source: NEMO/trunk/doc/latex/NEMO/subfiles/chap_misc.tex @ 14257

\documentclass[../main/NEMO_manual]{subfiles}

\begin{document}

\chapter{Miscellaneous Topics}
\label{chap:MISC}

\chaptertoc

\paragraph{Changes record} ~\\

{\footnotesize
  \begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{l||X|X}
    Release & Author(s) & Modifications \\
    \hline
    {\em   4.0} & {\em ...} & {\em ...} \\
    {\em   3.6} & {\em ...} & {\em ...} \\
    {\em   3.4} & {\em ...} & {\em ...} \\
    {\em <=3.4} & {\em ...} & {\em ...}
  \end{tabularx}
}

\clearpage

%% =================================================================================================
\section{Representation of unresolved straits}
\label{sec:MISC_strait}

In climate modeling, it often occurs that a crucial connections between water masses is broken as
the grid mesh is too coarse to resolve narrow straits.
For example, coarse grid spacing typically closes off the Mediterranean from the Atlantic at
the Strait of Gibraltar.
In this case, it is important for climate models to include the effects of salty water entering the Atlantic from
the Mediterranean.
Likewise, it is important for the Mediterranean to replenish its supply of water from the Atlantic to
balance the net evaporation occurring over the Mediterranean region.
This problem occurs even in eddy permitting simulations.
For example, in ORCA 1/4\deg\ several straits of the Indonesian archipelago (Ombai, Lombok...)
are much narrow than even a single ocean grid-point.

We describe briefly here the two methods that can be used in \NEMO\ to handle such
improperly resolved straits. The methods consist of opening the strait while ensuring
that the mass exchanges through the strait are not too large by either artificially
reducing the cross-sectional area of the strait grid-cells or, locally increasing the
lateral friction.

%% =================================================================================================
\subsection{Hand made geometry changes}
\label{subsec:MISC_strait_hand}

The first method involves reducing the scale factor in the cross-strait direction to a
value in better agreement with the true mean width of the strait
(\autoref{fig:MISC_strait_hand}).  This technique is sometime called "partially open face"
or "partially closed cells".  The key issue here is only to reduce the faces of $T$-cell
(\ie\ change the value of the horizontal scale factors at $u$- or $v$-point) but not the
volume of the $T$-cell.  Indeed, reducing the volume of strait $T$-cell can easily produce
a numerical instability at that grid point which would require a reduction of the model
time step.  Thus to instigate a local change in the width of a Strait requires two steps:

\begin{itemize}

\item Add \texttt{e1e2u} and \texttt{e1e2v} arrays to the \np{cn_domcfg}{cn\_domcfg} file. These 2D
arrays should contain the products of the unaltered values of: $\texttt{e1u}*\texttt{e2u}$
and $\texttt{e1u}*\texttt{e2v}$ respectively. That is the original surface areas of $u$-
and $v$- cells respectively.  These areas are usually defined by the corresponding product
within the \NEMO\ code but the presence of \texttt{e1e2u} and \texttt{e1e2v} in the
\np{cn_domcfg}{cn\_domcfg} file will suppress this calculation and use the supplied fields instead.
If the model domain is provided by user-supplied code in \mdl{usrdef\_hgr}, then this
routine should also return \texttt{e1e2u} and \texttt{e1e2v} and set the integer return
argument \texttt{ie1e2u\_v} to a non-zero value. Values other than 0 for this argument
will suppress the calculation of the areas.

\item Change values of \texttt{e2u} or \texttt{e1v} (either in the \np{cn_domcfg}{cn\_domcfg} file or
via code in  \mdl{usrdef\_hgr}), whereever a Strait reduction is required. The choice of
whether to alter \texttt{e2u} or \texttt{e1v} depends. respectively,  on whether the
Strait in question is North-South orientated (\eg\ Gibraltar) or East-West orientated (\eg
Lombok).

\end{itemize}

The second method is to increase the viscous boundary layer thickness by a local increase
of the fmask value at the coast. This method can also be effective in wider passages.  The
concept is illustarted in the second part of  \autoref{fig:MISC_strait_hand} and changes
to specific locations can be coded in \mdl{usrdef\_fmask}. The \forcode{usr_def_fmask}
routine is always called after \texttt{fmask} has been defined according to the choice of
lateral boundary condition as discussed in \autoref{sec:LBC_coast}. The default version of
\mdl{usrdef\_fmask} contains settings specific to ORCA2 and ORCA1 configurations. These are
meant as examples only; it is up to the user to verify settings and provide alternatives
for their own configurations. The default \forcode{usr_def_fmask} makes no changes to
\texttt{fmask} for any other configuration.

\begin{figure}[!tbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.66\textwidth]{MISC_Gibraltar}
  \includegraphics[width=0.66\textwidth]{MISC_Gibraltar2}
  \caption[Two methods to defined the Gibraltar strait]{
    Example of the Gibraltar strait defined in a 1\deg\ $\times$ 1\deg\ mesh.
    \textit{Top}: using partially open cells.
    The meridional scale factor at $v$-point is reduced on both sides of the strait to
    account for the real width of the strait (about 20 km).
    Note that the scale factors of the strait $T$-point remains unchanged.
    \textit{Bottom}: using viscous boundary layers.
    The four fmask parameters along the strait coastlines are set to a value larger than 4,
    \ie\ "strong" no-slip case (see \autoref{fig:LBC_shlat}) creating a large viscous boundary layer
    that allows a reduced transport through the strait.}
  \label{fig:MISC_strait_hand}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!tbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.66\textwidth]{MISC_closea_mask_example}
  \caption[Mask fields for the \protect\mdl{closea} module]{
    Example of mask fields for the \protect\mdl{closea} module.
    \textit{Left}: a closea\_mask field;
    \textit{Right}: a closea\_mask\_rnf field.
    In this example, if \protect\np{ln_closea}{ln\_closea} is set to \forcode{.true.},
    the mean freshwater flux over each of the American Great Lakes will be set to zero,
    and the total residual for all the lakes, if negative, will be put into
    the St Laurence Seaway in the area shown.}
  \label{fig:MISC_closea_mask_example}
\end{figure}

%% =================================================================================================
\section[Closed seas (\textit{closea.F90})]{Closed seas (\protect\mdl{closea})}
\label{sec:MISC_closea}

Some configurations include inland seas and lakes as ocean
points. This is particularly the case for configurations that are
coupled to an atmosphere model where one might want to include inland
seas and lakes as ocean model points in order to provide a better
bottom boundary condition for the atmosphere. However there is no
route for freshwater to run off from the lakes to the ocean and this
can lead to large drifts in the sea surface height over the lakes. The
closea module provides options to either fill in closed seas and lakes
at run time, or to set the net surface freshwater flux for each lake
to zero and put the residual flux into the ocean.

Prior to \NEMO\ 4 the locations of inland seas and lakes was set via
hardcoded indices for various ORCA configurations. From \NEMO\ 4 onwards
the inland seas and lakes are defined using mask fields in the
domain configuration file. The options are as follows.

\begin{enumerate}
\item {{\bfseries No ``closea\_mask'' field is included in domain configuration
  file.} In this case the closea module does nothing.}

\item {{\bfseries A field called closea\_mask is included in the domain
configuration file and ln\_closea=.false. in namelist namcfg.} In this
case the inland seas defined by the closea\_mask field are filled in
(turned to land points) at run time. That is every point in
closea\_mask that is nonzero is set to be a land point.}

\item {{\bfseries A field called closea\_mask is included in the domain
configuration file and ln\_closea=.true. in namelist namcfg.} Each
inland sea or group of inland seas is set to a positive integer value
in the closea\_mask field (see \autoref{fig:MISC_closea_mask_example}
for an example). The net surface flux over each inland sea or group of
inland seas is set to zero each timestep and the residual flux is
distributed over the global ocean (ie. all ocean points where
closea\_mask is zero).}

\item {{\bfseries Fields called closea\_mask and closea\_mask\_rnf are
included in the domain configuration file and ln\_closea=.true. in
namelist namcfg.} This option works as for option 3, except that if
the net surface flux over an inland sea is negative (net
precipitation) it is put into the ocean at specified runoff points. A
net positive surface flux (net evaporation) is still spread over the
global ocean. The mapping from inland seas to runoff points is defined
by the closea\_mask\_rnf field. Each mapping is defined by a positive
integer value for the inland sea(s) and the corresponding runoff
points. An example is given in
\autoref{fig:MISC_closea_mask_example}. If no mapping is provided for a
particular inland sea then the residual is spread over the global
ocean.}

\item {{\bfseries Fields called closea\_mask and closea\_mask\_emp are
included in the domain configuration file and ln\_closea=.true. in
namelist namcfg.} This option works the same as option 4 except that
the nonzero net surface flux is sent to the ocean at the specified
runoff points regardless of whether it is positive or negative. The
mapping from inland seas to runoff points in this case is defined by
the closea\_mask\_emp field.}
\end{enumerate}

There is a python routine to create the closea\_mask fields and append
them to the domain configuration file in the utils/tools/DOMAINcfg directory.

%% =================================================================================================
\section{Sub-domain functionality}
\label{sec:MISC_zoom}

%% =================================================================================================
\subsection{Simple subsetting of input files via NetCDF attributes}

The extended grids for use with the under-shelf ice cavities will result in redundant rows
around Antarctica if the ice cavities are not active.  A simple mechanism for subsetting
input files associated with the extended domains has been implemented to avoid the need to
maintain different sets of input fields for use with or without active ice cavities.  This
subsetting operates for the j-direction only and works by optionally looking for and using
a global file attribute (named: \np{open_ocean_jstart}{open\_ocean\_jstart}) to determine the starting j-row
for input.  The use of this option is best explained with an example:
\medskip

\noindent Consider an ORCA1
configuration using the extended grid domain configuration file: \textit{eORCA1\_domcfg.nc}
This file define a horizontal domain of 362x332.  The first row with
open ocean wet points in the non-isf bathymetry for this set is row 42 (\fortran\ indexing)
then the formally correct setting for \np{open_ocean_jstart}{open\_ocean\_jstart} is 41.  Using this value as
the first row to be read will result in a 362x292 domain which is the same size as the
original ORCA1 domain.  Thus the extended domain configuration file can be used with all
the original input files for ORCA1 if the ice cavities are not active (\np{ln\_isfcav =
.false.}).  Full instructions for achieving this are:

\begin{itemize}
\item Add the new attribute to any input files requiring a j-row offset, i.e:
\begin{cmds}
ncatted  -a open_ocean_jstart,global,a,d,41 eORCA1_domcfg.nc
\end{cmds}

\item Add the logical switch \np{ln_use_jattr}{ln\_use\_jattr} to \nam{cfg}{cfg} in the configuration
namelist (if it is not already there) and set \forcode{.true.}
\end{itemize}

\noindent Note that with this option, the j-size of the global domain is (extended
j-size minus \np{open_ocean_jstart}{open\_ocean\_jstart} + 1 ) and this must match the \texttt{jpjglo} value
for the configuration. This means an alternative version of \textit{eORCA1\_domcfg.nc} must
be created for when \np{ln_use_jattr}{ln\_use\_jattr} is active. The \texttt{ncap2} tool provides a
convenient way of achieving this:

\begin{cmds}
ncap2 -s 'jpjglo=292' eORCA1_domcfg.nc nORCA1_domcfg.nc
\end{cmds}

The domain configuration file is unique in this respect since it also contains the value of \texttt{jpjglo}
that is read and used by the model.
Any other global, 2D and 3D, netcdf, input field can be prepared for use in a reduced domain by adding the
\texttt{open\_ocean\_jstart} attribute to the file's global attributes.
In particular this is true for any field that is read by \NEMO\ using the following optional argument to
the appropriate call to \np{iom_get}{iom\_get}.

\begin{forlines}
lrowattr=ln_use_jattr
\end{forlines}

Currently, only the domain configuration variables make use of this optional argument so
this facility is of little practical use except for tests where no other external input
files are needed or you wish to use an extended domain configuration with inputs from
earlier, non-extended configurations. Alternatively, it should be possible to exclude
empty rows for extended domain, forced ocean runs using interpolation on the fly, by
adding the optional argument to \texttt{iom\_get} calls for the weights and initial
conditions. Experimenting with this remains an exercise for the user.

%% =================================================================================================
\section[Accuracy and reproducibility (\textit{lib\_fortran.F90})]{Accuracy and reproducibility (\protect\mdl{lib\_fortran})}
\label{sec:MISC_fortran}

%% =================================================================================================
\subsection[Issues with intrinsinc SIGN function (\texttt{\textbf{key\_nosignedzero}})]{Issues with intrinsinc SIGN function (\protect\key{nosignedzero})}
\label{subsec:MISC_sign}

The SIGN(A, B) is the \fortran\ intrinsic function delivers the magnitude of A with the sign of B.
For example, SIGN(-3.0,2.0) has the value 3.0.
The problematic case is when the second argument is zero, because, on platforms that support IEEE arithmetic,
zero is actually a signed number.
There is a positive zero and a negative zero.

In \fninety, the processor was required always to deliver a positive result for SIGN(A, B) if B was zero.
Nevertheless, in \fninety, the processor is allowed to do the correct thing and deliver ABS(A) when
B is a positive zero and -ABS(A) when B is a negative zero.
This change in the specification becomes apparent only when B is of type real, and is zero,
and the processor is capable of distinguishing between positive and negative zero,
and B is negative real zero.
Then SIGN delivers a negative result where, under \fninety\ rules, it used to return a positive result.
This change may be especially sensitive for the ice model,
so we overwrite the intrinsinc function with our own function simply performing :   \\
\verb?   IF( B >= 0.e0 ) THEN   ;   SIGN(A,B) = ABS(A)  ?    \\
\verb?   ELSE                   ;   SIGN(A,B) =-ABS(A)     ?  \\
\verb?   ENDIF    ? \\
This feature can be found in \mdl{lib\_fortran} module and is effective when \key{nosignedzero} is defined.
We use a CPP key as the overwritting of a intrinsic function can present performance issues with
some computers/compilers.

%% =================================================================================================
\subsection{MPP reproducibility}
\label{subsec:MISC_glosum}

The numerical reproducibility of simulations on distributed memory parallel computers is a critical issue.
In particular, within \NEMO\ global summation of distributed arrays is most susceptible to rounding errors,
and their propagation and accumulation cause uncertainty in final simulation reproducibility on
different numbers of processors.
To avoid so, based on \citet{he.ding_JS01} review of different technics,
we use a so called self-compensated summation method.
The idea is to estimate the roundoff error, store it in a buffer, and then add it back in the next addition.

Suppose we need to calculate $b = a_1 + a_2 + a_3$.
The following algorithm will allow to split the sum in two
($sum_1 = a_{1} + a_{2}$ and $b = sum_2 = sum_1 + a_3$) with exactly the same rounding errors as
the sum performed all at once.
\begin{align*}
   sum_1 \ \  &= a_1 + a_2 \\
   error_1     &= a_2 + ( a_1 - sum_1 ) \\
   sum_2 \ \  &= sum_1 + a_3 + error_1 \\
   error_2     &= a_3 + error_1 + ( sum_1 - sum_2 ) \\
   b \qquad \ &= sum_2 \\
\end{align*}
An example of this feature can be found in \mdl{lib\_fortran} module.
It is systematicallt used in glob\_sum function (summation over the entire basin excluding duplicated rows and
columns due to cyclic or north fold boundary condition as well as overlap MPP areas).
The self-compensated summation method should be used in all summation in i- and/or j-direction.
See \mdl{closea} module for an example.
Note also that this implementation may be sensitive to the optimization level.

%% =================================================================================================
\subsection{MPP scalability}
\label{subsec:MISC_mppsca}

The default method of communicating values across the north-fold in distributed memory applications (\key{mpp\_mpi})
uses a \textsc{MPI\_ALLGATHER} function to exchange values from each processing region in
the northern row with every other processing region in the northern row.
This enables a global width array containing the top 4 rows to be collated on every northern row processor and then
folded with a simple algorithm.
Although conceptually simple, this "All to All" communication will hamper performance scalability for
large numbers of northern row processors.
From version 3.4 onwards an alternative method is available which only performs direct "Peer to Peer" communications
between each processor and its immediate "neighbours" across the fold line.
This is achieved by using the default \textsc{MPI\_ALLGATHER} method during initialisation to
help identify the "active" neighbours.
Stored lists of these neighbours are then used in all subsequent north-fold exchanges to
restrict exchanges to those between associated regions.
The collated global width array for each region is thus only partially filled but is guaranteed to
be set at all the locations actually required by each individual for the fold operation.
This alternative method should give identical results to the default \textsc{ALLGATHER} method and
is recommended for large values of \np{jpni}{jpni}.
The new method is activated by setting \np{ln_nnogather}{ln\_nnogather} to be true (\nam{mpp}{mpp}).
The reproducibility of results using the two methods should be confirmed for each new,
non-reference configuration.

%% =================================================================================================
\section{Model optimisation, control print and benchmark}
\label{sec:MISC_opt}

\begin{listing}
  \nlst{namctl}
  \caption{\forcode{&namctl}}
  \label{lst:namctl}
\end{listing}

Options are defined through the  \nam{ctl}{ctl} namelist variables.

%% =================================================================================================
\subsection{Vector optimisation}

\key{vectopt\_loop} enables the internal loops to collapse.
This is very a very efficient way to increase the length of vector calculations and thus
to speed up the model on vector computers.

% Add here also one word on NPROMA technique that has been found useless, since compiler have made significant progress during the last decade.

% Add also one word on NEC specific optimisation (Novercheck option for example)

%% =================================================================================================
\subsection{Status and debugging information output}


NEMO can produce a range of text information output either: in the main output
file (ocean.output) written by the normal reporting processor (narea == 1) or various
specialist output files (e.g. layout.dat, run.stat, tracer.stat etc.). Some, for example
run.stat and tracer.stat, contain globally collected values for which a single file is
sufficient. Others, however, contain information that could, potentially, be different
for each processing region. For computational efficiency, the default volume of text
information produced is reduced to just a few files from the narea=1 processor.

When more information is required for monitoring or debugging purposes, the various
forms of output can be selected via the \np{sn_cfctl}{sn\_cfctl} structure. As well as simple
on-off switches this structure also allows selection of a range of processors for
individual reporting (where appropriate) and a time-increment option to restrict
globally collected values to specified time-step increments.

Most options within the structure are influenced by the top-level switches shown here
with their default settings:

\begin{forlines}
   sn_cfctl%l_allon  = .FALSE.    ! IF T activate all options. If F deactivate all unless l_config is T
     sn_cfctl%l_config = .TRUE.     ! IF .true. then control which reports are written with the following
\end{forlines}

The first switch is a convenience option which can be used to switch on and off all
sub-options. However, if it is false then switching off all sub-options is only done
if \forcode{sn_cfctl%l\_config} is also false. Specifically, the logic is:

\begin{forlines}
  IF ( sn_cfctl%l_allon ) THEN
    set all suboptions .TRUE.
    and set procmin, procmax and procincr so that all regions are selected ([0,10000000,1], respectively)
  ELSEIF ( sn_cfctl%l_config ) THEN
    honour individual settings of the suboptions from the namelist
  ELSE
    set all suboptions .FALSE.
  ENDIF
\end{forlines}

Details of the suboptions follow but first an explanation of the stand-alone option:
\forcode{sn_cfctl%l_glochk}.  This option modifies the action of the early warning checks
carried out in \texttt{stpctl.F90}. These checks detect probable numerical instabilites
by searching for excessive sea surface heights or velocities and salinity values
outside a sensible physical range. If breaches are detected then the default behaviour
is to locate and report the local indices of the grid-point in breach. These indices
are included in the error message that precedes the model shutdown. When true,
\forcode{sn_cfctl%l_glochk} modifies this action by performing a global location of
the various minimum and maximum values and the global indices are reported. This has
some value in locating the most severe error in cases where the first detected error
may not be the worst culprit.

\subsubsection{Control print suboptions}

The options that can be individually selected fall into three categories:

\begin{enumerate} \item{Time step progress information} This category includes
\texttt{run.stat} and \texttt{tracer.stat} files which record certain physical and
passive tracer metrics (respectively). Typical contents of \texttt{run.stat} include
global maximums of ssh, velocity; and global minimums and maximums of temperature
and salinity.  A netCDF version of \texttt{run.stat} (\texttt{run.stat.nc}) is also
produced with the same time-series data and this can easily be expanded to include
extra monitoring information.  \texttt{tracer.stat} contains the volume-weighted
average tracer value for each passive tracer. Collecting these metrics involves
global communications and will impact on model efficiency so both these options are
disabled by default by setting the respective options, \forcode{sn\_cfctl%runstat} and
\forcode{sn\_cfctl%trcstat} to false. A compromise can be made by activating either or
both of these options and setting the \forcode{sn\_cfctl%timincr} entry to an integer
value greater than one. This increment determines the time-step frequency at which
the global metrics are collected and reported.  This increment also applies to the
time.step file which is otherwise updated every timestep.
\item{One-time configuration information/progress logs}

Some run-time configuration information and limited progress information is always
produced by the first ocean process. This includes the \texttt{ocean.output} file
which reports on all the namelist options read by the model and remains open to catch
any warning or error messages generated during execution. A \texttt{layout.dat}
file is also produced which details the MPI-decomposition used by the model. The
suboptions: \forcode{sn\_cfctl%oceout} and \forcode{sn\_cfctl%layout} can be used
to activate the creation of these files by all ocean processes.  For example,
when \forcode{sn\_cfctl%oceout} is true all processors produce their own version of
\texttt{ocean.output}.  All files, beyond the the normal reporting processor (narea == 1), are
named with a \_XXXX extension to their name, where XXXX is a 4-digit area number (with
leading zeros, if required). This is useful as a debugging aid since all processes can
report their local conditions. Note though that these files are buffered on most UNIX
systems so bug-hunting efforts using this facility should also utilise the \fortran:

\forline|CALL FLUSH(numout)|

statement after any additional write statements to ensure that file contents reflect
the last model state. Associated with the \forcode{sn\_cfctl%oceout} option is the
additional \forcode{sn\_cfctl%oasout} suboption. This does not activate its own output
file but rather activates the writing of addition information regarding the OASIS
configuration when coupling via oasis and the sbccpl routine. This information is
written to any active \texttt{ocean.output} files.
\item{Control sums of trends for debugging}

NEMO includes an option for debugging reproducibility differences between
a MPP and mono-processor runs.  This is somewhat dated and clearly only
useful for this purpose when dealing with configurations that can be run
on a single processor. The full details can be found in this report: \href{
http://forge.ipsl.jussieu.fr/nemo/attachment/wiki/Documentation/prtctl_NEMO_doc_v2.pdf}{The
control print option in NEMO} The switches to activate production of the control sums
of trends for either the physics or passive tracers are the \forcode{sn\_cfctl%prtctl}
and \forcode{sn\_cfctl%prttrc} suboptions, respectively. Although, perhaps, of limited use for its
original intention, the ability to produce these control sums of trends in specific
areas provides another tool for diagnosing model behaviour.  If only the output from a
select few regions is required then additional options are available to activate options
for only a simple subset of processing regions. These are: \forcode{sn\_cfctl%procmin},
\forcode{sn\_cfctl%procmax} and \forcode{sn\_cfctl%procincr} which can be used to specify
the minimum and maximum active areas and the increment. The default values are set
such that all regions will be active. Note this subsetting can also be used to limit
which additional \texttt{ocean.output} and \texttt{layout.dat} files are produced if
those suboptions are active.

\end{enumerate}

\begin{forlines}
   sn_cfctl%l_glochk  = .false. ! Range sanity checks are local (F) or global (T). Set T for debugging only
   sn_cfctl%l_allon   = .false. ! IF T activate all options. If F deactivate all unless l_config is T
   sn_cfctl%l_config  = .true.  ! IF .true. then control which reports are written with the following
   sn_cfctl%l_runstat = .false. ! switches and which areas produce reports with the proc integer settings.
   sn_cfctl%l_trcstat = .false. ! The default settings for the proc integers should ensure
   sn_cfctl%l_oceout  = .false. ! that  all areas report.
   sn_cfctl%l_layout  = .false. !
   sn_cfctl%l_prtctl  = .false. !
   sn_cfctl%l_prttrc  = .false. !
   sn_cfctl%l_oasout  = .false. !
   sn_cfctl%procmin   = 0       ! Minimum area number for reporting [default:0]
   sn_cfctl%procmax   = 1000000 ! Maximum area number for reporting [default:1000000]
   sn_cfctl%procincr  = 1       ! Increment for optional subsetting of areas [default:1]
   sn_cfctl%ptimincr  = 1       ! Timestep increment for writing time step progress info
\end{forlines}

\subinc{\input{../../global/epilogue}}

\end{document}