for the discret form to be exact. |
---|
585 | |
---|
586 | Such a choice of discretisation is consistent with the iso-neutral operator as |
---|
587 | it uses the same definition for the slopes. |
---|
588 | It also ensures the conservation of the tracer variance (see \autoref{subsec:ALGOS_eiv_skew}), |
---|
589 | \ie\ it does not include a diffusive component but is a "pure" advection term. |
---|
590 | |
---|
591 | %% ================================================================================================= |
---|
592 | \subsection{Discrete invariants of the iso-neutral diffrusion} |
---|
593 | \label{subsec:ALGOS_Gf_operator} |
---|
594 | |
---|
595 | Demonstration of the decrease of the tracer variance in the (\textbf{i},\textbf{j}) plane. |
---|
596 | |
---|
597 | This part will be moved in an Appendix. |
---|
598 | |
---|
599 | The continuous property to be demonstrated is: |
---|
600 | \[ |
---|
601 | \int_D D_l^T \; T \;dv \leq 0 |
---|
602 | \] |
---|
603 | The discrete form of its left hand side is obtained using \autoref{eq:TRIADS_iso_flux} |
---|
604 | |
---|
605 | \begin{align*} |
---|
606 | &\int_D D_l^T \; T \;dv \equiv \sum_{i,k} \left\{ T \ D_l^T \ b_T \right\} \\ |
---|
607 | &\equiv + \sum_{i,k} \sum_{\substack{i_p,\,k_p}} \left\{ |
---|
608 | \delta_{i} \left[{_{i+1/2-i_p}^k {\mathbb{F}_u }_{i_p}^{k_p}} \right] |
---|
609 | + \delta_{k} \left[ {_i^{k+1/2-k_p} {\mathbb{F}_w}_{i_p}^{k_p}} \right] \ T \right\} \\ |
---|
610 | &\equiv - \sum_{i,k} \sum_{\substack{i_p,\,k_p}} \left\{ |
---|
611 | {_{i+1/2-i_p}^k {\mathbb{F}_u }_{i_p}^{k_p}} \ \delta_{i+1/2} [T] |
---|
612 | + {_i^{k+1/2-k_p} {\mathbb{F}_w}_{i_p}^{k_p}} \ \delta_{k+1/2} [T] \right\} \\ |
---|
613 | &\equiv -\sum_{i,k} \sum_{\substack{i_p,\,k_p}} \left\{ |
---|
614 | \frac{ _{i+1/2-i_p}^k \mathbb{T}_{i_p}^{k_p} (T) }{ {e_{1u}}_{\,i+1/2}^{\,k} } \ \delta_{i+1/2} [T] |
---|
615 | - { _i^{k+1/2-k_p} \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p} } \ \; |
---|
616 | \frac{ _i^{k+1/2-k_p} \mathbb{T}_{i_p}^{k_p} (T) }{ {e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+1/2} } \ \delta_{k+1/2} [T] |
---|
617 | \right\} \\ |
---|
618 | % |
---|
619 | \allowdisplaybreaks |
---|
620 | \intertext{ Expending the summation on $i_p$ and $k_p$, it becomes:} |
---|
621 | % |
---|
622 | &\equiv -\sum_{i,k} |
---|
623 | \begin{Bmatrix} |
---|
624 | &\ \ \Bigl( { _{i+1}^{k} \mathbb{T}_{-1/2}^{-1/2} (T) } |
---|
625 | &\frac{ \delta_{i +1/2} [T] }{{e_{1u} }_{\,i+1/2}^{\,k}} |
---|
626 | & -\ \ {_{i}^{k+1} \mathbb{R}_{-1/2}^{-1/2}} |
---|
627 | & {_{i}^{k+1} \mathbb{T}_{-1/2}^{-1/2} (T) } |
---|
628 | &\frac{ \delta_{k+1/2} [T] }{{e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+1/2}} \Bigr) |
---|
629 | & \\ |
---|
630 | &+\Bigl( \ \;\; { _i^k \mathbb{T}_{+1/2}^{-1/2} (T) } |
---|
631 | &\frac{ \delta_{i +1/2} [T] }{{e_{1u} }_{\,i+1/2}^{\,k}} |
---|
632 | & -\ \ {_i^{k+1} \mathbb{R}_{+1/2}^{-1/2}} |
---|
633 | & { _i^{k+1} \mathbb{T}_{+1/2}^{-1/2} (T) } |
---|
634 | &\frac{ \delta_{k+1/2} [T] }{{e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+1/2}} \Bigr) |
---|
635 | & \\ |
---|
636 | &+\Bigl( { _{i+1}^{k} \mathbb{T}_{-1/2}^{+1/2} (T) } |
---|
637 | &\frac{ \delta_{i +1/2} [T] }{{e_{1u} }_{\,i+1/2}^{\,k}} |
---|
638 | & -\ \ \ \;\;{_{i}^{k} \mathbb{R}_{-1/2}^{+1/2}} |
---|
639 | & \ \;\;{_{i}^{k} \mathbb{T}_{-1/2}^{+1/2} (T) } |
---|
640 | &\frac{ \delta_{k+1/2} [T] }{{e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+1/2}} \Bigr) |
---|
641 | & \\ |
---|
642 | &+\Bigl( \ \;\; { _{i}^{k} \mathbb{T}_{+1/2}^{+1/2} (T) } |
---|
643 | &\frac{ \delta_{i +1/2} [T] }{{e_{1u} }_{\,i+1/2}^{\,k}} |
---|
644 | & -\ \ \ \;\;{_{i}^{k} \mathbb{R}_{+1/2}^{+1/2}} |
---|
645 | & \ \;\;{_{i}^{k} \mathbb{T}_{+1/2}^{+1/2} (T) } |
---|
646 | &\frac{ \delta_{k+1/2} [T] }{{e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+1/2}} \Bigr) \\ |
---|
647 | \end{Bmatrix} |
---|
648 | % |
---|
649 | \allowdisplaybreaks |
---|
650 | \intertext{ |
---|
651 | The summation is done over all $i$ and $k$ indices, |
---|
652 | it is therefore possible to introduce a shift of $-1$ either in $i$ or $k$ direction in order to |
---|
653 | regroup all the terms of the summation by triad at a ($i$,$k$) point. |
---|
654 | In other words, we regroup all the terms in the neighbourhood that contain a triad at the same ($i$,$k$) indices. |
---|
655 | It becomes: |
---|
656 | } |
---|
657 | % |
---|
658 | &\equiv -\sum_{i,k} |
---|
659 | \begin{Bmatrix} |
---|
660 | &\ \ \Bigl( {_i^k \mathbb{T}_{-1/2}^{-1/2} (T) } |
---|
661 | &\frac{ \delta_{i -1/2} [T] }{{e_{1u} }_{\,i-1/2}^{\,k}} |
---|
662 | & -\ \ {_i^k \mathbb{R}_{-1/2}^{-1/2}} |
---|
663 | & {_i^k \mathbb{T}_{-1/2}^{-1/2} (T) } |
---|
664 | &\frac{ \delta_{k-1/2} [T] }{{e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k-1/2}} \Bigr) |
---|
665 | & \\ |
---|
666 | &+\Bigl( { _i^k \mathbb{T}_{+1/2}^{-1/2} (T) } |
---|
667 | &\frac{ \delta_{i +1/2} [T] }{{e_{1u} }_{\,i+1/2}^{\,k}} |
---|
668 | & -\ \ {_i^k \mathbb{R}_{+1/2}^{-1/2}} |
---|
669 | & { _i^k \mathbb{T}_{+1/2}^{-1/2} (T) } |
---|
670 | &\frac{ \delta_{k-1/2} [T] }{{e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k-1/2}} \Bigr) |
---|
671 | & \\ |
---|
672 | &+\Bigl( {_i^k \mathbb{T}_{-1/2}^{+1/2} (T) } |
---|
673 | &\frac{ \delta_{i -1/2} [T] }{{e_{1u} }_{\,i-1/2}^{\,k}} |
---|
674 | & -\ \ {_i^k \mathbb{R}_{-1/2}^{+1/2}} |
---|
675 | & {_i^k \mathbb{T}_{-1/2}^{+1/2} (T) } |
---|
676 | &\frac{ \delta_{k+1/2} [T] }{{e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+1/2}} \Bigr) |
---|
677 | & \\ |
---|
678 | &+\Bigl( { _i^k \mathbb{T}_{+1/2}^{+1/2} (T) } |
---|
679 | &\frac{ \delta_{i +1/2} [T] }{{e_{1u} }_{\,i+1/2}^{\,k}} |
---|
680 | & -\ \ {_i^k \mathbb{R}_{+1/2}^{+1/2}} |
---|
681 | & {_i^k \mathbb{T}_{+1/2}^{+1/2} (T) } |
---|
682 | &\frac{ \delta_{k+1/2} [T] }{{e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+1/2}} \Bigr) \\ |
---|
683 | \end{Bmatrix} \\ |
---|
684 | % |
---|
685 | \allowdisplaybreaks |
---|
686 | \intertext{ |
---|
687 | Then outing in factor the triad in each of the four terms of the summation and |
---|
688 | substituting the triads by their expression given in \autoref{eq:ALGOS_Gf_triads}. |
---|
689 | It becomes: |
---|
690 | } |
---|
691 | % |
---|
692 | &\equiv -\sum_{i,k} |
---|
693 | \begin{Bmatrix} |
---|
694 | &\ \ \Bigl( \frac{ \delta_{i -1/2} [T] }{{e_{1u} }_{\,i-1/2}^{\,k}} |
---|
695 | & -\ \ {_i^k \mathbb{R}_{-1/2}^{-1/2}} |
---|
696 | &\frac{ \delta_{k-1/2} [T] }{{e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k-1/2}} \Bigr)^2 |
---|
697 | & \frac{1}{4} \ {b_u}_{\,i-1/2}^{\,k} \ A_i^k |
---|
698 | & \\ |
---|
699 | &+\Bigl( \frac{ \delta_{i +1/2} [T] }{{e_{1u} }_{\,i+1/2}^{\,k}} |
---|
700 | & -\ \ {_i^k \mathbb{R}_{+1/2}^{-1/2}} |
---|
701 | &\frac{ \delta_{k-1/2} [T] }{{e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k-1/2}} \Bigr)^2 |
---|
702 | & \frac{1}{4} \ {b_u}_{\,i+1/2}^{\,k} \ A_i^k |
---|
703 | & \\ |
---|
704 | &+\Bigl( \frac{ \delta_{i -1/2} [T] }{{e_{1u} }_{\,i-1/2}^{\,k}} |
---|
705 | & -\ \ {_i^k \mathbb{R}_{-1/2}^{+1/2}} |
---|
706 | &\frac{ \delta_{k+1/2} [T] }{{e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+1/2}} \Bigr)^2 |
---|
707 | & \frac{1}{4} \ {b_u}_{\,i-1/2}^{\,k} \ A_i^k |
---|
708 | & \\ |
---|
709 | &+\Bigl( \frac{ \delta_{i +1/2} [T] }{{e_{1u} }_{\,i+1/2}^{\,k}} |
---|
710 | & -\ \ {_i^k \mathbb{R}_{+1/2}^{+1/2}} |
---|
711 | &\frac{ \delta_{k+1/2} [T] }{{e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+1/2}} \Bigr)^2 |
---|
712 | & \frac{1}{4} \ {b_u}_{\,i+1/2}^{\,k} \ A_i^k \\ |
---|
713 | \end{Bmatrix} |
---|
714 | \\ |
---|
715 | & \\ |
---|
716 | % |
---|
717 | &\equiv - \sum_{i,k} \sum_{\substack{i_p,\,k_p}} \left\{ |
---|
718 | \begin{matrix} |
---|
719 | &\Bigl( \frac{ \delta_{i +i_p} [T] }{{e_{1u} }_{\,i+i_p}^{\,k}} |
---|
720 | & -\ \ {_i^k \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p}} |
---|
721 | &\frac{ \delta_{k+k_p} [T] }{{e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+k_p}} \Bigr)^2 |
---|
722 | & \frac{1}{4} \ {b_u}_{\,i+i_p}^{\,k} \ A_i^k \ \ |
---|
723 | \end{matrix} |
---|
724 | \right\} |
---|
725 | \quad \leq 0 |
---|
726 | \end{align*} |
---|
727 | The last inequality is obviously obtained as we succeed in obtaining a negative summation of square quantities. |
---|
728 | |
---|
729 | Note that, if instead of multiplying $D_l^T$ by $T$, we were using another tracer field, let say $S$, |
---|
730 | then the previous demonstration would have let to: |
---|
731 | \begin{align*} |
---|
732 | \int_D S \; D_l^T \;dv &\equiv \sum_{i,k} \left\{ S \ D_l^T \ b_T \right\} \\ |
---|
733 | &\equiv - \sum_{i,k} \sum_{\substack{i_p,\,k_p}} \left\{ |
---|
734 | \left( \frac{ \delta_{i +i_p} [S] }{{e_{1u} }_{\,i+i_p}^{\,k}} |
---|
735 | - {_i^k \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p}} |
---|
736 | \frac{ \delta_{k+k_p} [S] }{{e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+k_p}} \right) \right. \\ |
---|
737 | & \qquad \qquad \qquad \ \left. |
---|
738 | \left( \frac{ \delta_{i +i_p} [T] }{{e_{1u} }_{\,i+i_p}^{\,k}} |
---|
739 | - {_i^k \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{k_p}} |
---|
740 | \frac{ \delta_{k+k_p} [T] }{{e_{3w}}_{\,i}^{\,k+k_p}} \right) |
---|
741 | \frac{1}{4} \ {b_u}_{\,i+i_p}^{\,k} \ A_i^k \ |
---|
742 | \right\} |
---|
743 | % |
---|
744 | \allowdisplaybreaks |
---|
745 | \intertext{ |
---|
746 | which, by applying the same operation as before but in reverse order, leads to: |
---|
747 | } |
---|
748 | % |
---|
749 | &\equiv \sum_{i,k} \left\{ D_l^S \ T \ b_T \right\} |
---|
750 | \end{align*} |
---|
751 | This means that the iso-neutral operator is self-adjoint. |
---|
752 | There is no need to develop a specific to obtain it. |
---|
753 | |
---|
754 | %% ================================================================================================= |
---|
755 | \subsection{Discrete invariants of the skew flux formulation} |
---|
756 | \label{subsec:ALGOS_eiv_skew} |
---|
757 | |
---|
758 | Demonstration for the conservation of the tracer variance in the (\textbf{i},\textbf{j}) plane. |
---|
759 | |
---|
760 | This have to be moved in an Appendix. |
---|
761 | |
---|
762 | The continuous property to be demonstrated is: |
---|
763 | \begin{align*} |
---|
764 | \int_D \nabla \cdot \textbf{F}_{eiv}(T) \; T \;dv \equiv 0 |
---|
765 | \end{align*} |
---|
766 | The discrete form of its left hand side is obtained using \autoref{eq:ALGOS_eiv_skew} |
---|
767 | \begin{align*} |
---|
768 | \sum\limits_{i,k} \sum_{\substack{i_p,\,k_p}} \Biggl\{ \;\; |
---|
769 | \delta_i &\left[ |
---|
770 | {e_{2u}}_{i+i_p+1/2}^{k} \;\ \ {A_{e}}_{i+i_p+1/2}^{k} |
---|
771 | \ \ \ { _{i+i_p+1/2}^k \mathbb{R}_{-i_p}^{k_p} } \quad \delta_{k+k_p}[T_{i+i_p+1/2}] |
---|
772 | \right] \; T_i^k \\ |
---|
773 | - \delta_k &\left[ |
---|
774 | {e_{2u}}_i^{k+k_p+1/2} \ \ {A_{e}}_i^{k+k_p+1/2} |
---|
775 | \ \ { _i^{k+k_p+1/2} \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{-k_p} } \ \ \delta_{i+i_p}[T^{k+k_p+1/2}] |
---|
776 | \right] \; T_i^k \ \Biggr\} |
---|
777 | \end{align*} |
---|
778 | apply the adjoint of delta operator, it becomes |
---|
779 | \begin{align*} |
---|
780 | \sum\limits_{i,k} \sum_{\substack{i_p,\,k_p}} \Biggl\{ \;\; |
---|
781 | &\left( |
---|
782 | {e_{2u}}_{i+i_p+1/2}^{k} \;\ \ {A_{e}}_{i+i_p+1/2}^{k} |
---|
783 | \ \ \ { _{i+i_p+1/2}^k \mathbb{R}_{-i_p}^{k_p} } \quad \delta_{k+k_p}[T_{i+i_p+1/2}] |
---|
784 | \right) \; \delta_{i+1/2}[T^{k}] \\ |
---|
785 | - &\left( |
---|
786 | {e_{2u}}_i^{k+k_p+1/2} \ \ {A_{e}}_i^{k+k_p+1/2} |
---|
787 | \ \ { _i^{k+k_p+1/2} \mathbb{R}_{i_p}^{-k_p} } \ \ \delta_{i+i_p}[T^{k+k_p+1/2}] |
---|
788 | \right) \; \delta_{k+1/2}[T_{i}] \ \Biggr\} |
---|
789 | \end{align*} |
---|
790 | Expending the summation on $i_p$ and $k_p$, it becomes: |
---|
791 | \begin{align*} |
---|
792 | \begin{matrix} |
---|
793 | &\sum\limits_{i,k} \Bigl\{ |
---|
794 | &+{e_{2u}}_{i+1}^{k} &{A_{e}}_{i+1 }^{k} |
---|
795 | &\ {_{i+1}^k \mathbb{R}_{- 1/2}^{-1/2}} &\delta_{k-1/2}[T_{i+1}] &\delta_{i+1/2}[T^{k}] &\\ |
---|
796 | &&+{e_{2u}}_i^{k\ \ \ \:} &{A_{e}}_{i}^{k\ \ \ \:} |
---|
797 | &\ {\ \ \;_i^k \mathbb{R}_{+1/2}^{-1/2}} &\delta_{k-1/2}[T_{i\ \ \ \;}] &\delta_{i+1/2}[T^{k}] &\\ |
---|
798 | &&+{e_{2u}}_{i+1}^{k} &{A_{e}}_{i+1 }^{k} |
---|
799 | &\ {_{i+1}^k \mathbb{R}_{- 1/2}^{+1/2}} &\delta_{k+1/2}[T_{i+1}] &\delta_{i+1/2}[T^{k}] &\\ |
---|
800 | &&+{e_{2u}}_i^{k\ \ \ \:} &{A_{e}}_{i}^{k\ \ \ \:} |
---|
801 | &\ {\ \ \;_i^k \mathbb{R}_{+1/2}^{+1/2}} &\delta_{k+1/2}[T_{i\ \ \ \;}] &\delta_{i+1/2}[T^{k}] &\\ |
---|
802 | % |
---|
803 | &&-{e_{2u}}_i^{k+1} &{A_{e}}_i^{k+1} |
---|
804 | &{_i^{k+1} \mathbb{R}_{-1/2}^{- 1/2}} &\delta_{i-1/2}[T^{k+1}] &\delta_{k+1/2}[T_{i}] &\\ |
---|
805 | &&-{e_{2u}}_i^{k\ \ \ \:} &{A_{e}}_i^{k\ \ \ \:} |
---|
806 | &{\ \ \;_i^k \mathbb{R}_{-1/2}^{+1/2}} &\delta_{i-1/2}[T^{k\ \ \ \:}] &\delta_{k+1/2}[T_{i}] &\\ |
---|
807 | &&-{e_{2u}}_i^{k+1 } &{A_{e}}_i^{k+1} |
---|
808 | &{_i^{k+1} \mathbb{R}_{+1/2}^{- 1/2}} &\delta_{i+1/2}[T^{k+1}] &\delta_{k+1/2}[T_{i}] &\\ |
---|
809 | &&-{e_{2u}}_i^{k\ \ \ \:} &{A_{e}}_i^{k\ \ \ \:} |
---|
810 | &{\ \ \;_i^k \mathbb{R}_{+1/2}^{+1/2}} &\delta_{i+1/2}[T^{k\ \ \ \:}] &\delta_{k+1/2}[T_{i}] |
---|
811 | &\Bigr\} \\ |
---|
812 | \end{matrix} |
---|
813 | \end{align*} |
---|
814 | The two terms associated with the triad ${_i^k \mathbb{R}_{+1/2}^{+1/2}}$ are the same but of opposite signs, |
---|
815 | they cancel out. |
---|
816 | Exactly the same thing occurs for the triad ${_i^k \mathbb{R}_{-1/2}^{-1/2}}$. |
---|
817 | The two terms associated with the triad ${_i^k \mathbb{R}_{+1/2}^{-1/2}}$ are the same but both of opposite signs and |
---|
818 | shifted by 1 in $k$ direction. |
---|
819 | When summing over $k$ they cancel out with the neighbouring grid points. |
---|
820 | Exactly the same thing occurs for the triad ${_i^k \mathbb{R}_{-1/2}^{+1/2}}$ in the $i$ direction. |
---|
821 | Therefore the sum over the domain is zero, |
---|
822 | \ie\ the variance of the tracer is preserved by the discretisation of the skew fluxes. |
---|
823 | |
---|
824 | \onlyinsubfile{\input{../../global/epilogue}} |
---|
825 | |
---|
826 | \end{document} |
---|