[10495] | 1 | \documentclass{article} |
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[2691] | 2 | |
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| 3 | \usepackage{fancyhdr} |
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[10495] | 4 | \usepackage{times} |
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| 5 | \usepackage{graphicx} |
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| 6 | \usepackage{hyperref} |
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| 7 | \usepackage{minted} |
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| 8 | %\usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % striketrough style with \sout{...} |
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[2691] | 9 | |
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[10495] | 10 | \hypersetup{pdftitle={NEMO coding conventions}, pdfauthor={NEMO System Team}, colorlinks} |
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| 11 | \setminted{style=emacs, breaklines, frame=leftline} |
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| 12 | \newmintinline[forcode]{fortran}{fontsize=auto, frame=lines} % \forcode{...} |
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| 13 | \newminted[forlines]{fortran}{} % \begin{forlines} |
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| 14 | |
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| 15 | \pagestyle{empty} |
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| 16 | \setlength{\leftmargin}{1 cm} |
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| 17 | \setlength{\rightmargin}{1 cm} |
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| 18 | \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0 cm} |
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| 19 | \setlength{\evensidemargin}{0 cm} |
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| 20 | \setlength{\topmargin}{-1cm} |
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| 21 | \setlength{\textwidth}{16 cm} |
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| 22 | \setlength{\textheight}{25cm} |
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[2691] | 23 | \pagestyle{fancy} |
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| 24 | |
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[10495] | 25 | \title{ |
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| 26 | \includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{../../../figures/NEMO_grey} \\ |
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| 27 | \vspace{1.0cm} \rule{345pt}{1.5pt} \\ |
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| 28 | \vspace{0.45cm} {\Huge NEMO coding conventions} \rule{345pt}{1.5pt} \\ |
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| 29 | } |
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[2691] | 30 | %\title{NEMO coding conventions} |
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[10495] | 31 | \author{\Large NEMO System Team |
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| 32 | \thanks{ |
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| 33 | To be completed |
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| 34 | } |
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| 35 | } |
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| 36 | \date{version X.X -- month year} |
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[2691] | 37 | |
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[10495] | 38 | \begin{document} |
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[2691] | 39 | |
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| 40 | \maketitle |
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| 41 | |
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| 42 | \newpage |
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| 43 | |
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[10495] | 44 | \tableofcontents |
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| 45 | |
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[2691] | 46 | \newpage |
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[10495] | 47 | |
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[2691] | 48 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 49 | \section{Introduction} |
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[10495] | 50 | |
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| 51 | This document describes conventions\index{conventions} used in NEMO coding and suggested for its development. |
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| 52 | The objectives are to offer a guide to all readers of the NEMO code, and to facilitate the work of |
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| 53 | all the developers, including the validation of their developments, and |
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| 54 | eventually the implementation of these developments within the NEMO platform. |
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| 55 | |
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| 56 | A first approach of these rules can be found in the code in \path{./src/OCE/module_example} where |
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| 57 | all the basics coding conventions are illustrated. |
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| 58 | More details can be found below. |
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| 59 | |
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| 60 | This work is based on the coding conventions in use for the Community Climate System Model |
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| 61 | \footnote {\href{http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/working_groups/Software/dev_guide/dev_guide/node7.html}{UCAR conventions}}, |
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| 62 | the previous version of this document (``FORTRAN coding standard in the OPA System'') and |
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| 63 | the expertise of the NEMO System Team. |
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| 64 | After a general overview below, this document will describe: |
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| 65 | |
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| 66 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 67 | \item |
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| 68 | The style rules, $i.e.$ the syntax, appearance and naming conventions chosen to improve readability of the code; |
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| 69 | \item |
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| 70 | The content rules, $i.e.$ the conventions to improve the reliability of the different parts of the code; |
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| 71 | \item |
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| 72 | The package rules to go a step further by improving the reliability of the whole and |
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| 73 | interfaces between routines and modules. |
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[2691] | 74 | \end{itemize} |
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| 75 | |
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| 76 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 77 | \section{Overview and general conventions} |
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[10495] | 78 | |
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| 79 | NEMO has 3 major components: ocean dynamics (\path{./src/OCE}), sea-ice (\path{./src/ICE}) and |
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| 80 | marine biogeochemistry (\path{./src/MBG}). |
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| 81 | %, linear-tangent and adjoint of the dynamics ($TAM$) each of them corresponding to a directory. |
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| 82 | In each directory, one will find some FORTRAN files and/or subdirectories, one per functionality of the code: |
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| 83 | \path{./src/OCE/BDY} (boundaries), \path{./src/OCE/DIA} (diagnostics), \path{./src/OCE/DOM} (domain), |
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| 84 | \path{./src/OCE/DYN} (dynamics), \path{./src/OCE/LDF} (lateral diffusion), etc... \\ |
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| 85 | All name are chosen to be as self-explanatory as possible, in English, all prefixes are 3 digits. \\ |
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[2691] | 86 | English is used for all variables names, comments, and documentation. \\ |
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[10495] | 87 | Physical units are MKS. The only exception to this is the temperature, which is expressed in degrees Celsius, |
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| 88 | except in bulk formulae and part of SI$^3$ sea-ice model where it is in Kelvin. |
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| 89 | See \path{.src/OCE/DOM/phycst.F90} files for conversions. |
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| 90 | |
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[2691] | 91 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 92 | \section{Architecture} |
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[10495] | 93 | |
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| 94 | Within each directory, organisation of files is driven by orthogonality\index{orthogonality}, |
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| 95 | $i.e.$ one functionality of the code is intended to be in one and only one directory, and |
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| 96 | one module and all its related routines are in one file. |
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[2691] | 97 | The functional modules\index{module} are: |
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[10495] | 98 | |
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| 99 | \begin{itemize} |
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| 100 | \item \path{SBC} surface module |
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| 101 | \item \path{IOM} management of the I/O |
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| 102 | \item \path{NST} interface to AGRIF (nesting model) for dynamics and biogeochemistry |
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| 103 | \item \path{OBC}, \path{BDY} management of structured and unstructured open boundaries |
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| 104 | \item \path{C1D} 1D (vertical) configuration for dynamics, sea-ice and biogeochemistry |
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| 105 | \item \path{OFF} off-line module: passive tracer or biogeochemistry alone |
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| 106 | \item \path{...} |
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[2691] | 107 | \end{itemize} |
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| 108 | |
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[10495] | 109 | For example, the file \textit{domain.F90} contains the module \texttt{domain} and all the subroutines related to |
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| 110 | this module (\texttt{dom\_init, dom\_nam, dom\_ctl}). |
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| 111 | |
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[2691] | 112 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 113 | \section{Style rules} |
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[10495] | 114 | |
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[2691] | 115 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 116 | \subsection{Argument list format} |
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| 117 | |
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[10495] | 118 | Routine argument lists will contain a maximum 5 variables\index{variable} per line, |
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| 119 | whilst continuation lines can be used. |
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| 120 | This applies both to the calling routine and the dummy argument list in the routine being called. |
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| 121 | The purpose is to simplify matching up the arguments between caller and callee. |
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| 122 | |
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| 123 | \begin{forlines} |
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[2691] | 124 | SUBROUTINE tra_adv_eiv( kt, pun, pvn, pwn ) |
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| 125 | |
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| 126 | CALL tra_adv_eiv( kt, zun, zvn, zwn ) |
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[10495] | 127 | \end{forlines} |
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[2691] | 128 | |
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| 129 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 130 | \subsection{Array syntax} |
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[10495] | 131 | |
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| 132 | Except for long loops (see below), array notation should be used if possible. |
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| 133 | To improve readability the array shape must be shown in brackets, $e.g.$: |
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| 134 | |
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| 135 | \begin{forlines} |
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| 136 | onedarraya(:) = onedarrayb(:) + onedarrayc(:) |
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| 137 | twodarray (:,:) = scalar * anothertwodarray(:,:) |
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| 138 | \end{forlines} |
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| 139 | |
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| 140 | When accessing sections of arrays, for example in finite difference equations, |
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| 141 | do so by using the triplet notation on the full array, $e.g.$: |
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| 142 | |
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| 143 | \begin{forlines} |
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| 144 | twodarray(:,2:len2) = scalar & |
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| 145 | & * ( twodarray2(:,1:len2-1 ) & |
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| 146 | & - twodarray2(:,2:len2 ) ) |
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| 147 | \end{forlines} |
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| 148 | |
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| 149 | For long, complicated loops, explicitly indexed loops should be preferred. |
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| 150 | In general when using this syntax, the order of the loops indices should reflect the following scheme |
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| 151 | (for best usage of data locality): |
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| 152 | |
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| 153 | \begin{forlines} |
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| 154 | DO jk = 1, jpk |
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| 155 | DO jj = 1, jpj |
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| 156 | DO ji = 1, jpi |
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| 157 | threedarray(ji,jj,jk) = ... |
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| 158 | END DO |
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| 159 | END DO |
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| 160 | END DO |
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| 161 | \end{forlines} |
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| 162 | |
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[2691] | 163 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 164 | \subsection{Case} |
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| 165 | |
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[10495] | 166 | All FORTRAN keywords are in capital: \forcode{DIMENSION}, \forcode{WRITE}, \forcode{DO}, \forcode{END DO}, |
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| 167 | \forcode{NAMELIST}, ... All other parts of the NEMO code will be written in lower case. |
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| 168 | |
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[2691] | 169 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 170 | \subsection{Comments} |
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[10495] | 171 | |
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[2691] | 172 | Comments in the code are useful when reading the code and changing or developing it. \\ |
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[10495] | 173 | The full documentation and detailed explanations are to be added in the reference manual |
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| 174 | (TeX files, aside from the code itself). \\ |
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| 175 | In the code, the comments should explain variable content and describe each computational step. \\ |
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| 176 | Comments in the header start with ``!!''. |
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| 177 | For more details on the content of the headers, see Content rules/Headers in this document. \\ |
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| 178 | Comments in the code start with ``!''. \\ |
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| 179 | All comments are indented (3, 6, or 9 blank spaces). \\ |
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| 180 | Short comments may be included on the same line as executable code, and an additional line can be used with |
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| 181 | proper alignment. |
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| 182 | For example: |
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| 183 | |
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| 184 | \begin{forlines} |
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| 185 | zx = zx *zzy ! Describe what is going on and if it is |
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| 186 | ! ! too long use another ! for proper |
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| 187 | ! ! alignment with automatic indentation |
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| 188 | \end{forlines} |
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| 189 | |
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| 190 | More in-depth comments should be written in the form: |
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| 191 | |
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| 192 | \begin{forlines} |
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| 193 | ! Check of some namelist values |
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| 194 | \end{forlines} |
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| 195 | |
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| 196 | or |
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| 197 | |
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| 198 | \begin{forlines} |
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[2691] | 199 | ! |
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[10495] | 200 | ! !<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< |
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| 201 | ! ! Bottom boundary condition on tke |
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| 202 | ! !<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< |
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[2691] | 203 | ! |
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[10495] | 204 | \end{forlines} |
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| 205 | |
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| 206 | Key features of this style are |
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| 207 | |
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| 208 | \begin{enumerate} |
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| 209 | \item it starts with a "!" in the column required for proper indentation, |
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| 210 | \item the text is offset above and below by a blank line or a content line built for underlying. |
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| 211 | \end{enumerate} |
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| 212 | |
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[2691] | 213 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 214 | \subsection{Continuation lines} |
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[10495] | 215 | |
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| 216 | Continuation lines can be used with precise alignment for readability. For example: |
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| 217 | |
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| 218 | \begin{forlines} |
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| 219 | avmu(ji,jj,jk) = avmu(ji,jj,jk) * ( un(ji,jj,jk-1) - un(ji,jj,jk) ) & |
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| 220 | & * ( ub(ji,jj,jk-1) - ub(ji,jj,jk) ) & |
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| 221 | & / ( fse3uw_n(ji,jj,jk) & |
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| 222 | & * fse3uw_b(ji,jj,jk) ) |
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| 223 | \end{forlines} |
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| 224 | |
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| 225 | Code lines, which are continuation lines of assignment statements, must begin to the right of the column of |
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| 226 | the assignment operator. |
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| 227 | Due to the possibility of automatic indentation in some editor (emacs for example), |
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| 228 | use a ``\&'' as first character of the continuing lines to maintain the alignment. |
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| 229 | |
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[2691] | 230 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 231 | \subsection{Declaration of arguments and local variables} |
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| 232 | |
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[10495] | 233 | In a routine, input arguments and local variables are declared 1 per line, |
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| 234 | with a comment field on the same line as the declaration. |
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| 235 | Multiple comment lines describing a single variable are acceptable if needed. |
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| 236 | For example: |
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| 237 | |
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| 238 | \begin{forlines} |
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[2691] | 239 | INTEGER :: kstp ! ocean time-step index |
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[10495] | 240 | \end{forlines} |
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| 241 | |
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[2691] | 242 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 243 | \subsection{F90 Standard} |
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| 244 | |
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[10495] | 245 | NEMO software adheres to the FORTRAN 95 language standard and does not rely on any specific language or |
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| 246 | vendor extensions. |
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[2691] | 247 | |
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[10495] | 248 | |
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[2691] | 249 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 250 | \subsection{Free-Form Source} |
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| 251 | |
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[10495] | 252 | Free-form source will be used. |
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| 253 | The F90/95 standard allows lines of up to 132 characters, but a self-imposed limit of 80 should enhance readability, |
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| 254 | or print source files with two columns per page. |
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| 255 | Multi-line comments that extend to column 100 are unacceptable. |
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| 256 | |
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[2691] | 257 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 258 | \subsection{Indentation} |
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[10495] | 259 | |
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| 260 | Code as well as comment lines within loops, if-blocks, continuation lines, \forcode{MODULE} or |
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| 261 | \forcode{SUBROUTINE} statements will be indented 3 characters for readability |
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| 262 | (except for \forcode{CONTAINS} that remains at first column). |
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| 263 | |
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| 264 | \begin{forlines} |
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| 265 | MODULE mod1 |
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| 266 | REAL(wp) xx |
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| 267 | CONTAINS |
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| 268 | SUBROUTINE sub76( px, py, pz, pw, pa, & |
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| 269 | & pb, pc, pd, pe ) |
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| 270 | <instruction> |
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| 271 | END SUBROUTINE sub76 |
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| 272 | END MODULE mod1 |
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| 273 | \end{forlines} |
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| 274 | |
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[2691] | 275 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 276 | \subsection{Loops} |
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| 277 | |
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[10495] | 278 | Loops, if explicit, should be structured with the do-end do construct as opposed to numbered loops. |
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| 279 | Nevertheless non-numeric labels can be used for a big iterative loop of a recursive algorithm. |
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| 280 | In the case of a long loop, a self-descriptive label can be used ($i.e.$ not just a number). |
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| 281 | |
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[2691] | 282 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 283 | \subsection{Naming Conventions: files} |
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| 284 | |
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[10495] | 285 | A file containing a module will have the same name as the module it contains |
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| 286 | (because dependency rules used by "make" programs are based on file names). |
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| 287 | \footnote{ |
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| 288 | For example, if routine A "\forcode{USE}"s module B, then "make" must be told of the dependency relation which |
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| 289 | requires B to be compiled before A. |
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| 290 | If one can assume that module B resides in file B.o, |
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| 291 | building a tool to generate this dependency rule ($e.g.$ A.o: B.o) is quite simple. |
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| 292 | Put another way, it is difficult (to say nothing of CPU-intensive) to search an entire source tree to |
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| 293 | find the file in which module B resides for each routine or module which "\forcode{USE}"s B. |
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| 294 | } |
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| 295 | |
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[2691] | 296 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 297 | \subsection{Naming Conventions: modules} |
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| 298 | |
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[10495] | 299 | Use a meaningful English name and the ``3 letters'' naming convention: |
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| 300 | first 3 letters for the code section, and last 3 to describe the module. |
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| 301 | For example, zdftke, where ``zdf'' stands for vertical diffusion, and ``tke'' for turbulent kinetic energy. \\ |
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| 302 | Note that by implication multiple modules are not allowed in a single file. |
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| 303 | The use of common blocks is deprecated in Fortran 90 and their use in NEMO is strongly discouraged. |
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| 304 | Modules are a better way to declare static data. |
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| 305 | Among the advantages of modules is the ability to freely mix data of various types, and |
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| 306 | to limit access to contained variables through the use of the \forcode{ONLY} and \forcode{PRIVATE} attributes. |
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| 307 | |
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[2691] | 308 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 309 | \subsection{Naming Conventions: variables} |
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[10495] | 310 | |
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| 311 | All variable should be named as explicitly as possible in English. |
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| 312 | The naming convention concerns prefix letters of these name, in order to identify the variable type and status. \\ |
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[2691] | 313 | Never use a FORTRAN keyword as a routine or variable name. \\ |
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[2697] | 314 | The table below lists the starting letter(s) to be used for variable naming, depending on their type and status: |
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[2691] | 315 | %--------------------------------------------------TABLE-------------------------------------------------- |
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| 316 | \begin{table}[htbp] |
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[10495] | 317 | \begin{center} |
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| 318 | \begin{tabular}{|p{50pt}|p{50pt}|p{50pt}|p{50pt}|p{50pt}|p{50pt}|p{50pt}|} |
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| 319 | \hline |
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| 320 | Type \par / Status & integer& real& logical & character& double \par precision& complex \\ |
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| 321 | \hline |
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| 322 | public \par or \par module variable& \textbf{m n} \par \textit{but not } \par \textbf{nn\_}& \textbf{a b e f g h o} \textbf{q} \textit{to} \textbf{x} \par but not \par \textbf{fs rn\_}& \textbf{l} \par \textit{but not} \par \textbf{lp ld ll ln\_}& \textbf{c} \par \textit{but not} \par \textbf{cp cd cl cn\_}& \textbf{d} \par \textit{but not} \par \textbf{dp dd dl dn\_}& \textbf{y} \par \textit{but not} \par \textbf{yp yd yl} \\ |
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| 323 | \hline |
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| 324 | dummy \par argument& \textbf{k} \par \textit{but not} \par \textbf{kf}& \textbf{p} \par \textit{but not} \par \textbf{pp pf}& \textbf{ld}& \textbf{cd}& \textbf{dd}& \textbf{yd} \\ |
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| 325 | \hline |
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| 326 | local \par variable& \textbf{i}& \textbf{z}& \textbf{ll}& \textbf{cl}& \textbf{cd}& \textbf{yl} \\ |
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| 327 | \hline |
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| 328 | loop \par control& \textbf{j} \par \textit{but not } \par \textbf{jp}& & & & & \\ |
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| 329 | \hline |
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| 330 | parameter& \textbf{jp}& \textbf{pp}& \textbf{lp}& \textbf{cp}& \textbf{dp}& \textbf{yp} \\ |
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| 331 | \hline |
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| 332 | namelist& \textbf{nn\_}& \textbf{rn\_}& \textbf{ln\_}& \textbf{cn\_}& \textbf{dn\_}& \\ |
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| 333 | \hline |
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| 334 | CPP \par macro& \textbf{kf}& \textbf{sf} \par & & & & \\ |
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| 335 | \hline |
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| 336 | \end{tabular} |
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| 337 | \label{tab1} |
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| 338 | \end{center} |
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[2691] | 339 | \end{table} |
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| 340 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| 341 | |
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| 342 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 343 | \subsection{Operators} |
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[10495] | 344 | |
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| 345 | Use of the operators \texttt{<, >, <=, >=, ==, /=} is strongly recommended instead of their deprecated counterparts |
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| 346 | (\texttt{.lt., .gt., .le., .ge., .eq., .ne.}). |
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| 347 | The motivation is readability. |
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| 348 | In general use the notation: \\ |
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[2691] | 349 | $<Blank><Operator><Blank>$ |
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| 350 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 351 | \subsection{Pre processor} |
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[10495] | 352 | |
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| 353 | Where the use of a language pre-processor is required, it will be the C pre-processor (cpp). \\ |
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[2691] | 354 | The cpp key is the main feature used, allowing to ignore some useless parts of the code at compilation step. \\ |
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[2697] | 355 | The advantage is to reduce the memory use; the drawback is that compilation of this part of the code isn't checked. \\ |
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[10495] | 356 | The cpp key feature should only be used for a few limited options, if it reduces the memory usage. |
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| 357 | In all cases, a logical variable and a FORTRAN \forcode{IF} should be preferred. |
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| 358 | When using a cpp key \textit{key\_optionname}, |
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| 359 | a corresponding logical variable \textit{lk\_optionname} should be declared to |
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| 360 | allow FORTRAN \forcode{IF} tests in the code and |
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| 361 | a FORTRAN module with the same name ($i.e.$ \textit{optionname.F90}) should be defined. |
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| 362 | This module is the only place where a \``\#if defined'' command appears, selecting either the whole FORTRAN code or |
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| 363 | a dummy module. |
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| 364 | For example, the TKE vertical physics, the module name is \textit{zdftke.F90}, |
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| 365 | the CPP key is \textit{key\_zdftke} and the associated logical is \textit{lk\_zdftke}. |
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[2691] | 366 | |
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| 367 | The following syntax: |
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[10495] | 368 | |
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| 369 | \begin{forlines} |
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| 370 | #if defined key_optionname |
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[2691] | 371 | !! Part of code conditionally compiled if cpp key key_optionname is active |
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| 372 | #endif |
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[10495] | 373 | \end{forlines} |
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| 374 | |
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[2691] | 375 | Is to be used rather than the \#ifdef abbreviate form since it may have conflicts with some Unix scripts. |
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| 376 | |
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| 377 | Tests on cpp keys included in NEMO at compilation step: |
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[10495] | 378 | |
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[2691] | 379 | \begin{itemize} |
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[10495] | 380 | \item |
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| 381 | The CPP keys used are compared to the previous list of cpp keys |
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| 382 | (the compilation will stop if trying to specify a non-existing key) |
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| 383 | \item |
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| 384 | If a change occurs in the CPP keys used for a given experiment, the whole compilation phase is done again. |
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[2691] | 385 | \end{itemize} |
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| 386 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 387 | \section{Content rules} |
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| 388 | |
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| 389 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 390 | \subsection{Configurations} |
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[10495] | 391 | |
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| 392 | The configuration defines the domain and the grid on which NEMO is running. |
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| 393 | It may be useful to associate a cpp key and some variables to a given configuration, although |
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| 394 | the part of the code changed under each of those keys should be minimized. |
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| 395 | As an example, the "ORCA2" configuration (global ocean, 2 degrees grid size) is associated with |
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| 396 | the cpp key \texttt{key\_orca2} for which |
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| 397 | |
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| 398 | \begin{forlines} |
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[2691] | 399 | cp_cfg = "orca" |
---|
| 400 | jp_cfg = 2 |
---|
[10495] | 401 | \end{forlines} |
---|
| 402 | |
---|
[2691] | 403 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
| 404 | \subsection{Constants} |
---|
| 405 | |
---|
[10495] | 406 | Physical constants ($e.g.$ $\pi$, gas constants) must never be hardwired into the executable portion of a code. |
---|
| 407 | Instead, a mnemonically named variable or parameter should be set to the appropriate value, |
---|
| 408 | in the setup routine for the package\index{package}. |
---|
| 409 | We realize than many parameterizations rely on empirically derived constants or fudge factors, |
---|
| 410 | which are not easy to name. |
---|
| 411 | In these cases it is not forbidden to leave such factors coded as "magic numbers" buried in executable code, but |
---|
| 412 | comments should be included referring to the source of the empirical formula. |
---|
| 413 | Hard-coded numbers should never be passed through argument lists. |
---|
| 414 | |
---|
[2691] | 415 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
| 416 | \subsection{Declaration for variables and constants} |
---|
| 417 | |
---|
[10495] | 418 | \subsubsection{Rules} |
---|
| 419 | |
---|
| 420 | Variables used as constants should be declared with attribute \forcode{PARAMETER} and |
---|
| 421 | used always without copying to local variables, in order to |
---|
| 422 | prevent from using different values for the same constant or changing it accidentally. |
---|
| 423 | |
---|
[2691] | 424 | \begin{itemize} |
---|
[10495] | 425 | \item |
---|
| 426 | Usage of the \forcode{DIMENSION} statement or attribute is required in declaration statements |
---|
| 427 | \item |
---|
| 428 | The ``::'' notation is quite useful to show that this program unit declaration part is written in |
---|
| 429 | standard FORTRAN syntax, even if there are no attributes to clarify the declaration section. |
---|
| 430 | Always use the notation $<$blank$>$::$<$three blanks$>$ to improve readability. |
---|
| 431 | \item |
---|
| 432 | Declare the length of a character variable using the \forcode{CHARACTER} (len=xxx) syntax |
---|
| 433 | \footnote { |
---|
| 434 | The len specifier is important because it is possible to have several kinds for characters |
---|
| 435 | ($e.g.$ Unicode using two bytes per character, or there might be a different kind for Japanese $e.g.$ NEC). |
---|
| 436 | } |
---|
| 437 | \item |
---|
| 438 | For all global data (in contrast to module data, that is all data that can be access by other module) |
---|
| 439 | must be accompanied with a comment field on the same line |
---|
| 440 | \footnote { |
---|
| 441 | This allows a easy research of where and how a variable is declared using the unix command: |
---|
| 442 | ``grep var *90 | grep !:''. |
---|
| 443 | }. |
---|
| 444 | For example: |
---|
| 445 | \begin{forlines} |
---|
| 446 | REAL(wp), DIMENSION(jpi,jpj,jpk) :: ua ! i-horizontal velocity (m/s) |
---|
| 447 | \end{forlines} |
---|
[2691] | 448 | \end{itemize} |
---|
| 449 | |
---|
[10495] | 450 | \subsubsection{Implicit None} |
---|
[2691] | 451 | |
---|
[10495] | 452 | All subroutines and functions will include an \forcode{IMPLICIT NONE} statement. |
---|
| 453 | Thus all variables must be explicitly typed. |
---|
| 454 | It also allows the compiler to detect typographical errors in variable names. |
---|
| 455 | For modules, one \forcode{IMPLICIT NONE} statement in the modules definition section is needed. |
---|
| 456 | This also removes the need to have \forcode{IMPLICIT NONE} statements in |
---|
| 457 | any routines that are \forcode{CONTAINS}'ed in the module. |
---|
| 458 | Improper data initialisation is another common source of errors |
---|
| 459 | \footnote{ |
---|
| 460 | A variable could contain an initial value you did not expect. |
---|
| 461 | This can happen for several reasons, $e.g.$ the variable has never been assigned a value, its value is outdated, |
---|
| 462 | memory has been allocated for a pointer but you have forgotten to initialise the variable pointed to. |
---|
| 463 | }. |
---|
| 464 | To avoid problems, initialise variables as close as possible to where they are first used. |
---|
[2691] | 465 | |
---|
[10495] | 466 | \subsubsection{Attributes} |
---|
| 467 | |
---|
| 468 | \forcode{PRIVATE} / \forcode{PUBLIC}: |
---|
| 469 | All resources of a module are \forcode{PUBLIC} by default. |
---|
| 470 | A reason to store multiple routines and their data in a single module is that |
---|
| 471 | the scope of the data defined in the module can be limited to the routines which are in the same module. |
---|
| 472 | This is accomplished with the \forcode{PRIVATE} attribute. \\ |
---|
| 473 | \forcode{INTENT}: |
---|
| 474 | All dummy arguments of a routine must include the \forcode{INTENT} clause in their declaration in order to |
---|
| 475 | improve control of variables in routine calls. |
---|
| 476 | |
---|
[2691] | 477 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
| 478 | \subsection{Headers} |
---|
[10495] | 479 | |
---|
| 480 | Prologues are not used in NEMO for now, although it may become an interesting tool in combination with |
---|
| 481 | ProTeX auto documentation script in the future. |
---|
| 482 | Rules to code the headers and layout of a module or a routine are illustrated in the example module available with |
---|
| 483 | the code: \path{./src/OCE/module_example} |
---|
| 484 | |
---|
[2691] | 485 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
| 486 | \subsection{Interface blocks} |
---|
[10495] | 487 | |
---|
| 488 | Explicit interface blocks are required between routines if optional or keyword arguments are to be used. |
---|
| 489 | They also allow the compiler to check that the type, shape and number of arguments specified in the \forcode{CALL} |
---|
| 490 | are the same as those specified in the subprogram itself. |
---|
| 491 | FORTRAN 95 compilers can automatically provide explicit interface blocks for routines contained in a module. |
---|
| 492 | |
---|
[2691] | 493 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
| 494 | \subsection{I/O Error Conditions} |
---|
[10495] | 495 | |
---|
| 496 | I/O statements which need to check an error condition will use the \texttt{iostat=<integer variable>} construct |
---|
| 497 | instead of the outmoded \texttt{end=} and \forcode{err=}. \\ |
---|
| 498 | Note that a 0 value means success, a positive value means an error has occurred, and |
---|
| 499 | a negative value means the end of record or end of file was encountered. |
---|
| 500 | |
---|
| 501 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
[2691] | 502 | \subsection{PRINT - ASCII output files} |
---|
[10495] | 503 | |
---|
| 504 | Output listing and errors are directed to \texttt{numout} logical unit =6 and |
---|
| 505 | produces a file called \textit{ocean.output} (use \texttt{ln\_prt} to have one output per process in MPP). |
---|
| 506 | Logical \texttt{lwp} variable allows for less verbose outputs. |
---|
[2691] | 507 | To output an error from a routine, one can use the following template: |
---|
| 508 | |
---|
[10495] | 509 | \begin{forlines} |
---|
| 510 | IF( nstop /= 0 .AND. lwp ) THEN ! error print |
---|
| 511 | WRITE(numout,cform_err) |
---|
| 512 | WRITE(numout,*) nstop, ' error have been found' |
---|
| 513 | ENDIF |
---|
| 514 | \end{forlines} |
---|
| 515 | |
---|
[2691] | 516 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
| 517 | \subsection{Precision} |
---|
[10495] | 518 | |
---|
| 519 | Parameterizations should not rely on vendor-supplied flags to supply a default floating point precision or |
---|
| 520 | integer size. |
---|
| 521 | The F95 \forcode{KIND} feature should be used instead. |
---|
| 522 | In order to improve portability between 32 and 64 bit platforms, |
---|
| 523 | it is necessary to make use of kinds by using a specific module \path{./src/OCE/par_kind.F90} |
---|
| 524 | declaring the "kind definitions" to obtain the required numerical precision and range as well as |
---|
| 525 | the size of \forcode{INTEGER}. |
---|
| 526 | It should be noted that numerical constants need to have a suffix of \texttt{\_kindvalue} to |
---|
| 527 | have the according size. \\ |
---|
| 528 | Thus \forcode{wp} being the "working precision" as declared in \path{./src/OCE/par_kind.F90}, |
---|
| 529 | declaring real array \forcode{zpc} will take the form: |
---|
| 530 | |
---|
| 531 | \begin{forlines} |
---|
| 532 | REAL(wp), DIMENSION(jpi,jpj,jpk) :: zpc ! power consumption |
---|
| 533 | \end{forlines} |
---|
| 534 | |
---|
[2691] | 535 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
| 536 | \subsection{Structures} |
---|
| 537 | |
---|
[10495] | 538 | The \forcode{TYPE} structure allowing to declare some variables is more often used in NEMO, |
---|
| 539 | especially in the modules dealing with reading fields, or interfaces. |
---|
| 540 | For example: |
---|
| 541 | |
---|
| 542 | \begin{forlines} |
---|
| 543 | ! Definition of a tracer as a structure |
---|
| 544 | TYPE PTRACER |
---|
| 545 | CHARACTER(len = 20) :: sname ! short name |
---|
| 546 | CHARACTER(len = 80 ) :: lname ! long name |
---|
| 547 | CHARACTER(len = 20 ) :: unit ! unit |
---|
| 548 | LOGICAL :: lini ! read in a file or not |
---|
| 549 | LOGICAL :: lsav ! ouput the tracer or not |
---|
| 550 | END TYPE PTRACER |
---|
| 551 | |
---|
| 552 | TYPE(PTRACER) , DIMENSION(jptra) :: tracer |
---|
| 553 | \end{forlines} |
---|
| 554 | |
---|
| 555 | Missing rule on structure name?? |
---|
| 556 | |
---|
| 557 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
[2691] | 558 | \section{Packages coding rules} |
---|
[10495] | 559 | |
---|
[2691] | 560 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
| 561 | \subsection{Bounds checking} |
---|
[10495] | 562 | |
---|
| 563 | NEMO is able to run when an array bounds checking option is enabled |
---|
| 564 | (provided the cpp key \texttt{key\_vectopt\_loop} is not defined). \\ |
---|
| 565 | Thus, constructs of the following form are disallowed: |
---|
| 566 | |
---|
| 567 | \begin{forlines} |
---|
| 568 | REAL(wp) :: arr(1) |
---|
| 569 | \end{forlines} |
---|
| 570 | |
---|
| 571 | where "arr" is an input argument into which the user wishes to index beyond 1. |
---|
| 572 | Use of the (*) construct in array dimensioning is forbidden also because |
---|
| 573 | it effectively disables array bounds checking. |
---|
| 574 | |
---|
[2691] | 575 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
| 576 | \subsection{Communication} |
---|
[10495] | 577 | |
---|
| 578 | A package should refer only to its own modules and subprograms and to those intrinsic functions included in |
---|
| 579 | the Fortran standard. \\ |
---|
[2691] | 580 | All communication with the package will be through the argument list or namelist input. |
---|
[10495] | 581 | \footnote{ |
---|
| 582 | The point behind this rule is that packages should not have to know details of |
---|
| 583 | the surrounding model data structures, or the names of variables outside of the package. |
---|
| 584 | A notable exception to this rule is model resolution parameters. |
---|
| 585 | The reason for the exception is to allow compile-time array sizing inside the package. |
---|
| 586 | This is often important for efficiency. |
---|
| 587 | } |
---|
| 588 | |
---|
[2691] | 589 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
| 590 | \subsection{Error conditions} |
---|
[10495] | 591 | |
---|
| 592 | When an error condition occurs inside a package, a message describing what went wrong will be printed |
---|
| 593 | (see PRINT - ASCII output files). |
---|
| 594 | The name of the routine in which the error occurred must be included. |
---|
| 595 | It is acceptable to terminate execution within a package, but |
---|
| 596 | the developer may instead wish to return an error flag through the argument list, |
---|
| 597 | see \textit{stpctl.F90}. |
---|
| 598 | |
---|
[2691] | 599 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
| 600 | \subsection{Memory management} |
---|
| 601 | |
---|
[10495] | 602 | The main action is to identify and declare which arrays are \forcode{PUBLIC} and which are \forcode{PRIVATE}. \\ |
---|
| 603 | As of version 3.3.1 of NEMO, the use of static arrays (size fixed at compile time) has been deprecated. |
---|
| 604 | All module arrays are now declared \forcode{ALLOCATABLE} and |
---|
| 605 | allocated in either the \texttt{<module\_name>\_alloc()} or \texttt{<module\_name>\_init()} routines. |
---|
| 606 | The success or otherwise of each \forcode{ALLOCATE} must be checked using |
---|
| 607 | the \texttt{stat=<integer\ variable>} optional argument. \\ |
---|
[2691] | 608 | |
---|
[10495] | 609 | In addition to arrays contained within modules, many routines in NEMO require local, ``workspace'' arrays to |
---|
| 610 | hold the intermediate results of calculations. |
---|
| 611 | In previous versions of NEMO, these arrays were declared in such a way as to be automatically allocated on |
---|
| 612 | the stack when the routine was called. |
---|
| 613 | An example of an automatic array is: |
---|
[2691] | 614 | |
---|
[10495] | 615 | \begin{forlines} |
---|
| 616 | SUBROUTINE sub(n) |
---|
| 617 | REAL :: a(n) |
---|
| 618 | ... |
---|
| 619 | END SUBROUTINE sub |
---|
| 620 | \end{forlines} |
---|
[2697] | 621 | |
---|
[10495] | 622 | The downside of this approach is that the program will crash if it runs out of stack space and |
---|
| 623 | the reason for the crash might not be obvious to the user. |
---|
[2697] | 624 | |
---|
[10495] | 625 | Therefore, as of version 3.3.1, the use of automatic arrays is deprecated. |
---|
| 626 | Instead, a new module, \textit{wrk\_nemo.F90}, has been introduced which |
---|
| 627 | contains 1-,2-,3- and 4-dimensional workspace arrays for use in subroutines. |
---|
| 628 | These workspace arrays should be used in preference to declaring new, local (allocatable) arrays whenever possible. |
---|
| 629 | The only exceptions to this are when workspace arrays with lower bounds other than 1 and/or |
---|
| 630 | with extent(s) greater than those in the \textit{wrk\_nemo.F90} module are required. \\ |
---|
| 631 | |
---|
| 632 | The 2D, 3D and 4D workspace arrays in \textit{wrk\_nemo.F90} have extents \texttt{jpi}, \texttt{jpj}, |
---|
| 633 | \texttt{jpk} and \texttt{jpts} ($x$, $y$, $z$ and tracers) in the first, second, third and fourth dimensions, |
---|
| 634 | respectively. |
---|
| 635 | The 1D arrays are allocated with extent MAX($jpi \times jpj, jpk \times jpj, jpi \times jpk$). \\ |
---|
| 636 | |
---|
| 637 | The \forcode{REAL (KIND = wp)} workspace arrays in \textit{wrk\_nemo.F90} |
---|
| 638 | are named $e.g.$ \texttt{wrk\_1d\_1, wrk\_4d\_2} etc. and |
---|
| 639 | should be accessed by USE'ing the \textit{wrk\_nemo.F90} module. |
---|
| 640 | Since these arrays are available to any routine, |
---|
| 641 | some care must be taken that a given workspace array is not already being used somewhere up the call stack. |
---|
| 642 | To help with this, \textit{wrk\_nemo.F90} also contains some utility routines; |
---|
| 643 | \texttt{wrk\_in\_use()} and \texttt{wrk\_not\_released()}. |
---|
| 644 | The former first checks that the requested arrays are not already in use and then sets internal flags to show that |
---|
| 645 | they are now in use. |
---|
| 646 | The \texttt{wrk\_not\_released()} routine un-sets those internal flags. |
---|
| 647 | A subroutine using this functionality for two, 3D workspace arrays named \texttt{zwrk1} and |
---|
| 648 | \texttt{zwrk2} will look something like: |
---|
| 649 | |
---|
| 650 | \begin{forlines} |
---|
[2697] | 651 | SUBROUTINE sub() |
---|
[10495] | 652 | USE wrk_nemo, ONLY: wrk_in_use, wrk_not_released |
---|
[2697] | 653 | USE wrk_nemo, ONLY: zwrk1 => wrk_3d_5, zwrk2 => wrk_3d_6 |
---|
| 654 | ! |
---|
| 655 | IF(wrk_in_use(3, 5,6)THEN |
---|
| 656 | CALL ctl_stop('sub: requested workspace arrays unavailable.') |
---|
| 657 | RETURN |
---|
| 658 | END IF |
---|
| 659 | ... |
---|
[10495] | 660 | ... |
---|
[2697] | 661 | IF(wrk_not_released(3, 5,6)THEN |
---|
| 662 | CALL ctl_stop('sub: failed to release workspace arrays.') |
---|
| 663 | END IF |
---|
| 664 | ! |
---|
[10495] | 665 | END SUBROUTINE sub |
---|
| 666 | \end{forlines} |
---|
| 667 | |
---|
| 668 | The first argument to each of the utility routines is the dimensionality of the required workspace (1--4). |
---|
| 669 | Following this there must be one or more integers identifying which workspaces are to be used/released. |
---|
[2697] | 670 | Note that, in the interests of keeping the code as simple as possible, |
---|
[10495] | 671 | there is no use of \forcode{POINTER}s etc. in the \textit{wrk\_nemo.F90} module. |
---|
| 672 | Therefore it is the responsibility of the developer to ensure that the arguments to \texttt{wrk\_in\_use()} and |
---|
| 673 | \texttt{wrk\_not\_released()} match the workspace arrays actually being used by the subroutine. \\ |
---|
[2691] | 674 | |
---|
[10495] | 675 | If a workspace array is required that has extent(s) less than those of the arrays in |
---|
| 676 | the \textit{wrk\_nemo.F90} module then the advantages of implicit loops and bounds checking may be retained by |
---|
| 677 | defining a pointer to a sub-array as follows: |
---|
| 678 | |
---|
| 679 | \begin{forlines} |
---|
[2697] | 680 | SUBROUTINE sub() |
---|
[10495] | 681 | USE wrk_nemo, ONLY: wrk_in_use, wrk_not_released |
---|
[2697] | 682 | USE wrk_nemo, ONLY: wrk_3d_5 |
---|
| 683 | ! |
---|
| 684 | REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: zwrk1 |
---|
| 685 | ! |
---|
| 686 | IF(wrk_in_use(3, 5)THEN |
---|
| 687 | CALL ctl_stop('sub: requested workspace arrays unavailable.') |
---|
| 688 | RETURN |
---|
| 689 | END IF |
---|
| 690 | ! |
---|
| 691 | zwrk1 => wrk_3d_5(1:10,1:10,1:10) |
---|
[10495] | 692 | ... |
---|
| 693 | END SUBROUTINE sub |
---|
| 694 | \end{forlines} |
---|
[2697] | 695 | |
---|
[10495] | 696 | Here, instead of ``use associating'' the variable \texttt{zwrk1} with the array \texttt{wrk\_3d\_5} |
---|
| 697 | (as in the first example), it is explicitly declared as a pointer to a 3D array. |
---|
| 698 | It is then associated with a sub-array of \texttt{wrk\_3d\_5} once the call to |
---|
| 699 | \texttt{wrk\_in\_use()} has completed successfully. |
---|
| 700 | Note that in F95 (to which NEMO conforms) it is not possible for either the upper or lower array bounds of |
---|
| 701 | the pointer object to differ from those of the target array. \\ |
---|
[2697] | 702 | |
---|
[10495] | 703 | In addition to the \forcode{REAL (KIND = wp)} workspace arrays, |
---|
| 704 | \textit{wrk\_nemo.F90} also contains 2D integer arrays and 2D REAL arrays with extent (\texttt{jpi}, \texttt{jpk}), |
---|
| 705 | $i.e.$ $xz$. |
---|
| 706 | The utility routines for the integer workspaces are \texttt{iwrk\_in\_use()} and \texttt{iwrk\_not\_released()} while |
---|
| 707 | those for the $xz$ workspaces are \texttt{wrk\_in\_use\_xz()} and \texttt{wrk\_not\_released\_xz()}. |
---|
[2697] | 708 | |
---|
[10495] | 709 | Should a call to one of the \texttt{wrk\_in\_use()} family of utilities fail, |
---|
| 710 | an error message is printed along with a table showing which of the workspace arrays are currently in use. |
---|
| 711 | This should enable the developer to choose alternatives for use in the subroutine being worked on. \\ |
---|
[2697] | 712 | |
---|
[10495] | 713 | When compiling NEMO for production runs, |
---|
| 714 | the calls to {\texttt{wrk\_in\_use()} / \texttt{wrk\_not\_released()} can be reduced to stubs that just |
---|
| 715 | return \forcode{.false.} by setting the cpp key \texttt{key\_no\_workspace\_check}. |
---|
| 716 | These stubs may then be inlined (and thus effectively removed altogether) by setting appropriate compiler flags |
---|
| 717 | ($e.g.$ ``-finline'' for the Intel compiler or ``-Q'' for the IBM compiler). |
---|
| 718 | |
---|
| 719 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
[2691] | 720 | \subsection{Optimisation} |
---|
| 721 | |
---|
| 722 | Considering the new computer architecture, optimisation cannot be considered independently from the computer type. |
---|
| 723 | In NEMO, portability is a priority, before any too specific optimisation. |
---|
[10495] | 724 | |
---|
| 725 | Some tools are available to help: for vector computers, \texttt{key\_vectopt\_loop} allows to unroll a loop |
---|
| 726 | |
---|
[2691] | 727 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
[10495] | 728 | \subsection{Package attribute: \forcode{PRIVATE}, \forcode{PUBLIC}, \forcode{USE}, \forcode{ONLY}} |
---|
| 729 | |
---|
| 730 | Module variables and routines should be encapsulated by using the \forcode{PRIVATE} attribute. |
---|
| 731 | What shall be used outside the module can be declared \forcode{PUBLIC} instead. |
---|
| 732 | Use \forcode{USE} with the \forcode{ONLY} attribute to specify which of the variables, type definitions etc... |
---|
| 733 | defined in a module are to be made available to the using routine. |
---|
| 734 | |
---|
[2691] | 735 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
[10495] | 736 | \subsection {Parallelism using MPI} |
---|
[2691] | 737 | |
---|
[10495] | 738 | NEMO is written in order to be able to run on one processor, or on one or more using MPI |
---|
| 739 | ($i.e.$ activating the cpp key $key\_mpp\_mpi$). |
---|
| 740 | The domain decomposition divides the global domain in cubes (see NEMO reference manual). |
---|
| 741 | Whilst coding a new development, the MPI compatibility has to be taken in account |
---|
| 742 | (see \path{./src/LBC/lib_mpp.F90}) and should be tested. |
---|
| 743 | By default, the $x$-$z$ part of the decomposition is chosen to be as square as possible. |
---|
| 744 | However, this may be overriden by specifying the number of subdomains in latitude and longitude in |
---|
| 745 | the \texttt{nammpp} section of the namelist file. |
---|
| 746 | |
---|
[2691] | 747 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
---|
| 748 | \section{Features to be avoided} |
---|
| 749 | |
---|
[10495] | 750 | The code must follow the current standards of FORTRAN and ANSI C. |
---|
| 751 | In particular, the code should not produce any WARNING at compiling phase, so that |
---|
| 752 | users can be easily alerted of potential bugs when some appear in their new developments. |
---|
[2691] | 753 | Below is a list of features to avoid: |
---|
| 754 | \begin{itemize} |
---|
[10495] | 755 | \item |
---|
| 756 | \forcode{COMMON} block |
---|
| 757 | (use the declaration part of \forcode{MODULE} instead) |
---|
| 758 | \item |
---|
| 759 | \forcode{EQUIVALENCE} |
---|
| 760 | (use \forcode{POINTER} or derived data type instead to form data structure) |
---|
| 761 | \item |
---|
| 762 | Assigned and computed \forcode{GOTO} |
---|
| 763 | (use the \forcode{CASE} construct instead) |
---|
| 764 | \item |
---|
| 765 | Arithmetic \forcode{IF} statement |
---|
| 766 | (use the block \forcode{IF}, \forcode{ELSE}, \forcode{ELSEIF}, \forcode{ENDIF} or |
---|
| 767 | \forcode{SELECT CASE} construct instead) |
---|
| 768 | \item |
---|
| 769 | Labeled \forcode{DO} construct |
---|
| 770 | (use unlabeled \forcode{END DO} instead) |
---|
| 771 | \item |
---|
| 772 | \forcode{FORMAT} statement |
---|
| 773 | (use character parameters or |
---|
| 774 | explicit format- specifiers inside the \forcode{READ} or \forcode{WRITE} statement instead) |
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| 775 | \item |
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| 776 | \forcode{GOTO} and \forcode{CONTINUE} statements |
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| 777 | (use \forcode{IF}, \forcode{CASE}, \forcode{DO WHILE}, \forcode{EXIT} or \forcode{CYCLE} statements or |
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| 778 | a contained ?) |
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| 779 | \item |
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| 780 | \forcode{PAUSE} |
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| 781 | \item |
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| 782 | \forcode{ENTRY} statement: a subprogram must only have one entry point. |
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| 783 | \item |
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| 784 | \forcode{RETURN} is obsolete and so not necessary at the end of program units |
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| 785 | \item |
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| 786 | \forcode{FUNCTION} statement |
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| 787 | \item |
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| 788 | Avoid functions with side effects. |
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| 789 | \footnote{ |
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| 790 | First, the code is easier to understand, if you can rely on |
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| 791 | the rule that functions don't change their arguments. |
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| 792 | Second, some compilers generate more efficient code for PURE functions |
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| 793 | (in FORTRAN 95 there are the attributes PURE and ELEMENTAL), because |
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| 794 | they can store the arguments in different places. |
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| 795 | This is especially important on massive parallel and as well on vector machines. |
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| 796 | } |
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| 797 | \item |
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| 798 | \forcode{DATA} and \forcode{BLOCK DATA} |
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| 799 | (use initialisers) |
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[2691] | 800 | \end{itemize} |
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| 801 | |
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| 802 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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| 803 | |
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| 804 | % \printindex |
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| 805 | % \input NEMO_coding.conv.ind |
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| 806 | |
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| 807 | \end{document} |
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