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4 | @STRING{AP = {Academic Press}} |
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5 | |
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6 | @STRING{AREPS = {Annual Review of Earth Planetary Science}} |
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7 | |
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8 | @STRING{ARFM = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics}} |
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9 | |
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10 | @STRING{ASL = {Atmospheric Science Letters}} |
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11 | |
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12 | @STRING{AW = {Addison-Wesley}} |
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13 | |
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14 | @STRING{CD = {Clim. Dyn.}} |
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15 | |
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16 | @STRING{CP = {Clarendon Press}} |
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17 | |
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18 | @STRING{CUP = {Cambridge University Press}} |
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19 | |
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20 | @STRING{D = {Dover Publications}} |
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21 | |
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22 | @STRING{DAO = {Dyn. Atmos. Ocean}} |
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23 | |
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24 | @STRING{DSR = {Deep-Sea Res.}} |
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25 | |
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26 | @STRING{E = {Eyrolles}} |
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27 | |
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28 | @STRING{GRL = {Geophys. Res. Let.}} |
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29 | |
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30 | @STRING{I = {Interscience}} |
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31 | |
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32 | @STRING{JAOT = {J. Atmos. Ocean Tech.}} |
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33 | |
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34 | @STRING{JAS = {J. Atmos. Sc.}} |
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35 | |
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36 | @STRING{JC = {J. Climate}} |
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37 | |
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38 | @STRING{JCP = {J. Comput. Phys.}} |
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39 | |
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40 | @STRING{JGR = {J. Geophys. Res}} |
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41 | |
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42 | @STRING{JHUP = {The Johns Hopkins University Press}} |
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43 | |
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44 | @STRING{JMR = {J. Mar. Res.}} |
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45 | |
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46 | @STRING{JMS = {J. Mar. Sys.}} |
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47 | |
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48 | @STRING{JMSJ = {J. Met. Soc. Japan}} |
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49 | |
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50 | @STRING{JPO = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.}} |
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51 | |
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52 | @STRING{JWS = {John Wiley and Sons}} |
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53 | |
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54 | @STRING{M = {Macmillan}} |
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55 | |
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56 | @STRING{MGH = {McGraw-Hill}} |
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57 | |
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58 | @STRING{MWR = {Mon. Wea. Rev.}} |
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59 | |
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60 | @STRING{Nature = {Nat.}} |
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61 | |
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62 | @STRING{NH = {North-Holland}} |
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63 | |
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64 | @STRING{Ocean = {Oceanology}} |
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65 | |
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66 | @STRING{OS = {Ocean Science}} |
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67 | |
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68 | @STRING{OUP = {Oxford University Press}} |
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69 | |
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70 | @STRING{PH = {Prentice-Hall}} |
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71 | |
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72 | @STRING{PO = {Prog. Oceangr.}} |
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73 | |
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74 | @STRING{PP = {Pergamon Press}} |
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75 | |
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76 | @STRING{PRSL = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London}} |
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77 | |
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78 | @STRING{QJRMS = {Quart J Roy Meteor Soc}} |
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79 | |
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80 | @STRING{Recherche = {La Recherche}} |
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81 | |
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82 | @STRING{Science = {Science}} |
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83 | |
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84 | @STRING{SV = {Springer-Verlag}} |
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85 | |
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86 | @STRING{Tellus = {Tellus}} |
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87 | |
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88 | @ARTICLE{Adcroft_Campin_OM04, |
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89 | author = {A. Adcroft and J.-M. Campin}, |
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90 | title = {Re-scaled height coordinates for accurate representation of free-surface |
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91 | flows in ocean circulation models}, |
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92 | journal = {Ocean Modelling}, |
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93 | year = {2004}, |
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94 | volume = {7}, |
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95 | owner = {gm}, |
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96 | timestamp = {2008.01.27} |
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97 | } |
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98 | |
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99 | @ARTICLE{Arakawa1966, |
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100 | author = {A. Arakawa}, |
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101 | title = {Computational design for long term numerical integration of the equations |
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102 | of fluid motion, two-dimensional incompressible flow, Part. I.}, |
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103 | journal = JCP, |
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104 | year = {1966}, |
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105 | volume = {I}, |
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106 | pages = {119-149}, |
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107 | owner = {gm}, |
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108 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
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109 | } |
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110 | |
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111 | @ARTICLE{Arakawa1990, |
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112 | author = {A. Arakawa and Y.-J. G. Hsu}, |
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113 | title = {Energy Conserving and Potential-Enstrophy Dissipating Schemes for |
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114 | the Shallow Water Equations}, |
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115 | journal = MWR, |
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116 | year = {1990}, |
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117 | volume = {118}, |
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118 | pages = {1960--1969 |
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119 | |
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120 | }, |
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121 | number = {10}, |
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122 | abstract = {To incorporate potential enstrophy dissipation into discrete shallow |
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123 | water equations with no or arbitrarily small energy dissipation, |
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124 | a family of finite-difference schemes have been derived with which |
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125 | potential enstrophy is guaranteed to decrease while energy is conserved |
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126 | (when the mass flux is nondivergent and time is continuous). Among |
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127 | this family of schemes, there is a member that minimizes the spurious |
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128 | impact of infinite potential vorticities associated with infinitesimal |
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129 | fluid depth. The scheme is, therefore, useful for problems in which |
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130 | the free surface may intersect with the lower boundary.}, |
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131 | date = {October 01, 1990}, |
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132 | owner = {gm}, |
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133 | timestamp = {2007.08.05} |
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134 | } |
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135 | |
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136 | @ARTICLE{Arakawa1981, |
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137 | author = {Arakawa, Akio and Lamb, Vivian R.}, |
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138 | title = {A Potential Enstrophy and Energy Conserving Scheme for the Shallow |
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139 | Water Equations}, |
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140 | journal = MWR, |
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141 | year = {1981}, |
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142 | volume = {109}, |
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143 | pages = {18--36 |
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144 | |
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145 | }, |
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146 | number = {1}, |
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147 | abstract = {To improve the simulation of nonlinear aspects of the flow over steep |
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148 | topography, a potential enstrophy and energy conserving scheme for |
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149 | the shallow water equations is derived. It is pointed out that a |
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150 | family of schemes can conserve total energy for general flow and |
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151 | potential enstrophy for flow with no mass flux divergence. The newly |
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152 | derived scheme is a unique member of this family, that conserves |
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153 | both potential enstrophy and energy for general flow. Comparison |
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154 | by means of numerical experiment with a scheme that conserves (potential) |
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155 | enstrophy for purely horizontal nondivergent flow demonstrated the |
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156 | considerable superiority of the newly derived potential enstrophy |
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157 | and energy conserving scheme, not only in suppressing a spurious |
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158 | energy cascade but also in determining the overall flow regime. The |
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159 | potential enstrophy and energy conserving scheme for a spherical |
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160 | grid is also presented.}, |
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161 | date = {January 01, 1981}, |
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162 | owner = {gm}, |
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163 | timestamp = {2007.08.05} |
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164 | } |
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165 | |
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166 | @ARTICLE{Arhan2006, |
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167 | author = {M. Arhan and A.M. Treguier and B. Bourles and S. Michel}, |
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168 | title = {Diagnosing the annual cycle of the Equatorial Undercurrent in the |
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169 | Atlantic Ocean from a general circulation model}, |
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170 | journal = JPO, |
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171 | year = {2006}, |
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172 | volume = { 36}, |
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173 | pages = {1502-1522} |
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174 | } |
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175 | |
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176 | @ARTICLE{ASSELIN1972, |
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177 | author = {R. Asselin}, |
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178 | title = {Frequency Filter for Time Integrations}, |
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179 | journal = MWR, |
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180 | year = {1972}, |
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181 | volume = {100}, |
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182 | pages = {487-490}, |
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183 | number = {6}, |
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184 | abstract = {A simple filter for controlling high-frequency computational and physical |
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185 | modes arising in time integrations is proposed. A linear analysis |
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186 | of the filter with leapfrog, implicit, and semi-implicit, differences |
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187 | is made. The filter very quickly removes the computational mode and |
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188 | is also very useful in damping high-frequency physical waves. The |
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189 | stability of the leapfrog scheme is adversely affected when a large |
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190 | filter parameter is used, but the analysis shows that the use of |
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191 | centered differences with frequency filter is still more advantageous |
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192 | than the use of the Euler-backward method. An example of the use |
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193 | of the filter in an actual forecast with the meteorological equations |
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194 | is shown.}, |
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195 | date = {June 01, 1972}, |
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196 | owner = {gm}, |
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197 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
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198 | } |
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199 | |
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200 | @ARTICLE{Barnier_al_OD06, |
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201 | author = {B. Barnier and G. Madec and T. Penduff and J.-M. Molines and A.-M. |
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202 | Treguier and J. Le Sommer and A. Beckmann and A. Biastoch and C. |
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203 | Boning and J. Dengg and C. Derval and E. Durand and S. Gulev and |
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204 | E. Remy and C. Talandier and S. Theetten and M. Maltrud and J. McClean |
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205 | and B. De Cuevas}, |
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206 | title = {Impact of partial steps and momentum advection schemes in a global |
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207 | ocean circulation model at eddy-permitting resolution.}, |
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208 | journal = {Ocean Dyn.}, |
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209 | year = {2006}, |
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210 | pages = {doi: 10.1007/s10236-006-0082-1.}, |
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211 | owner = {gm}, |
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212 | timestamp = {2008.01.25} |
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213 | } |
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214 | |
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215 | @INCOLLECTION{Barnier1996, |
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216 | author = {B. Barnier and P. Marchesiello and A.P. de Miranda}, |
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217 | title = {Modeling the ocean circulation in the South Atlantic: A strategy |
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218 | for dealing with open boundaries}, |
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219 | booktitle = {The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation}, |
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220 | publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Berlin}, |
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221 | year = {1996}, |
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222 | editor = {G.Wefer and W.H. Berger and G Siedler and D. Webb}, |
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223 | pages = {289-304} |
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224 | } |
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225 | |
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226 | @ARTICLE{Barnier1998, |
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227 | author = {B. Barnier and P. Marchesiello and A. P. de Miranda and J.M. Molines |
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228 | and M. Coulibaly}, |
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229 | title = {A sigma-coordinate primitive equation model for studying the circulation |
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230 | in the South Atlantic I, Model configuration with error estimates}, |
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231 | journal = {Deep Sea Res.}, |
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232 | year = {1998}, |
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233 | volume = {45}, |
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234 | pages = {543-572} |
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235 | } |
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236 | |
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237 | @ARTICLE{Beckmann1998, |
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238 | author = {A. Beckmann}, |
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239 | title = {The representation of bottom boundary layer processes in numerical |
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240 | ocean circulation models.}, |
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241 | journal = {Ocean modelling and parameterization, E. P. Chassignet and J. Verron |
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242 | (eds.), NATO Science Series, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, |
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243 | year = {1998}, |
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244 | owner = {gm}, |
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245 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
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246 | } |
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247 | |
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248 | @ARTICLE{BeckDos1998, |
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249 | author = {A. Beckmann and R. D\"{o}scher}, |
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250 | title = {A method for improved representation of dense water spreading over |
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251 | topography in geopotential-coordinate models}, |
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252 | journal = JPO, |
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253 | year = {1998}, |
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254 | volume = {27}, |
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255 | pages = {581-591}, |
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256 | owner = {gm}, |
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257 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
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258 | } |
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259 | |
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260 | @ARTICLE{Beckmann1993, |
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261 | author = {A. Beckmann and D. B. Haidvogel}, |
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262 | title = {Numerical Simulation of Flow around a Tall Isolated Seamount. Part |
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263 | I - Problem Formulation and Model Accuracy}, |
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264 | journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography}, |
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265 | year = {1993}, |
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266 | volume = {23}, |
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267 | pages = {1736--1753 |
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268 | |
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269 | }, |
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270 | number = {8}, |
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271 | abstract = {A sigma coordinate ocean circulation model is employed to study flow |
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272 | trapped to a tall seamount in a periodic f-plane channel. In Part |
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273 | I, errors arising from the pressure gradient formulation in the steep |
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274 | topography/strong stratification limit are examined. To illustrate |
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275 | the error properties, a linearized adiabatic version of the model |
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276 | is considered, both with and without forcing, and starting from a |
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277 | resting state with level isopycnals. The systematic discretization |
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278 | errors from the horizontal pressure gradient terms are shown analytically |
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279 | to increase with steeper topography (relative to a fixed horizontal |
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280 | grid) and for stronger stratification (as measured by the Burger |
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281 | number). For an initially quiescent unforced ocean, the pressure |
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282 | gradient errors produce a spurious oscillating current that, at the |
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283 | end of 10 days, is approximately 1 cm s−1 in amplitude. The |
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284 | period of the spurious oscillation (about 0.5 days) is shown to be |
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285 | a consequence of the particular form of the pressure gradient terms |
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286 | in the sigma coordinate system. With the addition of an alongchannel |
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287 | diurnal forcing, resonantly generated seamount-trapped waves are |
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288 | observed to form. Error levels in these solutions are less than those |
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289 | in the unforced cases; spurious time-mean currents are several orders |
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290 | of magnitude less in amplitude than the resonant propagating waves. |
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291 | However, numerical instability is encountered in a wider range of |
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292 | parameter space. The properties of these resonantly generated waves |
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293 | is explored in detail in Part II of this study. Several new formulations |
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294 | of the pressure gradient terms are tested. Two of the formulations—constructed |
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295 | to have additional conservation properties relative to the traditional |
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296 | form of the pressure gradient terms (conservation of JEBAR and conservation |
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297 | of energy)—are found to have error properties generally similar |
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298 | to those of the traditional formulation. A corrected gradient algorithm, |
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299 | based upon vertical interpolation of the pressure field, has a dramatically |
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300 | reduced error level but a much more restrictive range of stable behavior.}, |
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301 | date = {August 01, 1993}, |
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302 | owner = {gm}, |
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303 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
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304 | } |
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305 | |
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306 | @ARTICLE{Blanke_al_JPO99, |
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307 | author = {B. Blanke and M. Arhan and G. Madec and S. Roche}, |
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308 | title = {Warm Water Paths in the Equatorial Atlantic as Diagnosed with a General |
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309 | Circulation Model}, |
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310 | journal = JPO, |
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311 | year = {1999}, |
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312 | volume = {29, 11}, |
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313 | pages = {2753-2768}, |
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314 | owner = {gm}, |
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315 | timestamp = {2008.05.27} |
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316 | } |
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317 | |
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318 | @ARTICLE{Blanke1993, |
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319 | author = {B. Blanke and P. Delecluse}, |
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320 | title = {Low frequency variability of the tropical Atlantic ocean simulated |
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321 | by a general circulation model with mixed layer physics}, |
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322 | journal = JPO, |
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323 | year = {1993}, |
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324 | volume = {23}, |
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325 | pages = {1363-1388} |
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326 | } |
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327 | |
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328 | @ARTICLE{blanketal97, |
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329 | author = {B. Blanke and J. D. Neelin and D. Gutzler}, |
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330 | title = {Estimating the effect of stochastic wind forcing on ENSO irregularity}, |
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331 | journal = JC, |
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332 | year = {1997}, |
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333 | volume = {10}, |
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334 | pages = {1473-1486}, |
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335 | abstract = {One open question in El NinoSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) simulation |
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336 | and predictability is the role of random |
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337 | |
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338 | forcing by atmospheric variability with short correlation times, on |
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339 | coupled variability with interannual timescales. |
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340 | |
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341 | The discussion of this question requires a quantitative assessment |
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342 | of the stochastic component of the wind stress |
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343 | |
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344 | forcing. Self-consistent estimates of this noise (the stochastic forcing) |
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345 | can be made quite naturally in an empirical |
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346 | |
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347 | atmospheric model that uses a statistical estimate of the relationship |
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348 | between sea surface temperature (SST) and |
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349 | |
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350 | wind stress anomaly patterns as the deterministic feedback between |
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351 | the ocean and the atmosphere. The authors |
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352 | |
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353 | use such an empirical model as the atmospheric component of a hybrid |
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354 | coupled model, coupled to the GFDL |
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355 | |
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356 | ocean general circulation model. The authors define as residual the |
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357 | fraction of the Florida State University wind |
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358 | |
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359 | stress not explained by the empirical atmosphere run from observed |
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360 | SST, and a noise product is constructed by |
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361 | |
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362 | random picks among monthly maps of this residual. |
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363 | |
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364 | The impact of included or excluded noise is assessed with several |
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365 | ensembles of simulations. The model is |
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366 | |
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367 | run in coupled regimes where, in the absence of noise, it is perfectly |
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368 | periodic: in the presence of prescribed |
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369 | |
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370 | seasonal variability, the model is strongly frequency locked on a |
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371 | 2-yr period; in annual average conditions it |
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372 | |
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373 | has a somewhat longer inherent ENSO period (30 months). Addition of |
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374 | noise brings an irregular behavior that |
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375 | |
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376 | is considerably richer in spatial patterns as well as in temporal |
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377 | structures. The broadening of the model ENSO |
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378 | |
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379 | spectral peak is roughly comparable to observed. The tendency to frequency |
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380 | lock to subharmonic resonances |
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381 | |
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382 | of the seasonal cycle tends to increase the broadening and to emphasize |
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383 | lower frequencies. An inclination to |
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384 | |
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385 | phase lock to preferred seasons persists even in the presence of noise-induced |
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386 | irregularity. Natural uncoupled |
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387 | |
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388 | atmospheric variability is thus a strong candidate for explaining |
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389 | the observed aperiodicity in ENSO time series. |
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390 | |
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391 | Modelmodel hindcast experiments also suggest the importance of atmospheric |
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392 | noise in setting limits to ENSO |
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393 | |
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394 | predictability.}, |
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395 | pdf = {Blanke_etal_JC97.pdf} |
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396 | } |
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397 | |
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398 | @ARTICLE{Blanke_Raynaud_JPO97, |
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399 | author = {B. Blanke and S. Raynaud}, |
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400 | title = {Kinematics of the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent: An Eulerian and |
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401 | Lagrangian Approach from GCM Results}, |
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402 | journal = JPO, |
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403 | year = {1997}, |
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404 | volume = {27, 6}, |
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405 | pages = {1038-1053}, |
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406 | owner = {gm}, |
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407 | timestamp = {2008.05.27} |
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408 | } |
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409 | |
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410 | @ARTICLE{Blayo2005, |
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411 | author = {E. Blayo and L. Debreu}, |
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412 | title = {Revisiting open boundary conditions from the point of view of characteristic |
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413 | variables}, |
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414 | journal = {Ocean Modelling}, |
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415 | year = {2005}, |
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416 | volume = {9}, |
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417 | pages = {231-252} |
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418 | } |
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419 | |
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420 | @ARTICLE{Bougeault1989, |
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421 | author = {P. Bougeault and P. Lacarrere}, |
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422 | title = {Parameterization of Orography-Induced Turbulence in a Mesobeta--Scale |
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423 | Model}, |
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424 | journal = MWR, |
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425 | year = {1989}, |
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426 | volume = {117}, |
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427 | pages = {1872-1890}, |
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428 | number = {8}, |
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429 | abstract = {The possibility of extending existing techniques for turbulence parameterization |
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430 | in the planetary boundary layer to attitude, orography-induced turbulence |
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431 | events is examined. Starting from a well-tested scheme, we show that |
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432 | it is possible to generalize the specification method of the length |
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433 | scales, with no deterioration of the scheme performance in the boundary |
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434 | layer. The new scheme is implemented in a two-dimensional version |
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435 | of a limited-area, numerical model used for the simulation of mesobeta-scale |
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436 | atmospheric flows. Three well-known cases of orographically induced |
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437 | turbulence are studied. The comparison with observations and former |
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438 | studies shows a satisfactory behavior of the new scheme.}, |
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439 | date = {August 01, 1989}, |
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440 | owner = {gm}, |
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441 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
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442 | } |
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443 | |
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444 | @ARTICLE{Brown1978, |
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445 | author = {J. A. Brown and K. A. Campana}, |
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446 | title = {An Economical Time-Differencing System for Numerical Weather Prediction}, |
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447 | journal = MWR, |
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448 | year = {1978}, |
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449 | volume = {106}, |
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450 | pages = {1125-1136}, |
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451 | number = {8}, |
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452 | month = aug, |
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453 | abstract = {A simple method for integrating the primitive equations is presented |
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454 | which allows for a timestep increment up to twice that of the conventional |
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455 | leapfrog scheme. It consists of a time-averaging operator, which |
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456 | incorporates three consecutive time levels, on the pressure gradient |
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457 | terms in the equations of motion. An attractive feature of the method |
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458 | is its case in programming, since the resulting finite-difference |
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459 | equations can he solved explicitly.Presented here are linear analyses |
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460 | of the method applied to the barotropic and two-layer baroclinic |
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461 | gravity waves. Also presented is an analysis of the method with a |
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462 | time-damping device incorporated, which is an alternative in controlling |
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463 | linearly amplifying computational modes.}, |
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464 | owner = {gm}, |
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465 | timestamp = {2007.08.05} |
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466 | } |
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467 | |
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468 | @ARTICLE{Bryan1997, |
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469 | author = {K. Bryan}, |
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470 | title = {A Numerical Method for the Study of the Circulation of the World |
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471 | Ocean}, |
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472 | journal = JCP, |
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473 | year = {1997}, |
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474 | volume = {135, 2}, |
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475 | owner = {gm}, |
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476 | timestamp = {2007.08.10} |
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477 | } |
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478 | |
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479 | @ARTICLE{Bryan1984, |
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480 | author = {K. Bryan}, |
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481 | title = {Accelerating the convergence to equilibrium of ocean-climate models}, |
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482 | journal = JPO, |
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483 | year = {1984}, |
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484 | volume = {14}, |
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485 | owner = {gm}, |
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486 | timestamp = {2007.08.10} |
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487 | } |
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488 | |
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489 | @ARTICLE{Bryden1973, |
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490 | author = {H. L. Bryden}, |
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491 | title = {New polynomials for thermal expansion, adiabatic temperature gradient |
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492 | |
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493 | and potential temperature of sea water}, |
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494 | journal = DSR, |
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495 | year = {1973}, |
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496 | volume = {20}, |
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497 | pages = {401-408}, |
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498 | owner = {gm}, |
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499 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
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500 | } |
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501 | |
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502 | @ARTICLE{Campin2004, |
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503 | author = {J.-M. Campin and A. Adcroft and C. Hill and J. Marshall}, |
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504 | title = {Conservation of properties in a free-surface model}, |
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505 | journal = {Ocean Modelling}, |
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506 | year = {2004}, |
---|
507 | volume = {6, 3-4}, |
---|
508 | pages = {221-244}, |
---|
509 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
510 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
511 | } |
---|
512 | |
---|
513 | @ARTICLE{Campin_Goosse_Tel99, |
---|
514 | author = {J. M. Campin and H. Goosse}, |
---|
515 | title = {Parameterization of density-driven downsloping flow for a coarse-resolution |
---|
516 | ocean model in z-coordinate}, |
---|
517 | journal = {Tellus}, |
---|
518 | year = {1999}, |
---|
519 | volume = {51}, |
---|
520 | pages = {412-430}, |
---|
521 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
522 | timestamp = {2008.01.20} |
---|
523 | } |
---|
524 | |
---|
525 | @ARTICLE{Cox1987, |
---|
526 | author = {M. Cox}, |
---|
527 | title = {Isopycnal diffusion in a z-coordinate ocean model}, |
---|
528 | journal = {Ocean Modelling}, |
---|
529 | year = {1987}, |
---|
530 | volume = {74}, |
---|
531 | pages = {1-9}, |
---|
532 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
533 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
534 | } |
---|
535 | |
---|
536 | @ARTICLE{Dorscher_Beckmann_JAOT00, |
---|
537 | author = {R. D\"{o}scher and A. Beckmann}, |
---|
538 | title = {Effects of a Bottom Boundary Layer Parameterization in a Coarse-Resolution |
---|
539 | Model of the North Atlantic Ocean}, |
---|
540 | journal = JAOT, |
---|
541 | year = {2000}, |
---|
542 | volume = {17}, |
---|
543 | pages = {698-707}, |
---|
544 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
545 | timestamp = {2008.01.23} |
---|
546 | } |
---|
547 | |
---|
548 | @ARTICLE{Debreu_al_CG2008, |
---|
549 | author = {L. Debreu and C. Vouland and E. Blayo}, |
---|
550 | title = {AGRIF: Adaptive Grid Refinement In Fortran}, |
---|
551 | journal = {Computers and Geosciences}, |
---|
552 | year = {2008}, |
---|
553 | volume = {34}, |
---|
554 | pages = {8-13}, |
---|
555 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
556 | timestamp = {2008.02.03} |
---|
557 | } |
---|
558 | |
---|
559 | @ARTICLE{Delecluse_Madec_Bk00, |
---|
560 | author = {P. Delecluse and G. Madec}, |
---|
561 | title = {Ocean modelling and the role of the ocean in the climate system}, |
---|
562 | journal = {In \textit{Modeling the Earth's Climate and its Variability}, Les |
---|
563 | Houches, Session, LXVII 1997, |
---|
564 | |
---|
565 | Eds. W. R. Holland, S. Joussaume and F. David, Elsevier Science,}, |
---|
566 | year = {2000}, |
---|
567 | pages = {237-313}, |
---|
568 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
569 | timestamp = {2008.02.03} |
---|
570 | } |
---|
571 | |
---|
572 | @ARTICLE{Dukowicz1994, |
---|
573 | author = {J. K. Dukowicz and R. D. Smith}, |
---|
574 | title = {Implicit free-surface method for the Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean model}, |
---|
575 | journal = JGR, |
---|
576 | year = {1994}, |
---|
577 | volume = {99}, |
---|
578 | pages = {7991-8014}, |
---|
579 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
580 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
581 | } |
---|
582 | |
---|
583 | @INCOLLECTION{Durran2001, |
---|
584 | author = {D.R. Durran }, |
---|
585 | title = {Open boundary conditions: fact and fiction}, |
---|
586 | booktitle = {Advances in Mathematical Modelling of Atmosphere and Ocean Dynamics}, |
---|
587 | publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, |
---|
588 | year = {2001}, |
---|
589 | editor = {P.F. Hodnett} |
---|
590 | } |
---|
591 | |
---|
592 | @ARTICLE{Dutay.J.C2004, |
---|
593 | author = {J. -C. Dutay and P. J. -Baptiste and J. -M. Campin and A. Ishida |
---|
594 | and E. M. -Reimer and R. J. Matear and A. Mouchet and I. J. Totterdell |
---|
595 | and Y. Yamanaka and K. Rodgers and G. Madec and J.C. Orr}, |
---|
596 | title = {Evaluation of OCMIP-2 ocean models deep circulation |
---|
597 | |
---|
598 | with mantle helium-3}, |
---|
599 | journal = {Journal of Marine Systems}, |
---|
600 | year = {2004}, |
---|
601 | pages = {1-22}, |
---|
602 | abstract = {We compare simulations of the injection of mantle helium-3 into the |
---|
603 | deep ocean from six global coarse resolution models which participated |
---|
604 | in the Ocean Carbon Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP). We also |
---|
605 | discuss the results of a study carried out with one of the models, |
---|
606 | which examines the effect of the subgrid-scale mixing parameterization. |
---|
607 | These sensitivity tests provide useful information to interpret the |
---|
608 | differences among the OCMIP models and between model simulations |
---|
609 | and the data. |
---|
610 | |
---|
611 | We find that the OCMIP models, which parameterize subgrid-scale mixing |
---|
612 | using an eddy-induced velocity, tend to |
---|
613 | |
---|
614 | underestimate the ventilation of the deep ocean, based on diagnostics |
---|
615 | with d3He. In these models, this parameterization is implemented |
---|
616 | with a constant thickness diffusivity coefficient. In future simulations, |
---|
617 | we recommend using such a parameterization with spatially and temporally |
---|
618 | varying coefficients in order to moderate its effect on stratification. |
---|
619 | |
---|
620 | The performance of the models with regard to the formation of AABW |
---|
621 | confirms the conclusion from a previous evaluation with CFC-11. Models |
---|
622 | coupled with a sea-ice model produce a substantial bottom water formation |
---|
623 | in the Southern Ocean that tends to overestimate AABW ventilation, |
---|
624 | while models that are not coupled with a sea-ice model systematically |
---|
625 | underestimate the formation of AABW. |
---|
626 | |
---|
627 | We also analyze specific features of the deep 3He distribution (3He |
---|
628 | plumes) that are particularly well depicted in the data and which |
---|
629 | put severe constraints on the deep circulation. We show that all |
---|
630 | the models fail to reproduce a correct propagation of these plumes |
---|
631 | in the deep ocean. The resolution of the models may be too coarse |
---|
632 | to reproduce the strong and narrow currents in the deep ocean, and |
---|
633 | the models do not incorporate the geothermal heating that may also |
---|
634 | contribute to the generation of these currents. We also use the context |
---|
635 | of OCMIP-2 to explore the potential of mantle helium-3 as a tool |
---|
636 | to compare and evaluate modeled deep-ocean circulations. Although |
---|
637 | the source function of mantle helium is known with a rather large |
---|
638 | uncertainty, we find that the parameterization used for the injection |
---|
639 | of mantle helium-3 is sufficient to generate realistic results, even |
---|
640 | in the Atlantic Ocean where a previous pioneering study [J. Geophys. |
---|
641 | Res. 100 (1995) 3829] claimed this parameterization generates |
---|
642 | |
---|
643 | inadequate results. These results are supported by a multi-tracer |
---|
644 | evaluation performed by considering the simulated distributions of |
---|
645 | both helium-3 and natural 14C, and comparing the simulated tracer |
---|
646 | fields with available data.}, |
---|
647 | owner = {sandra}, |
---|
648 | pdf = {Dutay_etal_OCMIP_JMS04.pdf}, |
---|
649 | timestamp = {2006.10.17} |
---|
650 | } |
---|
651 | |
---|
652 | @ARTICLE{Eiseman1980, |
---|
653 | author = {P. R. Eiseman and A. P. Stone}, |
---|
654 | title = {Conservation lows of fluid dynamics -- A survey}, |
---|
655 | journal = {SIAM Review}, |
---|
656 | year = {1980}, |
---|
657 | volume = {22}, |
---|
658 | pages = {12-27}, |
---|
659 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
660 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
661 | } |
---|
662 | |
---|
663 | @ARTICLE{Emile-Geay_Madec_OSD08, |
---|
664 | author = {J. Emile-Geay and G. Madec}, |
---|
665 | title = {Geothermal heating, diapycnal mixing and the abyssal circulation}, |
---|
666 | journal = {Ocean Sci. Discuss.}, |
---|
667 | year = {2008}, |
---|
668 | volume = {5}, |
---|
669 | pages = {281-325}, |
---|
670 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
671 | timestamp = {2008.07.16} |
---|
672 | } |
---|
673 | |
---|
674 | @PHDTHESIS{Farge1987, |
---|
675 | author = {M. Farge}, |
---|
676 | title = {Dynamique non lineaire des ondes et des tourbillons dans les equations |
---|
677 | de Saint Venant}, |
---|
678 | school = {Doctorat es Mathematiques, Paris VI University, 401 pp.}, |
---|
679 | year = {1987}, |
---|
680 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
681 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
682 | } |
---|
683 | |
---|
684 | @ARTICLE{Farrow1995, |
---|
685 | author = {D. E. Farrow and D. P. Stevens}, |
---|
686 | title = {A new tracer advection scheme for Bryan--Cox type ocean general circulation |
---|
687 | models}, |
---|
688 | journal = JPO, |
---|
689 | year = {1995}, |
---|
690 | volume = {25}, |
---|
691 | pages = {1731-1741.}, |
---|
692 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
693 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
694 | } |
---|
695 | |
---|
696 | @ARTICLE{Fujio1991, |
---|
697 | author = {S. Fujio and N. Imasato}, |
---|
698 | title = {Diagnostic calculation for circulation and water mass movement in |
---|
699 | the deep Pacific}, |
---|
700 | journal = JGR, |
---|
701 | year = {1991}, |
---|
702 | volume = {96}, |
---|
703 | pages = {759-774}, |
---|
704 | month = jan, |
---|
705 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
706 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
707 | } |
---|
708 | |
---|
709 | @ARTICLE{Gargett1984, |
---|
710 | author = {A. E. Gargett}, |
---|
711 | title = {Vertical eddy diffusivity in the ocean interior}, |
---|
712 | journal = JMR, |
---|
713 | year = {1984}, |
---|
714 | volume = {42}, |
---|
715 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
716 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
717 | } |
---|
718 | |
---|
719 | @ARTICLE{Gaspar1990, |
---|
720 | author = {P. Gaspar and Y. Gr{\'e}goris and J.-M. Lefevre}, |
---|
721 | title = {A simple eddy kinetic energy model for simulations of the oceanic |
---|
722 | vertical mixing\: Tests at Station Papa and long-term upper ocean |
---|
723 | study site}, |
---|
724 | journal = JGR, |
---|
725 | year = {1990}, |
---|
726 | volume = {95(C9)}, |
---|
727 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
728 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
729 | } |
---|
730 | |
---|
731 | @ARTICLE{Gent1990, |
---|
732 | author = {P. R. Gent and J. C. Mcwilliams}, |
---|
733 | title = {Isopycnal Mixing in Ocean Circulation Models}, |
---|
734 | journal = JPO, |
---|
735 | year = {1990}, |
---|
736 | volume = {20}, |
---|
737 | pages = {150-155}, |
---|
738 | number = {1}, |
---|
739 | abstract = {A subgrid-scale form for mesoscale eddy mixing on isopycnal surfaces |
---|
740 | is proposed for use in non-eddy-resolving ocean circulation models. |
---|
741 | The mixing is applied in isopycnal coordinates to isopycnal layer |
---|
742 | thickness, or inverse density gradient, as well as to passive scalars, |
---|
743 | temperature and salinity. The transformation of these mixing forms |
---|
744 | to physical coordinates is also presented.}, |
---|
745 | date = {January 01, 1990}, |
---|
746 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
747 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
748 | } |
---|
749 | |
---|
750 | @ARTICLE{Gerdes1993a, |
---|
751 | author = {R. Gerdes}, |
---|
752 | title = {A primitive equation ocean circulation model using a general vertical |
---|
753 | coordinate transformation 1. Description and testing of the model}, |
---|
754 | journal = JGR, |
---|
755 | year = {1993}, |
---|
756 | volume = {98}, |
---|
757 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
758 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
759 | } |
---|
760 | |
---|
761 | @ARTICLE{Gerdes1993b, |
---|
762 | author = {R. Gerdes}, |
---|
763 | title = {A primitive equation ocean circulation model using a general vertical |
---|
764 | coordinate transformation 2. Application to an overflow problem}, |
---|
765 | journal = JGR, |
---|
766 | year = {1993}, |
---|
767 | volume = {98}, |
---|
768 | pages = {14703-14726}, |
---|
769 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
770 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
771 | } |
---|
772 | |
---|
773 | @TECHREPORT{Gibson_TR86, |
---|
774 | author = {J. K. Gibson}, |
---|
775 | title = {Standard software development and maintenance}, |
---|
776 | institution = {Operational Dep., ECMWF, Reading, UK.}, |
---|
777 | year = {1986}, |
---|
778 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
779 | timestamp = {2008.02.03} |
---|
780 | } |
---|
781 | |
---|
782 | @BOOK{Gill1982, |
---|
783 | title = {Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics}, |
---|
784 | publisher = {International Geophysics Series, Academic Press, New-York}, |
---|
785 | year = {1982}, |
---|
786 | author = {A. E. Gill} |
---|
787 | } |
---|
788 | |
---|
789 | @ARTICLE{Goosse_al_JGR99, |
---|
790 | author = {H. Goosse and E. Deleersnijder and T. Fichefet and M. England}, |
---|
791 | title = {Sensitivity of a global coupled ocean-sea ice model to the parameterization |
---|
792 | of vertical mixing}, |
---|
793 | journal = JGR, |
---|
794 | year = {1999}, |
---|
795 | volume = {104}, |
---|
796 | pages = {13,681-13,695}, |
---|
797 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
798 | timestamp = {2008.05.27} |
---|
799 | } |
---|
800 | |
---|
801 | @ARTICLE{Griffes2005, |
---|
802 | author = {S. M. Griffes and A. Gnanadesikan and K. W. Dixon and J. P. Dunne |
---|
803 | and R. Gerdes and M. J. Harrison and A. Rosati and J. L. Russell |
---|
804 | and B. L. Samuels and M. J. Spelman and M. Winton and R. Zhang}, |
---|
805 | title = {Formulation of an ocean model for global climate simulations}, |
---|
806 | journal = OS, |
---|
807 | year = {2005}, |
---|
808 | pages = {165246}, |
---|
809 | abstract = {This paper summarizes the formulation of the ocean component to the |
---|
810 | Geophysical |
---|
811 | |
---|
812 | Fluid Dynamics Laboratorys (GFDL) coupled climate model used for |
---|
813 | the 4th IPCC As- Assessment |
---|
814 | |
---|
815 | (AR4) of global climate change. In particular, it reviews elements |
---|
816 | of ocean |
---|
817 | |
---|
818 | sessment climate models and how they are pieced together for use in |
---|
819 | a state-of-the-art coupled 5 |
---|
820 | |
---|
821 | model. Novel issues are also highlighted, with particular attention |
---|
822 | given to sensitivity of |
---|
823 | |
---|
824 | the coupled simulation to physical parameterizations and numerical |
---|
825 | methods. Features |
---|
826 | |
---|
827 | of the model described here include the following: (1) tripolar grid |
---|
828 | to resolve the Arctic |
---|
829 | |
---|
830 | Ocean without polar filtering, (2) partial bottom step representation |
---|
831 | of topography to |
---|
832 | |
---|
833 | better represent topographically influenced advective and wave processes, |
---|
834 | (3) more 10 |
---|
835 | |
---|
836 | accurate equation of state, (4) three-dimensional flux limited tracer |
---|
837 | advection to reduce |
---|
838 | |
---|
839 | overshoots and undershoots, (5) incorporation of regional climatological |
---|
840 | variability in |
---|
841 | |
---|
842 | shortwave penetration, (6) neutral physics parameterization for representation |
---|
843 | of the |
---|
844 | |
---|
845 | pathways of tracer transport, (7) staggered time stepping for tracer |
---|
846 | conservation and |
---|
847 | |
---|
848 | numerical eciency, (8) anisotropic horizontal viscosities for representation |
---|
849 | of equato- 15 |
---|
850 | |
---|
851 | rial currents, (9) parameterization of exchange with marginal seas, |
---|
852 | (10) incorporation |
---|
853 | |
---|
854 | of a free surface that accomodates a dynamic ice model and wave propagation, |
---|
855 | (11) |
---|
856 | |
---|
857 | transport of water across the ocean free surface to eliminate unphysical |
---|
858 | virtual tracer |
---|
859 | |
---|
860 | flux methods, (12) parameterization of tidal mixing on continental |
---|
861 | shelves.}, |
---|
862 | owner = {sandra}, |
---|
863 | pdf = {Griffies_al_OSD05.pdf}, |
---|
864 | timestamp = {2007.01.25} |
---|
865 | } |
---|
866 | |
---|
867 | @BOOK{Griffies2004, |
---|
868 | title = {Fundamentals of ocean climate models}, |
---|
869 | publisher = {Princeton University Press, 434pp}, |
---|
870 | year = {2004}, |
---|
871 | author = {S. M. Griffies}, |
---|
872 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
873 | timestamp = {2007.08.05} |
---|
874 | } |
---|
875 | |
---|
876 | @ARTICLE{Griffies_JPO98, |
---|
877 | author = {S. M. Griffies}, |
---|
878 | title = {The Gent-McWilliams skew-flux}, |
---|
879 | journal = JPO, |
---|
880 | year = {1998}, |
---|
881 | volume = {28}, |
---|
882 | pages = {831–841}, |
---|
883 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
884 | timestamp = {2008.06.28} |
---|
885 | } |
---|
886 | |
---|
887 | @ARTICLE{Griffies1998, |
---|
888 | author = {S. M. Griffies and A. Gnanadesikan and R. C. Pacanowski and V. D. |
---|
889 | Larichev and J. K. Dukowicz and R. D. Smith}, |
---|
890 | title = {Isoneutral Diffusion in a z-Coordinate Ocean Model}, |
---|
891 | journal = JPO, |
---|
892 | year = {1998}, |
---|
893 | volume = {28}, |
---|
894 | pages = {805-830}, |
---|
895 | number = {5}, |
---|
896 | abstract = {This paper considers the requirements that must be satisfied in order |
---|
897 | to provide a stable and physically based isoneutral tracer diffusion |
---|
898 | scheme in a z-coordinate ocean model. Two properties are emphasized: |
---|
899 | 1) downgradient orientation of the diffusive fluxes along the neutral |
---|
900 | directions and 2) zero isoneutral diffusive flux of locally referenced |
---|
901 | potential density. It is shown that the Cox diffusion scheme does |
---|
902 | not respect either of these properties, which provides an explanation |
---|
903 | for the necessity to add a nontrivial background horizontal diffusion |
---|
904 | to that scheme. A new isoneutral diffusion scheme is proposed that |
---|
905 | aims to satisfy the stated properties and is found to require no |
---|
906 | horizontal background diffusion.}, |
---|
907 | date = {May 01, 1998}, |
---|
908 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
909 | timestamp = {2007.08.05} |
---|
910 | } |
---|
911 | |
---|
912 | @ARTICLE{Griffies2001, |
---|
913 | author = {S. M. Griffies and R. C. Pacanowski and M. Schmidt and V. Balaji}, |
---|
914 | title = {Tracer Conservation with an Explicit Free Surface Method for z-Coordinate |
---|
915 | Ocean Models}, |
---|
916 | journal = MWR, |
---|
917 | year = {2001}, |
---|
918 | volume = {129}, |
---|
919 | pages = {1081-1098}, |
---|
920 | number = {5}, |
---|
921 | abstract = {This paper details a free surface method using an explicit time stepping |
---|
922 | scheme for use in z-coordinate ocean models. One key property that |
---|
923 | makes the method especially suitable for climate simulations is its |
---|
924 | very stable numerical time stepping scheme, which allows for the |
---|
925 | use of a long density time step, as commonly employed with coarse-resolution |
---|
926 | rigid-lid models. Additionally, the effects of the undulating free |
---|
927 | surface height are directly incorporated into the baroclinic momentum |
---|
928 | and tracer equations. The novel issues related to local and global |
---|
929 | tracer conservation when allowing for the top cell to undulate are |
---|
930 | the focus of this work. The method presented here is quasi-conservative |
---|
931 | locally and globally of tracer when the baroclinic and tracer time |
---|
932 | steps are equal. Important issues relevant for using this method |
---|
933 | in regional as well as large-scale climate models are discussed and |
---|
934 | illustrated, and examples of scaling achieved on parallel computers |
---|
935 | provided.}, |
---|
936 | date = {May 01, 2001}, |
---|
937 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
938 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
939 | } |
---|
940 | |
---|
941 | @ARTICLE{Guily2001, |
---|
942 | author = {E. Guilyardi and G. Madec and L. Terray}, |
---|
943 | title = {The role of lateral ocean physics in the upper ocean thermal balance |
---|
944 | of a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM}, |
---|
945 | journal = CD, |
---|
946 | year = {2001}, |
---|
947 | volume = {17}, |
---|
948 | pages = {589-599}, |
---|
949 | number = {8}, |
---|
950 | pdf = {/home/ericg/TeX/Papers/Published_pdfs/Guilyardi_al_CD01.pdf} |
---|
951 | } |
---|
952 | |
---|
953 | @ARTICLE{Guyon_al_EP99, |
---|
954 | author = {M. Guyon and G. Madec and F.-X. Roux and M. Imbard}, |
---|
955 | title = {A Parallel ocean model for high resolution studies}, |
---|
956 | journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, |
---|
957 | year = {1999}, |
---|
958 | volume = {Euro-Par'99}, |
---|
959 | pages = {603-607}, |
---|
960 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
961 | timestamp = {2008.05.27} |
---|
962 | } |
---|
963 | |
---|
964 | @ARTICLE{Guyon_al_CalPar99, |
---|
965 | author = {M. Guyon and G. Madec and F.-X. Roux and M. Imbard and C. Herbaut |
---|
966 | and P. Fronier}, |
---|
967 | title = {Parallelization of the OPA ocean model}, |
---|
968 | journal = {Calculateurs Paralleles}, |
---|
969 | year = {1999}, |
---|
970 | volume = {11, 4}, |
---|
971 | pages = {499-517}, |
---|
972 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
973 | timestamp = {2008.05.27} |
---|
974 | } |
---|
975 | |
---|
976 | @BOOK{Haltiner1980, |
---|
977 | title = {Numerical prediction and dynamic meteorology}, |
---|
978 | publisher = {John Wiley {\&} Sons Eds., second edition, 477pp}, |
---|
979 | year = {1980}, |
---|
980 | author = {G. J. Haltiner and R. T. Williams}, |
---|
981 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
982 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
983 | } |
---|
984 | |
---|
985 | @ARTICLE{Haney1991, |
---|
986 | author = {R. L. Haney}, |
---|
987 | title = {On the Pressure Gradient Force over Steep Topography in Sigma Coordinate |
---|
988 | Ocean Models}, |
---|
989 | journal = JPO, |
---|
990 | year = {1991}, |
---|
991 | volume = {21}, |
---|
992 | pages = {610--619 |
---|
993 | |
---|
994 | }, |
---|
995 | number = {4}, |
---|
996 | abstract = {The error in computing the pressure gradient force near steep topography |
---|
997 | using terms following (σ) coordinates is investigated in an |
---|
998 | ocean model using the family of vertical differencing schemes proposed |
---|
999 | by Arakawa and Suarez. The truncation error is estimated by substituting |
---|
1000 | known buoyancy profiles into the finite difference hydrostatic and |
---|
1001 | pressure gradient terms. The error due to “hydrostatic inconsistency,” |
---|
1002 | which is not simply a space truncation error, is also documented. |
---|
1003 | The results show that the pressure gradient error is spread throughout |
---|
1004 | the water column, and it is sensitive to the vertical resolution |
---|
1005 | and to the placement of the grid points relative to the vertical |
---|
1006 | structure of the buoyancy field being modeled. Removing a reference |
---|
1007 | state, as suggested for the atmosphere by Gary, reduces the truncation |
---|
1008 | error associated with the two lowest vertical modes by a factor of |
---|
1009 | 2 to 3. As an example, the error in computing the pressure gradient |
---|
1010 | using a standard 10-level primitive equation model applied to buoyancy |
---|
1011 | profiles and topographic slopes typical of the California Current |
---|
1012 | region corresponds to a false geostrophic current of the order of |
---|
1013 | 10–12 cm s−1. The analogous error in a hydrostatically |
---|
1014 | consistent 30-level model with the reference state removed is about |
---|
1015 | an order of magnitude smaller.}, |
---|
1016 | date = {April 01, 1991}, |
---|
1017 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1018 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
1019 | } |
---|
1020 | |
---|
1021 | @ARTICLE{Hsu1990, |
---|
1022 | author = {Hsu, Yueh-Jiuan G. and Arakawa, Akio}, |
---|
1023 | title = {Numerical Modeling of the Atmosphere with an Isentropic Vertical |
---|
1024 | Coordinate}, |
---|
1025 | journal = MWR, |
---|
1026 | year = {1990}, |
---|
1027 | volume = {118}, |
---|
1028 | pages = {1933--1959 |
---|
1029 | |
---|
1030 | }, |
---|
1031 | number = {10}, |
---|
1032 | abstract = {In constructing a numerical model of the atmosphere, we must choose |
---|
1033 | an appropriate vertical coordinate. Among the various possibilities, |
---|
1034 | isentropic vertical coordinates such as the θ-coordinate seem |
---|
1035 | to have the greatest potential, in spite of the technical difficulties |
---|
1036 | in treating the intersections of coordinate surfaces with the lower |
---|
1037 | boundary. The purpose of this paper is to describe the θ-coordinate |
---|
1038 | model we have developed and to demonstrate its potential through |
---|
1039 | simulating the nonlinear evolution of a baroclinic wave.In the model |
---|
1040 | we have developed, vertical discretization maintains important integral |
---|
1041 | constraints, such as conservation of the angular momentum and total |
---|
1042 | energy. In treating the intersections of coordinate surfaces with |
---|
1043 | the lower boundary, we have followed the massless-layer approach |
---|
1044 | in which the intersecting coordinate surfaces are extended along |
---|
1045 | the boundary by introducing massless layers. Although this approach |
---|
1046 | formally eliminates the intersection problem, it raises other computational |
---|
1047 | problems. Horizontal discretization of the continuity and momentum |
---|
1048 | equations in the model has been carefully designed to overcome these |
---|
1049 | problems.Selected results from a 10-day integration with the 25-layer, |
---|
1050 | β-plane version of the model are presented. It seems that the |
---|
1051 | model can simulate the nonlinear evolution of a baroclinic wave and |
---|
1052 | associated dynamical processes without major computational difficulties.}, |
---|
1053 | date = {October 01, 1990}, |
---|
1054 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1055 | timestamp = {2007.08.05} |
---|
1056 | } |
---|
1057 | |
---|
1058 | @ARTICLE{JackMcD1995, |
---|
1059 | author = {D. R. Jackett and T. J. McDougall}, |
---|
1060 | title = {Minimal adjustment of hydrographic data to achieve static stability}, |
---|
1061 | journal = JAOT, |
---|
1062 | year = {1995}, |
---|
1063 | volume = {12}, |
---|
1064 | pages = {381-389}, |
---|
1065 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1066 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1067 | } |
---|
1068 | |
---|
1069 | @BOOK{Jerlov1968, |
---|
1070 | title = {Optical Oceanography}, |
---|
1071 | publisher = {194pp}, |
---|
1072 | year = {1968}, |
---|
1073 | author = {N. G. Jerlov}, |
---|
1074 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1075 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1076 | } |
---|
1077 | |
---|
1078 | @BOOK{Jerlov_Bk1968, |
---|
1079 | publisher = {Elsevier}, |
---|
1080 | year = {1968}, |
---|
1081 | author = {N. G. Jerlov}, |
---|
1082 | pages = {194pp}, |
---|
1083 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1084 | timestamp = {2008.08.31} |
---|
1085 | } |
---|
1086 | |
---|
1087 | @INPROCEEDINGS{Killworth1989, |
---|
1088 | author = {P. D. Killworth}, |
---|
1089 | title = {On the parameterization of deep convection in ocean models}, |
---|
1090 | booktitle = {Parameterization of small-scale processes}, |
---|
1091 | year = {1989}, |
---|
1092 | editor = {Hawaiian winter workshop}, |
---|
1093 | month = {January 17-20}, |
---|
1094 | organization = {University of Hawaii at Manoa}, |
---|
1095 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1096 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
1097 | } |
---|
1098 | |
---|
1099 | @ARTICLE{Killworth1992, |
---|
1100 | author = {P. D. Killworth}, |
---|
1101 | title = {An equivalent-barotropic mode in the fine resolution Antarctic model}, |
---|
1102 | journal = JPO, |
---|
1103 | year = {1992}, |
---|
1104 | volume = {22}, |
---|
1105 | pages = {1379-1387} |
---|
1106 | } |
---|
1107 | |
---|
1108 | @ARTICLE{Killworth1991, |
---|
1109 | author = {Killworth, P. D. and Stainforth, D. and Webb, D. J. and Paterson, |
---|
1110 | S. M.}, |
---|
1111 | title = {The Development of a Free-Surface Bryan-Cox-Semtner Ocean Model}, |
---|
1112 | journal = JPO, |
---|
1113 | year = {1991}, |
---|
1114 | volume = {21}, |
---|
1115 | pages = {1333--1348}, |
---|
1116 | number = {9}, |
---|
1117 | abstract = {A version of the Bryan–Cox–Semtner numerical ocean general |
---|
1118 | circulation model, adapted to include a free surface, is described. |
---|
1119 | The model is designed for the following uses: tidal studies |
---|
1120 | (a tidal option is explicitly included); assimilation of altimetric |
---|
1121 | data (since the surface elevation is now a prognostic variable); |
---|
1122 | and in situations where accurate relaxation to obtain the streamfunction |
---|
1123 | in the original model is too time consuming. Comparison is made between |
---|
1124 | a 300-year run of the original model and the free-surface version, |
---|
1125 | using a very coarse North Atlantic calculation as the basis. The |
---|
1126 | results are very similar, differing only in the streamfunction over |
---|
1127 | topography; this is to be expected, since the treatment of topographic |
---|
1128 | torques on the barotropic flow differs because of the nature of the |
---|
1129 | modifications.}, |
---|
1130 | date = {September 01, 1991}, |
---|
1131 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1132 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
1133 | } |
---|
1134 | |
---|
1135 | @ARTICLE{Kolmogorov1942, |
---|
1136 | author = {A. N. Kolmogorov}, |
---|
1137 | title = {The equation of turbulent motion in an incompressible fluid}, |
---|
1138 | journal = {Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz.}, |
---|
1139 | year = {1942}, |
---|
1140 | volume = {6}, |
---|
1141 | pages = {56-58}, |
---|
1142 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1143 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
1144 | } |
---|
1145 | |
---|
1146 | @PHDTHESIS{Levy1996, |
---|
1147 | author = {M. L\'{e}vy}, |
---|
1148 | title = {Mod\'{e}lisation des processus biog\'{e}ochimiques en M\'{e}diterran\'{e}e |
---|
1149 | nord-occidentale. Cycle saisonnier et variabilit\'{e} m\'{e}so\'{e}chelle}, |
---|
1150 | school = {Universit\'{e} Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France, 207pp}, |
---|
1151 | year = {1996}, |
---|
1152 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1153 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1154 | } |
---|
1155 | |
---|
1156 | @ARTICLE{Levy2001, |
---|
1157 | author = {M. L\'{e}vy and A. Estubier and G Madec}, |
---|
1158 | title = {Choice of an advection scheme for biogeochemical models}, |
---|
1159 | journal = GRL, |
---|
1160 | year = {2001}, |
---|
1161 | volume = {28}, |
---|
1162 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1163 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1164 | } |
---|
1165 | |
---|
1166 | @ARTICLE{Levy1998, |
---|
1167 | author = {M. L\'{e}vy and L. M\'{e}mery and G. Madec}, |
---|
1168 | title = {The onset of a bloom after deep winter convection in the Northwestern |
---|
1169 | Mediterranean Sea: mesoscale |
---|
1170 | |
---|
1171 | process study with a primitive equation model}, |
---|
1172 | journal = JMS, |
---|
1173 | year = {1998}, |
---|
1174 | volume = {16/1-2}, |
---|
1175 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1176 | timestamp = {2007.08.10} |
---|
1177 | } |
---|
1178 | |
---|
1179 | @BOOK{LargeYeager2004, |
---|
1180 | title = {Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models: the |
---|
1181 | data sets and flux climatologies}, |
---|
1182 | publisher = {NCAR Technical Note, NCAR/TN-460+STR, CGD Division of the National |
---|
1183 | Center for Atmospheric Research}, |
---|
1184 | year = {2004}, |
---|
1185 | author = {W. Large and S. Yeager}, |
---|
1186 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1187 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
1188 | } |
---|
1189 | |
---|
1190 | @ARTICLE{Large_al_RG94, |
---|
1191 | author = {W. G. Large and J. C. McWilliams and S. C. Doney}, |
---|
1192 | title = {Oceanic vertical mixing - a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary |
---|
1193 | layer parameterization}, |
---|
1194 | journal = {Reviews of Geophysics}, |
---|
1195 | year = {1994}, |
---|
1196 | volume = {32}, |
---|
1197 | pages = {363-404}, |
---|
1198 | doi = {10.1029/94RG01872}, |
---|
1199 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1200 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
1201 | } |
---|
1202 | |
---|
1203 | @PHDTHESIS{Lazar1997, |
---|
1204 | author = {A. Lazar}, |
---|
1205 | title = {La branche froide de la circulation thermohaline - sensibilit\'{e} |
---|
1206 | \`{a} la diffusion turbulente dans un mod\`{e}le de circulation g\'{e}n\'{e}rale |
---|
1207 | id\'{e}alis\'{e}e}, |
---|
1208 | school = {Universit\'{e} Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France, 200pp}, |
---|
1209 | year = {1997}, |
---|
1210 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1211 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
1212 | } |
---|
1213 | |
---|
1214 | @ARTICLE{Lazar1999, |
---|
1215 | author = {A. Lazar and G. Madec and P. Delecluse}, |
---|
1216 | title = {The Deep Interior Downwelling, the Veronis Effect, and Mesoscale |
---|
1217 | Tracer Transport Parameterizations in an OGCM}, |
---|
1218 | journal = JPO, |
---|
1219 | year = {1999}, |
---|
1220 | volume = {29}, |
---|
1221 | pages = {2945-2961}, |
---|
1222 | number = {11}, |
---|
1223 | abstract = {Numerous numerical simulations of basin-scale ocean circulation display |
---|
1224 | a vast interior downwelling and a companion intense western boundary |
---|
1225 | layer upwelling at midlatitude below the thermocline. These features, |
---|
1226 | related to the so-called Veronis effect, are poorly rationalized |
---|
1227 | and depart strongly from the classical vision of the deep circulation |
---|
1228 | where upwelling is considered to occur in the interior. Furthermore, |
---|
1229 | they significantly alter results of ocean general circulation models |
---|
1230 | (OGCMs) using horizontal Laplacian diffusion. Recently, some studies |
---|
1231 | showed that the parameterization for mesoscale eddy effects formulated |
---|
1232 | by Gent and McWilliams allows integral quantities like the streamfunction |
---|
1233 | and meridional heat transport to be free of these undesired effects. |
---|
1234 | In this paper, an idealized OGCM is used to validate an analytical |
---|
1235 | rationalization of the processes at work and help understand the |
---|
1236 | physics. The results show that the features associated with the Veronis |
---|
1237 | effect can be related quantitatively to three different width scales |
---|
1238 | that characterize the baroclinic structure of the deep western boundary |
---|
1239 | current. In addition, since one of these scales may be smaller than |
---|
1240 | the Munk barotropic layer, usually considered to determine the minimum |
---|
1241 | resolution and horizontal viscosity for numerical models, the authors |
---|
1242 | recommend that it be taken into account. Regarding the introduction |
---|
1243 | of the new parameterization, diagnostics in terms of heat balances |
---|
1244 | underline some interesting similarities between local heat fluxes |
---|
1245 | by eddy-induced velocities and horizontal diffusion at low and midlatitudes |
---|
1246 | when a common large diffusivity (here 2000 m2 s−1) is used. |
---|
1247 | The near-quasigeostrophic character of the flow explains these results. |
---|
1248 | As a consequence, the response of the Eulerian-mean circulation is |
---|
1249 | locally similar for runs using either of the two parameterizations. |
---|
1250 | However, it is shown that the advective nature of the eddy-induced |
---|
1251 | heat fluxes results in a very different effective circulation, which |
---|
1252 | is the one felt by tracers.}, |
---|
1253 | date = {November 01, 1999}, |
---|
1254 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1255 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
1256 | } |
---|
1257 | |
---|
1258 | @ARTICLE{Lengaigne_al_JGR03, |
---|
1259 | author = {M. Lengaigne and G. Madec and G. Alory and C. Menkes}, |
---|
1260 | title = {Sensitivity of the tropical Pacific Ocean to isopycnal diffusion |
---|
1261 | on tracer and dynamics}, |
---|
1262 | journal = JGR, |
---|
1263 | year = {2003}, |
---|
1264 | volume = {108 (C11)}, |
---|
1265 | pages = {3345, doi:10.1029/2002JC001704}, |
---|
1266 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1267 | timestamp = {2008.01.26} |
---|
1268 | } |
---|
1269 | |
---|
1270 | @ARTICLE{Leonard1991, |
---|
1271 | author = {B. P. Leonard}, |
---|
1272 | title = {The ULTIMATE conservative difference scheme applied to unsteady one--dimensional |
---|
1273 | advection}, |
---|
1274 | journal = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering}, |
---|
1275 | year = {1991}, |
---|
1276 | pages = {17-74}, |
---|
1277 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1278 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1279 | } |
---|
1280 | |
---|
1281 | @TECHREPORT{Leonard1988, |
---|
1282 | author = {B. P. Leonard}, |
---|
1283 | title = {Universal limiter for transient interpolation modelling of the advective |
---|
1284 | transport equations}, |
---|
1285 | institution = {Technical Memorandum TM-100916 ICOMP-88-11, NASA}, |
---|
1286 | year = {1988}, |
---|
1287 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1288 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1289 | } |
---|
1290 | |
---|
1291 | @ARTICLE{Leonard1979, |
---|
1292 | author = {B. P. Leonard}, |
---|
1293 | title = {A stable and accurate convective modelling procedure based on quadratic |
---|
1294 | upstream interpolation}, |
---|
1295 | journal = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering}, |
---|
1296 | year = {1979}, |
---|
1297 | volume = {19}, |
---|
1298 | pages = {59-98}, |
---|
1299 | month = jun, |
---|
1300 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1301 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1302 | } |
---|
1303 | |
---|
1304 | @TECHREPORT{Levier2007, |
---|
1305 | author = {B. Levier and A.-M. Tr\'{e}guier and G. Madec and V. Garnier}, |
---|
1306 | title = {Free surface and variable volume in the NEMO code}, |
---|
1307 | institution = {MERSEA MERSEA IP report WP09-CNRS-STR-03-1A, 47pp, available on the |
---|
1308 | NEMO web site}, |
---|
1309 | year = {2007}, |
---|
1310 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1311 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
1312 | } |
---|
1313 | |
---|
1314 | @BOOK{levitus82, |
---|
1315 | title = {Climatological Atlas of the world ocean}, |
---|
1316 | publisher = {NOAA professional paper No. 13, 174pp}, |
---|
1317 | year = {1982}, |
---|
1318 | author = {S Levitus }, |
---|
1319 | note = {173 p.} |
---|
1320 | } |
---|
1321 | |
---|
1322 | @TECHREPORT{Lott1989, |
---|
1323 | author = {F. Lott and G. Madec}, |
---|
1324 | title = {Implementation of bottom topography in the Ocean General Circulation |
---|
1325 | Model OPA of the LODYC: formalism and experiments.}, |
---|
1326 | institution = {LODYC, France, 36pp.}, |
---|
1327 | year = {1989}, |
---|
1328 | number = {3}, |
---|
1329 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1330 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
1331 | } |
---|
1332 | |
---|
1333 | @ARTICLE{Lott1990, |
---|
1334 | author = {F. Lott and G. Madec and J. Verron}, |
---|
1335 | title = {Topographic experiments in an Ocean General Circulation Model}, |
---|
1336 | journal = {Ocean Modelling}, |
---|
1337 | year = {1990}, |
---|
1338 | volume = {88}, |
---|
1339 | pages = {1-4}, |
---|
1340 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1341 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
1342 | } |
---|
1343 | |
---|
1344 | @BOOK{Madec_Bk08, |
---|
1345 | title = {NEMO ocean engine}, |
---|
1346 | publisher = {Note du P\^ole de mod\'{e}lisation, Institut Pierre- |
---|
1347 | |
---|
1348 | Simon Laplace (IPSL), France, No 27, ISSN No 1288-1619}, |
---|
1349 | year = {2008}, |
---|
1350 | author = {G. Madec}, |
---|
1351 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1352 | timestamp = {2008.07.05} |
---|
1353 | } |
---|
1354 | |
---|
1355 | @PHDTHESIS{Madec1990, |
---|
1356 | author = {G. Madec}, |
---|
1357 | title = {La formation d'eau profonde et son impact sur la circulation r\'{e}gionale |
---|
1358 | en M\'{e}diterran\'{e}e Occidentale - une approche num\'{e}rique}, |
---|
1359 | school = {Universit\'{e}Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France, 194pp.}, |
---|
1360 | year = {1990}, |
---|
1361 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1362 | timestamp = {2007.08.10} |
---|
1363 | } |
---|
1364 | |
---|
1365 | @ARTICLE{Madec1991a, |
---|
1366 | author = {G. Madec and M. Chartier and M. Cr\'{e}pon}, |
---|
1367 | title = {Effect of thermohaline forcing variability on deep water formation |
---|
1368 | in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea - a high resulution three-dimensional |
---|
1369 | study}, |
---|
1370 | journal = DAO, |
---|
1371 | year = {1991}, |
---|
1372 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1373 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
1374 | } |
---|
1375 | |
---|
1376 | @ARTICLE{Madec1991b, |
---|
1377 | author = {G. Madec and M. Chartier and P. Delecluse and M. Cr\'{e}pon}, |
---|
1378 | title = {A three-dimensional numerical study of deep water formation in the |
---|
1379 | |
---|
1380 | |
---|
1381 | Northwestern Mediterranean Sea .}, |
---|
1382 | journal = JPO, |
---|
1383 | year = {1991}, |
---|
1384 | volume = {21}, |
---|
1385 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1386 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
1387 | } |
---|
1388 | |
---|
1389 | @INBOOK{Madec1991c, |
---|
1390 | chapter = {Thermohaline-driven deep water formation in the Northwestern Mediterranean |
---|
1391 | Sea}, |
---|
1392 | title = {Deep convection and deep water formation in the oceans}, |
---|
1393 | publisher = {Elsevier Oceanographic Series}, |
---|
1394 | year = {1991}, |
---|
1395 | author = {G. Madec and M. Cr\'{e}pon}, |
---|
1396 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1397 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
1398 | } |
---|
1399 | |
---|
1400 | @ARTICLE{Madec1997, |
---|
1401 | author = {G. Madec and P. Delecluse}, |
---|
1402 | title = {The OPA/ARPEGE and OPA/LMD Global Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Model}, |
---|
1403 | journal = {Int. WOCE Newsletter}, |
---|
1404 | year = {1997}, |
---|
1405 | volume = {26}, |
---|
1406 | pages = {12-15}, |
---|
1407 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1408 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
1409 | } |
---|
1410 | |
---|
1411 | @TECHREPORT{Madec1998, |
---|
1412 | author = {G. Madec and P. Delecluse and M. Imbard and C. Levy}, |
---|
1413 | title = {OPA 8 Ocean General Circulation Model - Reference Manual}, |
---|
1414 | institution = {LODYC/IPSL Note 11}, |
---|
1415 | year = {1998} |
---|
1416 | } |
---|
1417 | |
---|
1418 | @ARTICLE{MadecImb1996, |
---|
1419 | author = {G Madec and M Imbard}, |
---|
1420 | title = {A global ocean mesh to overcome the north pole singularity}, |
---|
1421 | journal = CD, |
---|
1422 | year = {1996}, |
---|
1423 | volume = {12}, |
---|
1424 | pages = {381-388} |
---|
1425 | } |
---|
1426 | |
---|
1427 | @ARTICLE{Madec1996, |
---|
1428 | author = {G. Madec and F. Lott and P. Delecluse and M. Cr\'{e}pon}, |
---|
1429 | title = {Large-Scale Preconditioning of Deep-Water Formation in the Northwestern |
---|
1430 | Mediterranean Sea}, |
---|
1431 | journal = JPO, |
---|
1432 | year = {1996}, |
---|
1433 | volume = {26}, |
---|
1434 | pages = {1393-1408}, |
---|
1435 | number = {8}, |
---|
1436 | month = aug, |
---|
1437 | abstract = {The large-scale processes preconditioning the winter deep-water formation |
---|
1438 | in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea are investigated with a primitive |
---|
1439 | equation numerical model where convection is parameterized by a non-penetrative |
---|
1440 | convective adjustment algorithm. The ocean is forced by momentum |
---|
1441 | and buoyancy fluxes that have the gross features of mean winter forcing |
---|
1442 | found in the MEDOC area. The wind-driven barotropic circulation appears |
---|
1443 | to be a major ingredient of the preconditioning phase of deep-water |
---|
1444 | formation. After three months, the ocean response is dominated by |
---|
1445 | a strong barotropic cyclonic vortex located under the forcing area, |
---|
1446 | which fits the Sverdrup balance away from the northern coast. In |
---|
1447 | the vortex center, the whole water column remains trapped under the |
---|
1448 | forcing area all winter. This trapping enables the thermohaline forcing |
---|
1449 | to drive deep-water formation efficiently. Sensitivity studies show |
---|
1450 | that, β effect and bottom topography play a paramount role and |
---|
1451 | confirm that deep convection occurs only in areas that combine a |
---|
1452 | strong surface thermohaline forcing and a weak barotropic advection |
---|
1453 | so that water masses are submitted to the negative buoyancy fluxes |
---|
1454 | for a much longer time. In particular, the impact of the Rhône |
---|
1455 | Deep Sea Fan on the barotropic circulation dominates the β effect: |
---|
1456 | the barotropic flow is constrained to follow the bathymetric contours |
---|
1457 | and the cyclonic vortex is shifted southward so that the fluid above |
---|
1458 | the fan remains quiescent. Hence, buoyancy fluxes trigger deep convection |
---|
1459 | above the fan in agreement with observations. The selection of the |
---|
1460 | area of deep-water formation through the defection of the barotropic |
---|
1461 | circulation by the topography seems a more efficient mechanism than |
---|
1462 | those associated with the wind- driven barotropic vortex. This is |
---|
1463 | due to its permanency, while the latter may be too sensitive to time |
---|
1464 | and space variations of the forcing.}, |
---|
1465 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1466 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
1467 | } |
---|
1468 | |
---|
1469 | @ARTICLE{Madec1988, |
---|
1470 | author = {G. Madec and C. Rahier and M. Chartier}, |
---|
1471 | title = {A comparison of two-dimensional elliptic solvers for the barotropic |
---|
1472 | streamfunction in a multilevel OGCM}, |
---|
1473 | journal = {Ocean Modelling}, |
---|
1474 | year = {1988}, |
---|
1475 | volume = {78}, |
---|
1476 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1477 | timestamp = {2007.08.10} |
---|
1478 | } |
---|
1479 | |
---|
1480 | @ARTICLE{Maltrud1998, |
---|
1481 | author = {M. E. Maltrud and R. D. Smith and A. J. Semtner and R. C. Malone}, |
---|
1482 | title = {Global eddy-resolving ocean simulations driven by 1985-1995 atmospheric |
---|
1483 | winds}, |
---|
1484 | journal = JGR, |
---|
1485 | year = {1998}, |
---|
1486 | volume = {103(C13)}, |
---|
1487 | pages = {30,825-30,854}, |
---|
1488 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1489 | timestamp = {2007.08.05} |
---|
1490 | } |
---|
1491 | |
---|
1492 | @ARTICLE{Marchesiello2001, |
---|
1493 | author = { P. Marchesiello and J. Mc Williams and A. Shchepetkin }, |
---|
1494 | title = {Open boundary conditions for long-term integrations of Regional Oceanic |
---|
1495 | Models}, |
---|
1496 | journal = {Ocean Modelling}, |
---|
1497 | year = {2001}, |
---|
1498 | volume = {3}, |
---|
1499 | pages = {1-20} |
---|
1500 | } |
---|
1501 | |
---|
1502 | @BOOK{MIT-GCM_2004, |
---|
1503 | title = {MIT-gcm User Manual}, |
---|
1504 | year = {2004}, |
---|
1505 | editor = {MIT Department of EAPS}, |
---|
1506 | author = {J. Marshall and A. Adcroft and J.-M. Campin and P. Heimbach and A. |
---|
1507 | Molod and S. Dutkiewicz and H. Hill and M. Losch and B. Fox-Kemper |
---|
1508 | and D. Menemenlis and D. Ferreira and E. Hill and M. Follows and |
---|
1509 | C. Hill and C. Evangelinos and G. Forget}, |
---|
1510 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1511 | timestamp = {2008.07.04} |
---|
1512 | } |
---|
1513 | |
---|
1514 | @PHDTHESIS{MartiTh1992, |
---|
1515 | author = {O. Marti}, |
---|
1516 | title = {Etude de l'oc\'{e}an mondial : mod\'{e}lisation de la circulation |
---|
1517 | et du transport de traceurs anthropog\'{e}niques}, |
---|
1518 | school = {Universit\'{e} Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France, 201pp}, |
---|
1519 | year = {1992}, |
---|
1520 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1521 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1522 | } |
---|
1523 | |
---|
1524 | @ARTICLE{Marti1992, |
---|
1525 | author = {O. Marti and G. Madec and P. Delecluse}, |
---|
1526 | title = {Comment on "Net diffusivity in ocean general circulation models with |
---|
1527 | nonuniform grids" by F. L. Yin and I. Y. Fung}, |
---|
1528 | journal = JGR, |
---|
1529 | year = {1992}, |
---|
1530 | volume = {97}, |
---|
1531 | pages = {12763-12766}, |
---|
1532 | month = aug, |
---|
1533 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1534 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
1535 | } |
---|
1536 | |
---|
1537 | @ARTICLE{McDougall1987, |
---|
1538 | author = {T. J. McDougall}, |
---|
1539 | title = {Neutral Surfaces}, |
---|
1540 | journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography}, |
---|
1541 | year = {1987}, |
---|
1542 | volume = {17}, |
---|
1543 | pages = {1950-1964}, |
---|
1544 | number = {11}, |
---|
1545 | abstract = {Scalar properties in the ocean are stirred (and subsequently mixed) |
---|
1546 | rather efficiently by mesoscale eddies and two-dimensional turbulence |
---|
1547 | along “neutral surfaces”, defined such that when water |
---|
1548 | parcels are moved small distances in the neutral surface, they experience |
---|
1549 | no buoyant restoring forces. By contrast, work would have to be done |
---|
1550 | on a moving fluid parcel in order to keep it on a potential density |
---|
1551 | surface. The differences between neutral surfaces and potential density |
---|
1552 | surfaces are due to the variation of α/β with pressure |
---|
1553 | (where α is the thermal expansion coefficient and β is |
---|
1554 | the saline contraction coefficient). By regarding the equation of |
---|
1555 | state of seawater as a function of salinity, potential temperature, |
---|
1556 | and pressure, rather than in terms of salinity, temperature, and |
---|
1557 | pressure, it is possible to quantify the differences between neutral |
---|
1558 | surfaces and potential density surfaces. In particular, the spatial |
---|
1559 | gradients of scalar properties (e.g., S, θ, tritium or potential |
---|
1560 | vorticity) on a neutral surface can be quite different to the corresponding |
---|
1561 | gradients in a potential density surface. For example, at a potential |
---|
1562 | temperature of 4°C and a pressure of 1000 db, the lateral gradient |
---|
1563 | of potential temperature in a potential density surface (referenced |
---|
1564 | to sea level) is too large by between 50% and 350% (depending |
---|
1565 | on the stability ratio Rp of the water column) compared with the |
---|
1566 | physically relevant gradient of potential temperature on the neutral |
---|
1567 | surface. Three-examples of neutral surfaces are presented, based |
---|
1568 | on the Levitus atlas of the North Atlantic.}, |
---|
1569 | date = {November 01, 1987}, |
---|
1570 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1571 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1572 | } |
---|
1573 | |
---|
1574 | @ARTICLE{McDougall_Taylor_JMR84, |
---|
1575 | author = {T. J. McDougall and J. R. Taylor}, |
---|
1576 | title = {Flux measurements across a finger interface at low values of the |
---|
1577 | stability ratio}, |
---|
1578 | journal = {Journal of Marine Research}, |
---|
1579 | year = {1984}, |
---|
1580 | volume = {42}, |
---|
1581 | pages = {1-14}, |
---|
1582 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1583 | timestamp = {2008.05.20} |
---|
1584 | } |
---|
1585 | |
---|
1586 | @ARTICLE{Merryfield1999, |
---|
1587 | author = {W. J. Merryfield and G. Holloway and A. E. Gargett}, |
---|
1588 | title = {A Global Ocean Model with Double-Diffusive Mixing}, |
---|
1589 | journal = JPO, |
---|
1590 | year = {1999}, |
---|
1591 | volume = {29}, |
---|
1592 | pages = {1124-1142}, |
---|
1593 | number = {6}, |
---|
1594 | abstract = {A global ocean model is described in which parameterizations of diapycnal |
---|
1595 | mixing by double-diffusive fingering and layering are added to a |
---|
1596 | stability-dependent background turbulent diffusivity. Model runs |
---|
1597 | with and without double-diffusive mixing are compared for annual-mean |
---|
1598 | and seasonally varying surface forcing. Sensitivity to different |
---|
1599 | double-diffusive mixing parameterizations is considered. In all cases, |
---|
1600 | the locales and extent of salt fingering (as diagnosed from buoyancy |
---|
1601 | ratio Rρ) are grossly comparable to climatology, although fingering |
---|
1602 | in the models tends to be less intense than observed. Double-diffusive |
---|
1603 | mixing leads to relatively minor changes in circulation but exerts |
---|
1604 | significant regional influences on temperature and salinity.}, |
---|
1605 | date = {June 01, 1999}, |
---|
1606 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1607 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
1608 | } |
---|
1609 | |
---|
1610 | @BOOK{Mesinger_Arakawa_Bk76, |
---|
1611 | title = {Numerical methods used in Atmospheric models}, |
---|
1612 | publisher = {GARP Publication Series No 17}, |
---|
1613 | year = {1976}, |
---|
1614 | author = {F. Mesinger and A. Arakawa}, |
---|
1615 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1616 | timestamp = {2008.02.09} |
---|
1617 | } |
---|
1618 | |
---|
1619 | @ARTICLE{Murray1996, |
---|
1620 | author = {R. J. Murray}, |
---|
1621 | title = {Explicit Generation of Orthogonal Grids for Ocean Models}, |
---|
1622 | journal = JCP, |
---|
1623 | year = {1996}, |
---|
1624 | volume = {126}, |
---|
1625 | pages = {251-273}, |
---|
1626 | number = {2}, |
---|
1627 | month = {July}, |
---|
1628 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1629 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
1630 | } |
---|
1631 | |
---|
1632 | @PHDTHESIS{OlivierPh2001, |
---|
1633 | author = {F. Olivier}, |
---|
1634 | title = {Etude de l'activit\'{e} biologique et de la circulation oc\'{e}anique |
---|
1635 | dans un jet g\'{e}ostrophique: le front Alm\'{e}ria-Oran}, |
---|
1636 | school = {Universit\'{e} Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France}, |
---|
1637 | year = {2001}, |
---|
1638 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1639 | timestamp = {2007.08.14} |
---|
1640 | } |
---|
1641 | |
---|
1642 | @ARTICLE{PacPhil1981, |
---|
1643 | author = {R.C. Pacanowski and S.G.H. Philander}, |
---|
1644 | title = {Parameterization of Vertical Mixing in Numerical Models of Tropical |
---|
1645 | Oceans}, |
---|
1646 | journal = JPO, |
---|
1647 | year = {1981}, |
---|
1648 | volume = {11}, |
---|
1649 | pages = {1443-1451}, |
---|
1650 | number = {11}, |
---|
1651 | abstract = {Measurements indicate that mixing processes are intense in the surface |
---|
1652 | layers of the ocean but weak below the thermocline, except for the |
---|
1653 | region below the core of the Equatorial Undercurrent where vertical |
---|
1654 | temperature gradients are small and the shear is large. Parameterization |
---|
1655 | of these mixing processes by means of coefficients of eddy mixing |
---|
1656 | that are Richardson-number dependent, leads to realistic simulations |
---|
1657 | of the response of the equatorial oceans to different windstress |
---|
1658 | patterns. In the case of eastward winds results agree well with measurements |
---|
1659 | in the Indian Ocean. In the case of westward winds it is of paramount |
---|
1660 | importance that the nonzero heat flux into the ocean be taken into |
---|
1661 | account. This beat flux stabilizes the upper layers and reduces the |
---|
1662 | intensity of the mixing, especially in the cast. With an appropriate |
---|
1663 | surface boundary condition, the results are relatively insensitive |
---|
1664 | to values assigned to constants in the parameterization formula.}, |
---|
1665 | date = {November 01, 1981}, |
---|
1666 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1667 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
1668 | } |
---|
1669 | |
---|
1670 | @ARTICLE{Pacanowski_Gnanadesikan_MWR98, |
---|
1671 | author = {R. C. Pacanowski and A. Gnanadesikan}, |
---|
1672 | title = {Transient response in a z-level ocean model that resolves topography |
---|
1673 | |
---|
1674 | |
---|
1675 | with partial-cells}, |
---|
1676 | journal = MWR, |
---|
1677 | year = {1998}, |
---|
1678 | volume = {126}, |
---|
1679 | pages = {3248-3270}, |
---|
1680 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1681 | timestamp = {2008.01.26} |
---|
1682 | } |
---|
1683 | |
---|
1684 | @ARTICLE{Paulson1977, |
---|
1685 | author = {C. A. Paulson and J. J. Simpson}, |
---|
1686 | title = {Irradiance Measurements in the Upper Ocean}, |
---|
1687 | journal = JPO, |
---|
1688 | year = {1977}, |
---|
1689 | volume = {7}, |
---|
1690 | pages = {952-956}, |
---|
1691 | number = {6}, |
---|
1692 | abstract = {Observations were made of downward solar radiation as a function of |
---|
1693 | depth during an experiment in the North Pacific (35°N, 155°W). |
---|
1694 | The irradiance meter employed was sensitive to solar radiation of |
---|
1695 | wavelength 400–1000 nm arriving from above at a horizontal |
---|
1696 | surface. Because of selective absorption of the short and long wavelengths, |
---|
1697 | the irradiance decreases much faster than exponential in the upper |
---|
1698 | few meters, falling to one-third of the incident value between 2 |
---|
1699 | and 3 m depth. Below 10 m the decrease was exponential at a rate |
---|
1700 | characteristic of moderately clear water of Type IA. Neglecting one |
---|
1701 | case having low sun altitude, the observations are well represented |
---|
1702 | by the expression I/I0=Rez/ζ1+(1−R)ezζ2, |
---|
1703 | where I is the irradiance at depth −z, I0 is the irradiance |
---|
1704 | at the surface less reflected solar radiation, R=0.62, ζ1 |
---|
1705 | and ζ2 are attenuation lengths equal to 1.5 and 20 m, respectively, |
---|
1706 | and z is the vertical space coordinate, positive upward with the |
---|
1707 | origin at mean sea level. The depth at which the irradiance falls |
---|
1708 | to 10% of its surface value is nearly the same as observations |
---|
1709 | of Secchi depth when cases with high wind speed or low solar altitude |
---|
1710 | are neglected. Parameters R, ζ1, and ζ2 are computed for |
---|
1711 | the entire range of oceanic water types.}, |
---|
1712 | date = {November 01, 1977}, |
---|
1713 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1714 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1715 | } |
---|
1716 | |
---|
1717 | @ARTICLE{Penduff2000, |
---|
1718 | author = {T. Penduff and B. Barnier and A. Colin de Verdi\`{e}re}, |
---|
1719 | title = { Self-adapting open boundaries for a regional model of the eastern |
---|
1720 | North Atlantic}, |
---|
1721 | journal = JGR, |
---|
1722 | year = {2000}, |
---|
1723 | volume = {105}, |
---|
1724 | pages = {11,279-11,297} |
---|
1725 | } |
---|
1726 | |
---|
1727 | @ARTICLE{Penduff2007, |
---|
1728 | author = {T. Penduff and J. Le Sommer and B. Barnier and A.M. Treguier and |
---|
1729 | J. Molines and G. Madec}, |
---|
1730 | title = {Influence of numerical schemes on current-topography interactions |
---|
1731 | in 1/4$^{\circ}$ global ocean simulations}, |
---|
1732 | journal = {Ocean Science}, |
---|
1733 | year = {2007}, |
---|
1734 | volume = {?}, |
---|
1735 | pages = {in revision} |
---|
1736 | } |
---|
1737 | |
---|
1738 | @ARTICLE{Phillips1959, |
---|
1739 | author = {R. S. Phillips}, |
---|
1740 | title = {Dissipative Operators and Hyperbolic Systems of Partial Differential |
---|
1741 | Equations}, |
---|
1742 | journal = {Transactions of the American Mathematical Society}, |
---|
1743 | year = {1959}, |
---|
1744 | volume = {90(2)}, |
---|
1745 | pages = {193-254}, |
---|
1746 | doi = {doi:10.2307/1993202}, |
---|
1747 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1748 | timestamp = {2007.08.10} |
---|
1749 | } |
---|
1750 | |
---|
1751 | @ARTICLE{Redi_JPO82, |
---|
1752 | author = {M. H. Redi}, |
---|
1753 | title = {Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation}, |
---|
1754 | journal = JPO, |
---|
1755 | year = {1982}, |
---|
1756 | volume = {13}, |
---|
1757 | pages = {1154-1158}, |
---|
1758 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1759 | timestamp = {2008.02.02} |
---|
1760 | } |
---|
1761 | |
---|
1762 | @ARTICLE{Reverdin1991, |
---|
1763 | author = {G. Reverdin and P. Delecluse and C. L\'{e}vy and P. Andrich and A. |
---|
1764 | Morli\`{e}re and J. M. Verstraete}, |
---|
1765 | title = {The near surface tropical Atlantic in 1982-1984 : results from a |
---|
1766 | numerical simulation and a data analysis}, |
---|
1767 | journal = PO, |
---|
1768 | year = {1991}, |
---|
1769 | volume = {27}, |
---|
1770 | pages = {273-340}, |
---|
1771 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1772 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1773 | } |
---|
1774 | |
---|
1775 | @BOOK{Richtmyer1967, |
---|
1776 | title = {Difference methods for initial-value problems}, |
---|
1777 | publisher = {Interscience Publisher, Second Edition, 405pp}, |
---|
1778 | year = {1967}, |
---|
1779 | author = {R. D. Richtmyer and K. W. Morton}, |
---|
1780 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1781 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1782 | } |
---|
1783 | |
---|
1784 | @ARTICLE{Robert1966, |
---|
1785 | author = {A. J. Robert}, |
---|
1786 | title = {The integration of a Low order spectral form of the primitive meteorological |
---|
1787 | equations}, |
---|
1788 | journal = {J. Meteo. Soc. Japan}, |
---|
1789 | year = {1966}, |
---|
1790 | volume = {44, 2}, |
---|
1791 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1792 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1793 | } |
---|
1794 | |
---|
1795 | @INCOLLECTION{Roed1986, |
---|
1796 | author = {L.P. Roed and C.K. Cooper}, |
---|
1797 | title = {Open boundary conditions in numerical ocean models}, |
---|
1798 | booktitle = {Advanced Physical Oceanography Numerical Modelling}, |
---|
1799 | publisher = { NATO ASI Series, vol. 186.}, |
---|
1800 | year = {1986}, |
---|
1801 | editor = {J.J. O'Brien} |
---|
1802 | } |
---|
1803 | |
---|
1804 | @ARTICLE{Roullet2000, |
---|
1805 | author = {G. Roullet and G. Madec}, |
---|
1806 | title = {salt conservation, free surface, and varying levels: a new formulation |
---|
1807 | for ocean general circulation models}, |
---|
1808 | journal = JGR, |
---|
1809 | year = {2000}, |
---|
1810 | volume = {105}, |
---|
1811 | pages = {23,927-23,942}, |
---|
1812 | owner = {sandra}, |
---|
1813 | pdf = {Roullet_Madec_JGR00.pdf}, |
---|
1814 | timestamp = {2007.03.22} |
---|
1815 | } |
---|
1816 | |
---|
1817 | @ARTICLE{Sadourny1975, |
---|
1818 | author = {R. Sadourny}, |
---|
1819 | title = {The Dynamics of Finite-Difference Models of the Shallow-Water Equations}, |
---|
1820 | journal = JAS, |
---|
1821 | year = {1975}, |
---|
1822 | volume = {32}, |
---|
1823 | pages = {680-689}, |
---|
1824 | number = {4}, |
---|
1825 | abstract = {Two simple numerical models of the shallow-water equations identical |
---|
1826 | in all respects but for their con-servation properties have been |
---|
1827 | tested regarding their internal mixing processes. The experiments |
---|
1828 | show that violation of enstrophy conservation results in a spurious |
---|
1829 | accumulation of rotational energy in the smaller scales, reflected |
---|
1830 | by an unrealistic increase of enstrophy, which ultimately produces |
---|
1831 | a finite rate of energy dissipation in the zero viscosity limit, |
---|
1832 | thus violating the well-known dynamics of two-dimensional flow. Further, |
---|
1833 | the experiments show a tendency to equipartition of the kinetic energy |
---|
1834 | of the divergent part of the flow in the inviscid limit, suggesting |
---|
1835 | the possibility of a divergent energy cascade in the physical system, |
---|
1836 | as well as a possible influence of the energy mixing on the process |
---|
1837 | of adjustment toward balanced flow.}, |
---|
1838 | date = {April 01, 1975}, |
---|
1839 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1840 | timestamp = {2007.08.05} |
---|
1841 | } |
---|
1842 | |
---|
1843 | @ARTICLE{Sarmiento1982, |
---|
1844 | author = {J. L. Sarmiento and K. Bryan}, |
---|
1845 | title = {Ocean transport model for the North Atlantic}, |
---|
1846 | journal = JGR, |
---|
1847 | year = {1982}, |
---|
1848 | volume = {87}, |
---|
1849 | pages = {394-409}, |
---|
1850 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1851 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1852 | } |
---|
1853 | |
---|
1854 | @ARTICLE{Sacha2005, |
---|
1855 | author = {A. F. Shchepetkin and J. C. McWilliams}, |
---|
1856 | title = {The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS) - a split-explicit, free-surface, |
---|
1857 | topography-following-coordinate oceanic modelr}, |
---|
1858 | journal = {Ocean Modelling}, |
---|
1859 | year = {2005}, |
---|
1860 | volume = {9, 4}, |
---|
1861 | pages = {347-404}, |
---|
1862 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1863 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1864 | } |
---|
1865 | |
---|
1866 | @ARTICLE{Sacha2003, |
---|
1867 | author = {A. F. Shchepetkin and J. C. McWilliams}, |
---|
1868 | title = {A method for computing horizontal pressure-gradient force in an oceanic |
---|
1869 | model with a nonaligned |
---|
1870 | |
---|
1871 | vertical coordinate}, |
---|
1872 | journal = JGR, |
---|
1873 | year = {2003}, |
---|
1874 | volume = {108(C3)}, |
---|
1875 | pages = {3090, doi:10.1029/2001JC001047}, |
---|
1876 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1877 | timestamp = {2007.08.05} |
---|
1878 | } |
---|
1879 | |
---|
1880 | @ARTICLE{Shchepetkin1996, |
---|
1881 | author = {A. F. Shchepetkin and J. J. O'Brien}, |
---|
1882 | title = {A Physically Consistent Formulation of Lateral Friction in Shallow-Water |
---|
1883 | Equation Ocean Models}, |
---|
1884 | journal = MWR, |
---|
1885 | year = {1996}, |
---|
1886 | volume = {124}, |
---|
1887 | pages = {1285-1300}, |
---|
1888 | number = {6}, |
---|
1889 | abstract = {Dissipation in numerical ocean models has two purposes: to simulate |
---|
1890 | processes in which the friction is physically relevant and to prevent |
---|
1891 | numerical instability by suppressing accumulation of energy in the |
---|
1892 | smallest resolved scales. This study shows that even for the latter |
---|
1893 | case the form of the friction term should be chosen in a physically |
---|
1894 | consistent way. Violation of fundamental physical principles reduces |
---|
1895 | the fidelity of the numerical solution, even if the friction is small. |
---|
1896 | Several forms of the lateral friction, commonly used in numerical |
---|
1897 | ocean models, are discussed in the context of shallow-water equations |
---|
1898 | with nonuniform layer thickness. It is shown that in a numerical |
---|
1899 | model tuned for the minimal dissipation, the improper form of the |
---|
1900 | friction term creates finite artificial vorticity sources that do |
---|
1901 | not vanish with increased resolution, even if the viscous coefficient |
---|
1902 | is reduced consistently with resolution. An alternative numerical |
---|
1903 | implementation of the no-slip boundary conditions for an arbitrary |
---|
1904 | coast line is considered. It was found that the quality of the numerical |
---|
1905 | solution may be considerably improved by discretization of the viscous |
---|
1906 | stress tensor in such a way that the numerical boundary scheme approximates |
---|
1907 | not only the stress tensor to a certain order of accuracy but also |
---|
1908 | simulates the truncation error of the numerical scheme used in the |
---|
1909 | interior of the domain. This ensures error cancellation during subsequent |
---|
1910 | use of the elements of the tensor in the discrete version of the |
---|
1911 | momentum equations, allowing for approximation of them without decrease |
---|
1912 | in the order of accuracy near the boundary.}, |
---|
1913 | date = {June 01, 1996}, |
---|
1914 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1915 | timestamp = {2007.08.14} |
---|
1916 | } |
---|
1917 | |
---|
1918 | @ARTICLE{Simmons2003, |
---|
1919 | author = {H. L. Simmons and S. R. Jayne and L. C. St. Laurent and A. J. Weaver}, |
---|
1920 | title = {Tidally driven mixing in a numerical model of the |
---|
1921 | |
---|
1922 | ocean general circulation}, |
---|
1923 | journal = OM, |
---|
1924 | year = {2003}, |
---|
1925 | pages = {1-19}, |
---|
1926 | abstract = {Astronomical data reveals that approximately 3.5 terawatts (TW) of |
---|
1927 | tidal energy is dissipated in the |
---|
1928 | |
---|
1929 | ocean. Tidal models and satellite altimetry suggest that 1 TW of this |
---|
1930 | energy is converted from the barotropic |
---|
1931 | |
---|
1932 | to internal tides in the deep ocean, predominantly around regions |
---|
1933 | of rough topography such as midocean |
---|
1934 | |
---|
1935 | ridges. Aglobal tidal model is used to compute turbulent energy levels |
---|
1936 | associated with the dissipation |
---|
1937 | |
---|
1938 | of internal tides, and the diapycnal mixing supported by this energy |
---|
1939 | ?ux is computed using a simple parameterization. |
---|
1940 | |
---|
1941 | The mixing parameterization has been incorporated into a coarse resolution |
---|
1942 | numerical model of the |
---|
1943 | |
---|
1944 | global ocean. This parameterization o?ers an energetically consistent |
---|
1945 | and practical means of improving the |
---|
1946 | |
---|
1947 | representation of ocean mixing processes in climate models. Novel |
---|
1948 | features of this implementation are that |
---|
1949 | |
---|
1950 | the model explicitly accounts for the tidal energy source for mixing, |
---|
1951 | and that the mixing evolves both |
---|
1952 | |
---|
1953 | spatially and temporally with the model state. At equilibrium, the |
---|
1954 | globally averaged di?usivity pro?le |
---|
1955 | |
---|
1956 | ranges from 0.3 cm2 s1 at thermocline depths to 7.7 cm2 s1 in the |
---|
1957 | abyss with a depth average of 0.9 |
---|
1958 | |
---|
1959 | cm2 s1, in close agreement with inferences from global balances. |
---|
1960 | Water properties are strongly in?uenced |
---|
1961 | |
---|
1962 | by the combination of weak mixing in the main thermocline and enhanced |
---|
1963 | mixing in the deep ocean. |
---|
1964 | |
---|
1965 | Climatological comparisons show that the parameterized mixing scheme |
---|
1966 | results in a substantial reduction}, |
---|
1967 | owner = {sandra}, |
---|
1968 | pdf = {Simmons_mixing_OM2003.pdf}, |
---|
1969 | timestamp = {2007.03.22} |
---|
1970 | } |
---|
1971 | |
---|
1972 | @ARTICLE{Song1994, |
---|
1973 | author = {Y. Song and D. Haidvogel}, |
---|
1974 | title = {A Semi-implicit Ocean Circulation Model Using a Generalized Topography-Following |
---|
1975 | Coordinate System |
---|
1976 | |
---|
1977 | Authors:}, |
---|
1978 | journal = JCP, |
---|
1979 | year = {1994}, |
---|
1980 | volume = {115, 1}, |
---|
1981 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
1982 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
1983 | } |
---|
1984 | |
---|
1985 | @ARTICLE{Song1998, |
---|
1986 | author = {Y. T. Song}, |
---|
1987 | title = {A General Pressure Gradient Formulation for Ocean Models. Part I: |
---|
1988 | Scheme Design and Diagnostic Analysis}, |
---|
1989 | journal = MWR, |
---|
1990 | year = {1998}, |
---|
1991 | volume = {126}, |
---|
1992 | pages = {3213-3230}, |
---|
1993 | number = {12}, |
---|
1994 | abstract = {A Jacobian formulation of the pressure gradient force for use in models |
---|
1995 | with topography-following coordinates is proposed. It can be used |
---|
1996 | in conjunction with any vertical coordinate system and is easily |
---|
1997 | implemented. Vertical variations in the pressure gradient are expressed |
---|
1998 | in terms of a vertical integral of the Jacobian of density and depth |
---|
1999 | with respect to the vertical computational coordinate. Finite difference |
---|
2000 | approximations are made on the density field, consistent with piecewise |
---|
2001 | linear and continuous fields, and accurate pressure gradients are |
---|
2002 | obtained by vertically integrating the discrete Jacobian from sea |
---|
2003 | surface.Two discrete schemes are derived and examined in detail: |
---|
2004 | the first using standard centered differencing in the generalized |
---|
2005 | vertical coordinate and the second using a vertical weighting such |
---|
2006 | that the finite differences are centered with respect to the Cartesian |
---|
2007 | z coordinate. Both schemes achieve second-order accuracy for any |
---|
2008 | vertical coordinate system and are significantly more accurate than |
---|
2009 | conventional schemes based on estimating the pressure gradients by |
---|
2010 | finite differencing a previously determined pressure field.The standard |
---|
2011 | Jacobian formulation is constructed to give exact pressure gradient |
---|
2012 | results, independent of the bottom topography, if the buoyancy field |
---|
2013 | varies bilinearly with horizontal position, x, and the generalized |
---|
2014 | vertical coordinate, s, over each grid cell. Similarly, the weighted |
---|
2015 | Jacobian scheme is designed to achieve exact results, when the buoyancy |
---|
2016 | field varies linearly with z and arbitrarily with x, that is, b(x,z) |
---|
2017 | = b0(x) + b1(x)z.When horizontal resolution cannot be made |
---|
2018 | fine enough to avoid hydrostatic inconsistency, errors can be substantially |
---|
2019 | reduced by the choice of an appropriate vertical coordinate. Tests |
---|
2020 | with horizontally uniform, vertically varying, and with horizontally |
---|
2021 | and vertically varying buoyancy fields show that the standard Jacobian |
---|
2022 | formulation achieves superior results when the condition for hydrostatic |
---|
2023 | consistency is satisfied, but when coarse horizontal resolution causes |
---|
2024 | this condition to be strongly violated, the weighted Jacobian may |
---|
2025 | give superior results.}, |
---|
2026 | date = {December 01, 1998}, |
---|
2027 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2028 | timestamp = {2007.08.05} |
---|
2029 | } |
---|
2030 | |
---|
2031 | @ARTICLE{SongWright1998, |
---|
2032 | author = {Y. T. Song and D. G. Wright}, |
---|
2033 | title = {A General Pressure Gradient Formulation for Ocean Models. Part II |
---|
2034 | - Energy, Momentum, and Bottom Torque Consistency}, |
---|
2035 | journal = MWR, |
---|
2036 | year = {1998}, |
---|
2037 | volume = {126}, |
---|
2038 | pages = {3231-3247}, |
---|
2039 | number = {12}, |
---|
2040 | abstract = {A new formulation of the pressure gradient force for use in models |
---|
2041 | with topography-following coordinates is proposed and diagnostically |
---|
2042 | analyzed in Part I. Here, it is shown that important properties of |
---|
2043 | the continuous equations are retained by the resulting numerical |
---|
2044 | schemes, and their performance in prognostic simulations is examined. |
---|
2045 | Numerical consistency is investigated with respect to global energy |
---|
2046 | conservation, depth-integrated momentum changes, and the representation |
---|
2047 | of the bottom pressure torque. The performances of the numerical |
---|
2048 | schemes are tested in prognostic integrations of an ocean model to |
---|
2049 | demonstrate numerical accuracy and long-term integral stability. |
---|
2050 | Two typical geometries, an isolated tall seamount and an unforced |
---|
2051 | basin with sloping boundaries, are considered for the special case |
---|
2052 | of no external forcing and horizontal isopycnals to test numerical |
---|
2053 | accuracy. These test problems confirm that the proposed schemes yield |
---|
2054 | accurate approximations to the pressure gradient force. Integral |
---|
2055 | consistency conditions are verified and the energetics of the “advective |
---|
2056 | elimination” of the pressure gradient error (Mellor et al) |
---|
2057 | is considered.A large-scale wind-driven basin with and without topography |
---|
2058 | is used to test the model’s long-term integral performance |
---|
2059 | and the effects of bottom pressure torque on the transport in western |
---|
2060 | boundary currents. Integrations are carried out for 10 years in each |
---|
2061 | case and results show that the schemes are stable, and the steep |
---|
2062 | topography causes no obvious numerical problems. A realistic meandering |
---|
2063 | western boundary current is well developed with detached cold cyclonic |
---|
2064 | and warm anticyclonic eddies as it extends across the basin. In addition, |
---|
2065 | the results with topography show earlier separation and enhanced |
---|
2066 | transport in the western boundary currents due to the bottom pressure |
---|
2067 | torque.}, |
---|
2068 | date = {December 01, 1998}, |
---|
2069 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2070 | timestamp = {2007.08.05} |
---|
2071 | } |
---|
2072 | |
---|
2073 | @PHDTHESIS{Speich1992, |
---|
2074 | author = {S. Speich}, |
---|
2075 | title = {Etude du for\c{c}age de la circulation g\'{e}n\'{e}rale oc\'{e}anique |
---|
2076 | par les d\'{e}troits - cas de la mer d'Alboran}, |
---|
2077 | school = {Universit\'{e} Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France}, |
---|
2078 | year = {1992}, |
---|
2079 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2080 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
2081 | } |
---|
2082 | |
---|
2083 | @ARTICLE{Speich1996, |
---|
2084 | author = {S. Speich and G. Madec and M. Cr\'{e}pon}, |
---|
2085 | title = {The circulation in the Alboran Sea - a sensitivity study}, |
---|
2086 | journal = JPO, |
---|
2087 | year = {1996}, |
---|
2088 | volume = {26}, |
---|
2089 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2090 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
2091 | } |
---|
2092 | |
---|
2093 | @ARTICLE{Steele2001, |
---|
2094 | author = {M. Steele and R. Morley and W. Ermold}, |
---|
2095 | title = {PHC- A Global Ocean Hydrography with a High-Quality Arctic Ocean}, |
---|
2096 | journal = {Journal of Climate}, |
---|
2097 | year = {2001}, |
---|
2098 | volume = {14}, |
---|
2099 | pages = {2079--2087 |
---|
2100 | |
---|
2101 | }, |
---|
2102 | number = {9}, |
---|
2103 | abstract = {A new gridded ocean climatology, the Polar Science Center Hydrographic |
---|
2104 | Climatology (PHC), has been created that merges the 1998 version |
---|
2105 | of the World Ocean Atlas with the new regional Arctic Ocean Atlas. |
---|
2106 | The result is a global climatology for temperature and salinity that |
---|
2107 | contains a good description of the Arctic Ocean and its environs. |
---|
2108 | Monthly, seasonal, and annual average products have been generated. |
---|
2109 | How the original datasets were prepared for merging, how the optimal |
---|
2110 | interpolation procedure was performed, and characteristics of the |
---|
2111 | resulting dataset are discussed, followed by a summary and discussion |
---|
2112 | of future plans.}, |
---|
2113 | date = {May 01, 2001}, |
---|
2114 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2115 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
2116 | } |
---|
2117 | |
---|
2118 | @ARTICLE{Stein1992, |
---|
2119 | author = {C. A. Stein and S. Stein}, |
---|
2120 | title = {A model for the global variation in oceanic depth and heat flow with |
---|
2121 | lithospheric age}, |
---|
2122 | journal = {Nature}, |
---|
2123 | year = {1992}, |
---|
2124 | volume = {359}, |
---|
2125 | pages = {123-129}, |
---|
2126 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2127 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
2128 | } |
---|
2129 | |
---|
2130 | @ARTICLE{Thiem2006, |
---|
2131 | author = {O. Thiem and J. Berntsen}, |
---|
2132 | title = {Internal pressure errors in sigma-coordinate ocean models due to |
---|
2133 | anisotropy}, |
---|
2134 | journal = {Ocean Modelling}, |
---|
2135 | year = {2006}, |
---|
2136 | volume = {12, 1-2}, |
---|
2137 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2138 | timestamp = {2007.08.05} |
---|
2139 | } |
---|
2140 | |
---|
2141 | @ARTICLE{Timmermann_al_OM05, |
---|
2142 | author = {R. Timmermann and H. Goosse and G. Madec and T. Fichefet, and C. |
---|
2143 | Ethe and V. Duli\`{e}re}, |
---|
2144 | title = {On the representation of high latitude processes in the ORCA-LIM |
---|
2145 | global coupled |
---|
2146 | |
---|
2147 | sea ice-ocean model.}, |
---|
2148 | journal = {Ocean Modelling}, |
---|
2149 | year = {2005}, |
---|
2150 | volume = {8}, |
---|
2151 | pages = {175–201}, |
---|
2152 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2153 | timestamp = {2008.07.05} |
---|
2154 | } |
---|
2155 | |
---|
2156 | @ARTICLE{Treguier1992, |
---|
2157 | author = {A.M. Tr\'{e}guier}, |
---|
2158 | title = {Kinetic energy analysis of an eddy resolving, primitive equation |
---|
2159 | North Atlantic model}, |
---|
2160 | journal = JGR, |
---|
2161 | year = {1992}, |
---|
2162 | volume = {97}, |
---|
2163 | pages = {687-701} |
---|
2164 | } |
---|
2165 | |
---|
2166 | @ARTICLE{Treguier2001, |
---|
2167 | author = {A.M Tr\'{e}guier and B. Barnier and A.P. de Miranda and J.M. Molines |
---|
2168 | and N. Grima and M. Imbard and G. Madec and C. Messager and T. Reynaud |
---|
2169 | and S. Michel}, |
---|
2170 | title = {An Eddy Permitting model of the Atlantic circulation: evaluating |
---|
2171 | open boundary conditions}, |
---|
2172 | journal = JGR, |
---|
2173 | year = {2001}, |
---|
2174 | volume = {106}, |
---|
2175 | pages = {22115-22129} |
---|
2176 | } |
---|
2177 | |
---|
2178 | @ARTICLE{Treguier1996, |
---|
2179 | author = {A.-M. Tr\'{e}guier and J. Dukowicz and K. Bryan}, |
---|
2180 | title = {Properties of nonuniform grids used in ocean general circulation |
---|
2181 | models}, |
---|
2182 | journal = JGR, |
---|
2183 | year = {1996}, |
---|
2184 | volume = {101}, |
---|
2185 | pages = {20877-20881}, |
---|
2186 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2187 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
2188 | } |
---|
2189 | |
---|
2190 | @ARTICLE{Treguier1997, |
---|
2191 | author = {A. M. Tr\'{e}guier and I. M. Held and V. D. Larichev}, |
---|
2192 | title = {Parameterization of Quasigeostrophic Eddies in Primitive Equation |
---|
2193 | Ocean Models}, |
---|
2194 | journal = JPO, |
---|
2195 | year = {1997}, |
---|
2196 | volume = {27}, |
---|
2197 | pages = {567-580}, |
---|
2198 | number = {4}, |
---|
2199 | abstract = {A parameterization of mesoscale eddy fluxes in the ocean should be |
---|
2200 | consistent with the fact that the ocean interior is nearly adiabatic. |
---|
2201 | Gent and McWilliams have described a framework in which this can |
---|
2202 | be approximated in z-coordinate primitive equation models by incorporating |
---|
2203 | the effects of eddies on the buoyancy field through an eddy-induced |
---|
2204 | velocity. It is also natural to base a parameterization on the simple |
---|
2205 | picture of the mixing of potential vorticity in the interior and |
---|
2206 | the mixing of buoyancy at the surface. The authors discuss the various |
---|
2207 | constraints imposed by these two requirements and attempt to clarify |
---|
2208 | the appropriate boundary conditions on the eddy-induced velocities |
---|
2209 | at the surface. Quasigeostrophic theory is used as a guide to the |
---|
2210 | simplest way of satisfying these constraints.}, |
---|
2211 | date = {April 01, 1997}, |
---|
2212 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2213 | timestamp = {2007.08.03} |
---|
2214 | } |
---|
2215 | |
---|
2216 | @BOOK{UNESCO1983, |
---|
2217 | title = {Algorithms for computation of fundamental property of sea water}, |
---|
2218 | publisher = {Techn. Paper in Mar. Sci, 44, UNESCO}, |
---|
2219 | year = {1983}, |
---|
2220 | author = {UNESCO}, |
---|
2221 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2222 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
2223 | } |
---|
2224 | |
---|
2225 | @TECHREPORT{OASIS2006, |
---|
2226 | author = {S. Valcke}, |
---|
2227 | title = {OASIS3 User Guide (prism\_2-5)}, |
---|
2228 | institution = {PRISM Support Initiative Report No 3, CERFACS, Toulouse, France, |
---|
2229 | 64 pp}, |
---|
2230 | year = {2006}, |
---|
2231 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2232 | timestamp = {2007.08.05} |
---|
2233 | } |
---|
2234 | |
---|
2235 | @TECHREPORT{valal00, |
---|
2236 | author = {S. Valcke and L. Terray and A. Piacentini }, |
---|
2237 | title = {The OASIS Coupled User Guide Version 2.4}, |
---|
2238 | institution = {CERFACS}, |
---|
2239 | year = {2000}, |
---|
2240 | number = {TR/CMGC/00-10} |
---|
2241 | } |
---|
2242 | |
---|
2243 | @ARTICLE{Vancoppenolle_al_OM08, |
---|
2244 | author = {M. Vancoppenolle and T. Fichefet and H. Goosse and S. Bouillon and |
---|
2245 | G. Madec and M. A. Morales Maqueda}, |
---|
2246 | title = {Simulating the mass balance and salinity of Arctic and Antarctic |
---|
2247 | sea ice. 1. Model description and validation}, |
---|
2248 | journal = {Ocean Modelling}, |
---|
2249 | year = {2008}, |
---|
2250 | volume = {in press}, |
---|
2251 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2252 | timestamp = {2008.07.05} |
---|
2253 | } |
---|
2254 | |
---|
2255 | @ARTICLE{Weatherly1984, |
---|
2256 | author = {G. L. Weatherly}, |
---|
2257 | title = {An estimate of bottom frictional dissipation by Gulf Stream fluctuations}, |
---|
2258 | journal = JMR, |
---|
2259 | year = {1984}, |
---|
2260 | volume = {42, 2}, |
---|
2261 | pages = {289-301}, |
---|
2262 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2263 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
2264 | } |
---|
2265 | |
---|
2266 | @ARTICLE{Weaver1997, |
---|
2267 | author = {A. J. Weaver and M. Eby}, |
---|
2268 | title = {On the numerical implementation of advection schemes for use in conjuction |
---|
2269 | with various mixing |
---|
2270 | |
---|
2271 | parameterizations in the GFDL ocean model}, |
---|
2272 | journal = JPO, |
---|
2273 | year = {1997}, |
---|
2274 | volume = {27}, |
---|
2275 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2276 | timestamp = {2007.08.06} |
---|
2277 | } |
---|
2278 | |
---|
2279 | @ARTICLE{Webb1998, |
---|
2280 | author = {D. J. Webb and B. A. de Cuevas and C. S. Richmond}, |
---|
2281 | title = {Improved Advection Schemes for Ocean Models}, |
---|
2282 | journal = JAOT, |
---|
2283 | year = {1998}, |
---|
2284 | volume = {15}, |
---|
2285 | pages = {1171-1187}, |
---|
2286 | number = {5}, |
---|
2287 | abstract = {Leonard’s widely used QUICK advection scheme is, like the Bryan–Cox–Semtner |
---|
2288 | ocean model, based on a control volume form of the advection equation. |
---|
2289 | Unfortunately, in its normal form it cannot be used with the leapfrog–Euler |
---|
2290 | forward time-stepping schemes used by the ocean model. Farrow and |
---|
2291 | Stevens overcame the problem by implementing a predictor–corrector |
---|
2292 | time-stepping scheme, but this is computationally expensive to run. |
---|
2293 | The present paper shows that the problem can be overcome by splitting |
---|
2294 | the QUICK operator into an O(δx2) advective term and a velocity |
---|
2295 | dependent biharmonic diffusion term. These can then be time-stepped |
---|
2296 | using the combined leapfrog and Euler forward schemes of the Bryan–Cox–Semtner |
---|
2297 | ocean model, leading to a significant increase in model efficiency. |
---|
2298 | A small change in the advection operator coefficients may also be |
---|
2299 | made leading to O(δx4) accuracy. Tests of the improved schemes |
---|
2300 | are carried out making use of a global eddy-permitting ocean model. |
---|
2301 | Results are presented from cases where the schemes were applied to |
---|
2302 | only the tracer fields and also from cases where they were applied |
---|
2303 | to both the tracer and velocity fields. It is found that the new |
---|
2304 | schemes have the most effect in the western boundary current regions, |
---|
2305 | where, for example, the warm core of the Agulhas Current is no longer |
---|
2306 | broken up by numerical noise.}, |
---|
2307 | date = {October 01, 1998}, |
---|
2308 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2309 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
2310 | } |
---|
2311 | |
---|
2312 | @ARTICLE{Willebrand2001, |
---|
2313 | author = {J. Willebrand and B. Barnier and C. Boning and C. Dieterich and P. |
---|
2314 | D. Killworth and C. Le Provost and Y. Jia and J.-M. Molines and A. |
---|
2315 | L. New}, |
---|
2316 | title = {Circulation characteristics in three eddy-permitting models of the |
---|
2317 | North Atlantic}, |
---|
2318 | journal = {Progress in Oceanography}, |
---|
2319 | year = {2001}, |
---|
2320 | volume = {48, 2}, |
---|
2321 | pages = {123-161}, |
---|
2322 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2323 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
2324 | } |
---|
2325 | |
---|
2326 | @ARTICLE{Zalesak1979, |
---|
2327 | author = {S. T. Zalesak}, |
---|
2328 | title = {Fully multidimensional flux corrected transport algorithms for fluids}, |
---|
2329 | journal = JCP, |
---|
2330 | year = {1979}, |
---|
2331 | volume = {31}, |
---|
2332 | owner = {gm}, |
---|
2333 | timestamp = {2007.08.04} |
---|
2334 | } |
---|
2335 | |
---|
2336 | @ARTICLE{Zhang1992, |
---|
2337 | author = {Zhang, R.-H. and Endoh, M.}, |
---|
2338 | title = {A free surface general circulation model for the tropical Pacific |
---|
2339 | Ocean}, |
---|
2340 | journal = JGR, |
---|
2341 | year = {1992}, |
---|
2342 | volume = {97}, |
---|
2343 | pages = {11237-11255}, |
---|
2344 | month = jul, |
---|
2345 | owner = {gm} |
---|
2346 | } |
---|
2347 | |
---|
2348 | @comment{jabref-meta: groupsversion:3;} |
---|
2349 | |
---|
2350 | @comment{jabref-meta: groupstree: |
---|
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---|
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---|
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---|
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---|
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---|
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---|
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---|
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---|
2360 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Paleo\;0\;; |
---|
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---|
2362 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Reviews\;0\;; |
---|
2363 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Simple models\;0\;Zhang1992\;; |
---|
2364 | 2 ExplicitGroup:SPL, SC, mean\;0\;; |
---|
2365 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Teleconnections\;0\;; |
---|
2366 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Low freq\;0\;; |
---|
2367 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Theory\;0\;; |
---|
2368 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Energetics\;0\;; |
---|
2369 | 1 ExplicitGroup:Diurnal in tropics\;0\;; |
---|
2370 | 1 ExplicitGroup:Indian\;0\;; |
---|
2371 | 1 ExplicitGroup:Atlantic\;0\;; |
---|
2372 | 1 ExplicitGroup:MJO, IO, TIW\;2\;; |
---|
2373 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Obs\;0\;; |
---|
2374 | 2 ExplicitGroup:GCM\;0\;; |
---|
2375 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Mechanims\;0\;; |
---|
2376 | 2 ExplicitGroup:TIW\;0\;; |
---|
2377 | 1 ExplicitGroup:Observations\;2\;; |
---|
2378 | 2 ExplicitGroup:ERBE\;0\;; |
---|
2379 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Tropical\;0\;; |
---|
2380 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Global\;0\;; |
---|
2381 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Clouds\;0\;; |
---|
2382 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Scale interactions\;0\;; |
---|
2383 | 1 ExplicitGroup:Mechanisms\;2\;; |
---|
2384 | 2 ExplicitGroup:CRF\;0\;; |
---|
2385 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Water vapor\;0\;; |
---|
2386 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Atmos mechanisms\;0\;; |
---|
2387 | 1 ExplicitGroup:GCMs\;2\;; |
---|
2388 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Uncertainty\;0\;; |
---|
2389 | 2 ExplicitGroup:Momentum balance\;0\;; |
---|
2390 | 1 ExplicitGroup:Climate change\;0\;; |
---|
2391 | 2 ExplicitGroup:IPCC AR4\;0\;; |
---|
2392 | 1 ExplicitGroup:Analysis tools\;0\;; |
---|
2393 | 1 KeywordGroup:EG publis\;0\;author\;guilyardi\;0\;0\;; |
---|
2394 | } |
---|
2395 | |
---|