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2 | % ================================================================ |
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3 | % INTRODUCTION |
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4 | % ================================================================ |
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5 | |
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6 | \chapter{Introduction} |
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7 | |
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8 | The Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (\NEMO) is a framework of ocean |
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9 | related engines, namely OPA\footnote{OPA = Oc\'{e}an PArall\'{e}lis\'{e}} for the |
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10 | ocean dynamics and thermodynamics, LIM\footnote{LIM= Louvain)la-neuve Ice |
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11 | Model} for the sea-ice dynamics and thermodynamics, TOP\footnote{TOP = Tracer |
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12 | in the Ocean Paradigm} for the biogeochemistry (both transport (TRP) and sources |
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13 | minus sinks (LOBSTER, PISCES)\footnote{Both LOBSTER and PISCES are not |
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14 | acronyms just name}. It is intended to be a flexible tool for studying the ocean and |
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15 | its interactions with the other components of the earth climate system (atmosphere, |
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16 | sea-ice, biogeochemical tracers, ...) over a wide range of space and time scales. |
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17 | This documentation provides information about the physics represented by the ocean |
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18 | component of \NEMO and the rationale for the choice of numerical schemes and |
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19 | the model design. More specific information about running the model on different |
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20 | computers, or how to set up a configuration, are found on the \NEMO web site |
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21 | (www.locean-ipsl.upmc.fr/NEMO). |
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22 | |
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23 | The ocean component of \NEMO has been developed from the OPA model, |
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24 | release 8.2, described in \citet{Madec1998}. This model has been used for a wide |
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25 | range of applications, both regional or global, as a forced ocean model and as a |
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26 | model coupled with the atmosphere. A complete list of references is found on the |
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27 | \NEMO web site. |
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28 | |
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29 | This manual is organised in as follows. Chapter~\ref{PE} presents the model basics, |
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30 | $i.e.$ the equations and their assumptions, the vertical coordinates used, and the |
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31 | subgrid scale physics. This part deals with the continuous equations of the model |
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32 | (primitive equations, with potential temperature, salinity and an equation of state). |
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33 | The equations are written in a curvilinear coordinate system, with a choice of vertical |
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34 | coordinates ($z$ or $s$, with the rescaled height coordinate formulation \textit{z*}, or |
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35 | \textit{s*}). Momentum equations are formulated in the vector invariant form or in the |
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36 | flux form. Dimensional units in the meter, kilogram, second (MKS) international system |
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37 | are used throughout. |
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38 | |
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39 | The following chapters deal with the discrete equations. Chapter~\ref{DOM} presents the |
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40 | space and time domain. The model is discretised on a staggered grid (Arakawa C grid) |
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41 | with masking of land areas and uses a Leap-frog environment for time-stepping. Vertical |
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42 | discretisation used depends on both how the bottom topography is represented and |
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43 | whether the free surface is linear or not. Full step or partial step $z$-coordinate or |
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44 | $s$- (terrain-following) coordinate is used with linear free surface (level position are then |
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45 | fixed in time). In non-linear free surface, the corresponding rescaled height coordinate |
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46 | formulation (\textit{z*} or \textit{s*}) is used (the level position then vary in time as a |
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47 | function of the sea surface heigh). The following two chapters (\ref{TRA} and \ref{DYN}) |
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48 | describe the discretisation of the prognostic equations for the active tracers and the |
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49 | momentum. Explicit, split-explicit and implicit free surface formulations are implemented |
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50 | as well as rigid-lid case. A number of numerical schemes are available for momentum |
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51 | advection, for the computation of the pressure gradients, as well as for the advection of |
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52 | tracers (second or higher order advection schemes, including positive ones). |
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53 | |
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54 | Surface boundary conditions (chapter~\ref{SBC}) can be implemented as prescribed |
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55 | fluxes, or bulk formulations for the surface fluxes (wind stress, heat, freshwater). The |
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56 | model allows penetration of solar radiation There is an optional geothermal heating at |
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57 | the ocean bottom. Within the \NEMO system the ocean model is interactively coupled |
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58 | with a sea ice model (LIM) and with biogeochemistry models (PISCES, LOBSTER). |
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59 | Interactive coupling to Atmospheric models is possible via the OASIS coupler |
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60 | \citep{OASIS2006}. |
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61 | |
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62 | Other model characteristics are the lateral boundary conditions (chapter~\ref{LBC}). |
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63 | Global configurations of the model make use of the ORCA tripolar grid, with special north |
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64 | fold boundary condition. Free-slip or no-slip boundary conditions are allowed at land |
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65 | boundaries. Closed basin geometries as well as periodic domains and open boundary |
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66 | conditions are possible. |
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67 | |
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68 | Physical parameterisations are described in chapters~\ref{LDF} and \ref{ZDF}. The |
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69 | model includes an implicit treatment of vertical viscosity and diffusivity. The lateral |
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70 | Laplacian and biharmonic viscosity and diffusion can be rotated following a geopotential |
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71 | or neutral direction. There is an optional eddy induced velocity \citep{Gent1990} with a |
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72 | space and time variable coefficient \citet{Treguier1997}. The model has vertical harmonic |
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73 | viscosity and diffusion with a space and time variable coefficient, with options to compute |
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74 | the coefficients with \citet{Blanke1993}, \citet{Large_al_RG94}, or \citet{PacPhil1981} mixing |
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75 | schemes. |
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76 | |
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77 | Specific online diagnostics (not documented yet) are available in the model: output of all |
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78 | the tendencies of the momentum and tracers equations, output of tracers tendencies |
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79 | averaged over the time evolving mixed layer. |
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80 | |
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81 | The model is implemented in \textsc{Fortran 90}, with preprocessing (C-pre-processor). |
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82 | It runs under UNIX. It is optimized for vector computers and parallelised by domain |
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83 | decomposition with MPI. All input and output is done in NetCDF (Network Common Data |
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84 | Format) with a optional direct access format for output. To ensure the clarity and |
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85 | readability of the code it is necessary to follow coding rules. The coding rules for OPA |
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86 | include conventions for naming variables, with different starting letters for different types |
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87 | of variables (real, integer, parameter\ldots). Those rules are presented in a document |
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88 | available on the \NEMO web site. |
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89 | |
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90 | The model is organized with a high internal modularity based on physics. For example, |
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91 | each trend ($i.e.$, a term in the RHS of the prognostic equation) for momentum and |
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92 | tracers is computed in a dedicated module. To make it easier for the user to find his way |
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93 | around the code, the module names follow a three-letter rule. For example, \mdl{tradmp} |
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94 | is a module related to the TRAcers equation, computing the DaMPing. The complete list |
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95 | of module names is presented in Appendix~\ref{Apdx_D}. Furthermore, modules are |
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96 | organized in a few directories that correspond to their category, as indicated by the first |
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97 | three letters of their name. |
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98 | |
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99 | The manual mirrors the organization of the model. After the presentation of the |
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100 | continuous equations (Chapter \ref{PE}), the following chapters refer to specific terms of |
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101 | the equations each associated with a group of modules . |
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102 | |
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103 | |
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104 | \begin{table}[htbp] \label{tab1} |
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105 | %\begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|p{143pt}|l|l|} \hline |
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106 | \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|} \hline |
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107 | Chapter \ref{DOM} & DOM & model DOMain \\ \hline |
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108 | Chapter \ref{TRA} & TRA & TRAcer equations (potential temperature and salinity) \\ \hline |
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109 | Chapter \ref{DYN} & DYN & DYNamic equations (momentum) \\ \hline |
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110 | Chapter \ref{SBC} & SBC & Surface Boundary Conditions \\ \hline |
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111 | Chapter \ref{LBC} & LBC & Lateral Boundary Conditions \\ \hline |
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112 | Chapter \ref{LDF} & LDF & Lateral DiFfusion (parameterisations) \\ \hline |
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113 | Chapter \ref{ZDF} & ZDF & Vertical DiFfusion \\ \hline |
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114 | Chapter \ref{MISC} & ... & Miscellaneous topics \\ \hline |
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115 | \end{tabular} \end{center} |
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116 | \end{table} |
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117 | |
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118 | In the current release (v3.0), the LBC directory does not yet exist. |
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119 | When created LBC will contain the OBC directory (Open Boundary Condition), |
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120 | and the \mdl{lbclnk}, \mdl{mppini} and \mdl{lib\_mpp} modules. |
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121 | |
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122 | \vspace{1cm} Nota Bene : \vspace{0.25cm} |
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123 | |
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124 | OPA, like all research tools, is in perpetual evolution. The present document describes |
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125 | the OPA version include in the release 3.0 of NEMO. This release differs significantly |
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126 | from version 8, documented in \citet{Madec1998}. The main modifications are :\\ |
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127 | (1) transition to full native \textsc{Fortran} 90, deep code restructuring and drastic |
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128 | reduction of CPP keys; \\ |
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129 | (2) introduction of partial step representation of bottom topography \citep{Barnier_al_OD06}; \\ |
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130 | (3) partial reactivation of a terrain-following vertical coordinate ($s$- and hybrid $s$-$z$) |
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131 | with the addition of several options for pressure gradient computation \footnote{Partial |
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132 | support of $s$-coordinate: there is presently no support for neutral physics in $s$- |
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133 | coordinate and for the new options for horizontal pressure gradient computation with |
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134 | a non-linear equation of state.}; \\ |
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135 | (4) more choices for the treatment of the free surface: full explicit, split-explicit , filtered |
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136 | and rigid-lid; \\ |
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137 | (5) non linear free surface option (associated with the rescaled height coordinate |
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138 | \textit{z*} or \textit{s*}); \\ |
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139 | (6) additional schemes for vector and flux forms of the momentum advection; \\ |
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140 | (7) additional advection schemes for tracers; \\ |
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141 | (8) implementation of the AGRIF package (Adaptative Grid Refinement in \textsc{Fortran}) \citep{Debreu_al_CG2008}; \\ |
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142 | (9) online diagnostics : tracers trend in the mixed layer and vorticity balance; \\ |
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143 | (10) rewriting of the I/O management; \\ |
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144 | (11) OASIS 3 and 4 couplers interfacing with atmospheric global circulation models. \\ |
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145 | (12) surface module (SBC) that simplify the way the ocean is forced and include two |
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146 | bulk formulea (CLIO and CORE)\\ |
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147 | (13) introduction of LIM 3, the new Louvain-la-Neuve sea-ice model (C-grid rheology and |
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148 | new thermodynamics including bulk ice salinity) \citep{Vancoppenolle_al_OM08} |
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149 | |
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150 | In addition, several minor modifications in the coding have been introduced with the constant concern of improving performance on both scalar and vector computers. |
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151 | |
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