Changeset 12159
- Timestamp:
- 2019-12-10T16:34:01+01:00 (5 years ago)
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- NEMO/branches/2019/dev_r12072_MERGE_OPTION2_2019/doc/latex/NEMO
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NEMO/branches/2019/dev_r12072_MERGE_OPTION2_2019/doc/latex/NEMO/main/bibliography.bib
r11674 r12159 400 400 } 401 401 402 @article{ brodeau.barnier.ea_JPO1 6,403 title = "Climatologically Significant Effects of Some Approximations in the Bulk Parameterizations of Turbulent Air –Sea Fluxes",402 @article{ brodeau.barnier.ea_JPO17, 403 title = "Climatologically Significant Effects of Some Approximations in the Bulk Parameterizations of Turbulent Air{\textendash}Sea Fluxes", 404 404 pages = "5--28", 405 405 journal = "Journal of Physical Oceanography", … … 407 407 number = "1", 408 408 author = "Brodeau, Laurent and Barnier, Bernard and Gulev, Sergey K. and Woods, Cian", 409 year = "201 6",409 year = "2017", 410 410 month = "jan", 411 411 publisher = "American Meteorological Society", … … 3134 3134 doi = "10.1029/92jc00911" 3135 3135 } 3136 3137 @article{large.yeager_CD09, 3138 author="Large, W. G. and Yeager, S. G.", 3139 title="The Global Climatology of an Interannually Varying Air-Sea Flux Data Set", 3140 pages = "341--364", 3141 journal="Climate Dynamics", 3142 volume = "33", 3143 number = "2-3", 3144 year="2009", 3145 month = "aug", 3146 publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media LLC", 3147 doi="10.1007/s00382-008-0441-3" 3148 } 3149 3150 @book{sverdrup.johnson.ea_1942, 3151 author = {H. U. Sverdrup and Martin W. Johnson and Richard H. Fleming}, 3152 title = {The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology}, 3153 publisher = {Prentice-Hall}, 3154 address = {New York}, 3155 year = {1942}, 3156 pages = {1087}, 3157 } 3158 3159 @article{kraus.businger_QJRMS96, 3160 author = "E. B. Kraus and J. A. Businger", 3161 title = "Atmosphere-ocean interaction.", 3162 journal="Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society",, 3163 year = "1996", 3164 volume = "122", 3165 number = "529", 3166 pages = "324-325", 3167 publisher = "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd", 3168 issn = "1477-870X", 3169 doi = "10.1002/qj.49712252914" 3170 } 3171 3172 @article{josey.gulev.ea_2013, 3173 title = "Exchanges through the ocean surface", 3174 journal = "Ocean Circulation and Climate - A 21st Century Perspective, Int. Geophys. Ser.", 3175 year = "2013", 3176 author = "S. A. Josey and S. Gulev and L. Yu", 3177 pages = "115-140, edited by G. Siedler et al., Academic Press, Oxford", 3178 volume = "103", 3179 doi = "10.1016/B978-0-12-391851-2.00005-2" 3180 } 3181 3182 @article{fairall.bradley.ea_JGR96, 3183 year = "1996", 3184 journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans", 3185 month = "jan", 3186 publisher = "American Geophysical Union", 3187 volume = "101", 3188 number = "C1", 3189 pages = "1295-1308", 3190 author = "C. W. Fairall and E. F. Bradley and J. S. Godfrey and G. A. Wick and J. B. Edson and G. S. Young", 3191 title = "Cool-skin and warm-layer effects on sea surface temperature", 3192 doi = "10.1029/95jc03190" 3193 } 3194 3195 @article{zeng.beljaars_GRL05, 3196 year = "2005", 3197 month = "jul", 3198 publisher = "American Geophysical Union", 3199 volume = "32", 3200 number = "14", 3201 author = "Xubin Zeng and Anton Beljaars", 3202 title = "A prognostic scheme of sea surface skin temperature for modeling and data assimilation", 3203 journal = "Geophysical Research Letters", 3204 doi = "10.1029/2005gl023030" 3205 } 3206 -
NEMO/branches/2019/dev_r12072_MERGE_OPTION2_2019/doc/latex/NEMO/subfiles/chap_SBC.tex
r11693 r12159 45 45 46 46 \begin{itemize} 47 \item a bulk formulation (\np[=.true.]{ln_blk}{ln\_blk} with four possible bulk algorithms),47 \item a bulk formulation (\np[=.true.]{ln_blk}{ln\_blk}), featuring a selection of four bulk parameterization algorithms, 48 48 \item a flux formulation (\np[=.true.]{ln_flx}{ln\_flx}), 49 49 \item a coupled or mixed forced/coupled formulation (exchanges with a atmospheric model via the OASIS coupler), … … 504 504 \label{sec:SBC_flx} 505 505 506 % Laurent: DO NOT mix up ``bulk formulae'' (the classic equation) and the ``bulk 507 % parameterization'' (i.e NCAR, COARE, ECMWF...) 508 506 509 \begin{listing} 507 510 \nlst{namsbc_flx} … … 520 523 See \autoref{subsec:SBC_ssr} for its specification. 521 524 522 %% ================================================================================================= 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 %% ================================================================================================= 532 \pagebreak 533 \newpage 523 534 \section[Bulk formulation (\textit{sbcblk.F90})]{Bulk formulation (\protect\mdl{sbcblk})} 524 535 \label{sec:SBC_blk} 536 537 % L. Brodeau, December 2019... 525 538 526 539 \begin{listing} … … 530 543 \end{listing} 531 544 532 In the bulk formulation, the surface boundary condition fields are computed with bulk formulae using atmospheric fields 533 and ocean (and sea-ice) variables averaged over \np{nn_fsbc}{nn\_fsbc} time-step. 534 535 The atmospheric fields used depend on the bulk formulae used. 536 In forced mode, when a sea-ice model is used, a specific bulk formulation is used. 537 Therefore, different bulk formulae are used for the turbulent fluxes computation 538 over the ocean and over sea-ice surface. 539 For the ocean, four bulk formulations are available thanks to the \href{https://brodeau.github.io/aerobulk/}{Aerobulk} package (\citet{brodeau.barnier.ea_JPO16}): 540 the NCAR (formerly named CORE), COARE 3.0, COARE 3.5 and ECMWF bulk formulae. 541 The choice is made by setting to true one of the following namelist variable: 542 \np{ln_NCAR}{ln\_NCAR}, \np{ln_COARE_3p0}{ln\_COARE\_3p0}, \np{ln_COARE_3p5}{ln\_COARE\_3p5} and \np{ln_ECMWF}{ln\_ECMWF}. 543 For sea-ice, three possibilities can be selected: 544 a constant transfer coefficient (1.4e-3; default value), \citet{lupkes.gryanik.ea_JGR12} (\np{ln_Cd_L12}{ln\_Cd\_L12}), and \citet{lupkes.gryanik_JGR15} (\np{ln_Cd_L15}{ln\_Cd\_L15}) parameterizations 545 If the bulk formulation is selected (\np[=.true.]{ln_blk}{ln\_blk}), the air-sea 546 fluxes associated with surface boundary conditions are estimated by means of the 547 traditional \emph{bulk formulae}. As input, bulk formulae rely on a prescribed 548 near-surface atmosphere state (typically extracted from a weather reanalysis) 549 and the prognostic sea (-ice) surface state averaged over \np{nn_fsbc}{nn\_fsbc} 550 time-step(s). 551 552 % Turbulent air-sea fluxes are computed using the sea surface properties and 553 % atmospheric SSVs at height $z$ above the sea surface, with the traditional 554 % aerodynamic bulk formulae: 555 556 Note: all the NEMO Fortran routines involved in the present section have been 557 initially developed (and are still developed in parallel) in 558 the \href{https://brodeau.github.io/aerobulk/}{\texttt{AeroBulk}} open-source project 559 \citep{brodeau.barnier.ea_JPO17}. 560 561 %%% Bulk formulae are this: 562 \subsection{Bulk formulae}\label{subsec:SBC_blkform} 563 % 564 In NEMO, the set of equations that relate each component of the surface fluxes 565 to the near-surface atmosphere and sea surface states writes 566 % 567 \begin{subequations}\label{eq_bulk} 568 \label{eq:SBC_bulk_form} 569 \begin{eqnarray} 570 \mathbf{\tau} &=& \rho~ C_D ~ \mathbf{U}_z ~ U_B \\ 571 Q_H &=& \rho~C_H~C_P~\big[ \theta_z - T_s \big] ~ U_B \\ 572 E &=& \rho~C_E ~\big[ q_s - q_z \big] ~ U_B \\ 573 Q_L &=& -L_v \, E \\ 574 % 575 Q_{sr} &=& (1 - a) Q_{sw\downarrow} \\ 576 Q_{ir} &=& \delta (Q_{lw\downarrow} -\sigma T_s^4) 577 \end{eqnarray} 578 \end{subequations} 579 % 580 with 581 \[ \theta_z \simeq T_z+\gamma z \] 582 \[ q_s \simeq 0.98\,q_{sat}(T_s,p_a ) \] 583 % 584 from which, the the non-solar heat flux is \[ Q_{ns} = Q_L + Q_H + Q_{ir} \] 585 % 586 where $\mathbf{\tau}$ is the wind stress vector, $Q_H$ the sensible heat flux, 587 $E$ the evaporation, $Q_L$ the latent heat flux, and $Q_{ir}$ the net longwave 588 flux. 589 % 590 $Q_{sw\downarrow}$ and $Q_{lw\downarrow}$ are the surface downwelling shortwave 591 and longwave radiative fluxes, respectively. 592 % 593 Note: a positive sign for $\mathbf{\tau}$, $Q_H$, $Q_L$, $Q_{sr}$ or $Q_{ir}$ 594 implies a gain of the relevant quantity for the ocean, while a positive $E$ 595 implies a freshwater loss for the ocean. 596 % 597 $\rho$ is the density of air. $C_D$, $C_H$ and $C_E$ are the bulk transfer 598 coefficients for momentum, sensible heat, and moisture, respectively. 599 % 600 $C_P$ is the heat capacity of moist air, and $L_v$ is the latent heat of 601 vaporization of water. 602 % 603 $\theta_z$, $T_z$ and $q_z$ are the potential temperature, absolute temperature, 604 and specific humidity of air at height $z$ above the sea surface, 605 respectively. $\gamma z$ is a temperature correction term which accounts for the 606 adiabatic lapse rate and approximates the potential temperature at height 607 $z$ \citep{josey.gulev.ea_2013}. 608 % 609 $\mathbf{U}_z$ is the wind speed vector at height $z$ above the sea surface 610 (possibly referenced to the surface current $\mathbf{u_0}$, 611 section \ref{s_res1}.\ref{ss_current}). 612 % 613 The bulk scalar wind speed, namely $U_B$, is the scalar wind speed, 614 $|\mathbf{U}_z|$, with the potential inclusion of a gustiness contribution. 615 % 616 $a$ and $\delta$ are the albedo and emissivity of the sea surface, respectively.\\ 617 % 618 %$p_a$ is the mean sea-level pressure (SLP). 619 % 620 $T_s$ is the sea surface temperature. $q_s$ is the saturation specific humidity 621 of air at temperature $T_s$; it includes a 2\% reduction to account for the 622 presence of salt in seawater \citep{sverdrup.johnson.ea_1942,kraus.businger_QJRMS96}. 623 Depending on the bulk parametrization used, $T_s$ can either be the temperature 624 at the air-sea interface (skin temperature, hereafter SSST) or at typically a 625 few tens of centimeters below the surface (bulk sea surface temperature, 626 hereafter SST). 627 % 628 The SSST differs from the SST due to the contributions of two effects of 629 opposite sign, the \emph{cool skin} and \emph{warm layer} (hereafter CS and WL, 630 respectively, see section\,\ref{subsec:SBC_skin}). 631 % 632 Technically, when the ECMWF or COARE* bulk parametrizations are selected 633 (\np[=.true.]{ln_ECMWF}{ln\_ECMWF} or \np[=.true.]{ln_COARE*}{ln\_COARE\*}), 634 $T_s$ is the SSST, as opposed to the NCAR bulk parametrization 635 (\np[=.true.]{ln_NCAR}{ln\_NCAR}) for which $T_s$ is the bulk SST (\ie~temperature 636 at first T-point level). 637 638 For more details on all these aspects the reader is invited to refer 639 to \citet{brodeau.barnier.ea_JPO17}. 640 641 642 643 \subsection{Bulk parametrizations}\label{subsec:SBC_blk_ocean} 644 %%%\label{subsec:SBC_param} 645 646 Accuracy of the estimate of surface turbulent fluxes by means of bulk formulae 647 strongly relies on that of the bulk transfer coefficients: $C_D$, $C_H$ and 648 $C_E$. They are estimated with what we refer to as a \emph{bulk 649 parametrization} algorithm. When relevant, these algorithms also perform the 650 height adjustment of humidity and temperature to the wind reference measurement 651 height (from \np{rn_zqt}{rn\_zqt} to \np{rn_zu}{rn\_zu}). 652 653 654 655 For the open ocean, four bulk parametrization algorithms are available in NEMO: 656 \begin{itemize} 657 \item NCAR, formerly known as CORE, \citep{large.yeager_rpt04,large.yeager_CD09} 658 \item COARE 3.0 \citep{fairall.bradley.ea_JC03} 659 \item COARE 3.6 \citep{edson.jampana.ea_JPO13} 660 \item ECMWF (IFS documentation, cy45) 661 \end{itemize} 662 663 664 With respect to version 3, the principal advances in version 3.6 of the COARE 665 bulk parametrization are built around improvements in the representation of the 666 effects of waves on 667 fluxes \citep{edson.jampana.ea_JPO13,brodeau.barnier.ea_JPO17}. This includes 668 improved relationships of surface roughness, and whitecap fraction on wave 669 parameters. It is therefore recommended to chose version 3.6 over 3. 670 671 672 673 674 \subsection{Cool-skin and warm-layer parametrizations}\label{subsec:SBC_skin} 675 %\subsection[Cool-skin and warm-layer parameterizations 676 %(\forcode{ln_skin_cs} \& \forcode{ln_skin_wl})]{Cool-skin and warm-layer parameterizations (\protect\np{ln_skin_cs}{ln\_skin\_cs} \& \np{ln_skin_wl}{ln\_skin\_wl})} 677 %\label{subsec:SBC_skin} 678 % 679 As opposed to the NCAR bulk parametrization, more advanced bulk 680 parametrizations such as COARE3.x and ECMWF are meant to be used with the skin 681 temperature $T_s$ rather than the bulk SST (which, in NEMO is the temperature at 682 the first T-point level, see section\,\ref{subsec:SBC_blkform}). 683 % 684 As such, the relevant cool-skin and warm-layer parametrization must be 685 activated through \np[=T]{ln_skin_cs}{ln\_skin\_cs} 686 and \np[=T]{ln_skin_wl}{ln\_skin\_wl} to use COARE3.x or ECMWF in a consistent 687 way. 688 689 \texttt{\#LB: ADD BLBLA ABOUT THE TWO CS/WL PARAMETRIZATIONS (ECMWF and COARE) !!!} 690 691 For the cool-skin scheme parametrization COARE and ECMWF algorithms share the same 692 basis: \citet{fairall.bradley.ea_JGR96}. With some minor updates based 693 on \citet{zeng.beljaars_GRL05} for ECMWF, and \citet{fairall.ea_19} for COARE 694 3.6. 695 696 For the warm-layer scheme, ECMWF is based on \citet{zeng.beljaars_GRL05} with a 697 recent update from \citet{takaya.bidlot.ea_JGR10} (consideration of the 698 turbulence input from Langmuir circulation). 699 700 Importantly, COARE warm-layer scheme \citep{fairall.ea_19} includes a prognostic 701 equation for the thickness of the warm-layer, while it is considered as constant 702 in the ECWMF algorithm. 703 704 \begin{figure}[!t] 705 \centering 706 \includegraphics[width=0.96\textwidth]{SBC_dT_skin-SST} 707 \caption[Skin temperature]{Hourly difference between skin temperature and 708 bulk SST (1\,m deep) simulated by the NEMO \texttt{STATION\_ASF} test-case, 709 based on in-situ data from PAPA station (50.1\deg N, 144.9\deg W) in 2018; for 710 two different sets of ``bulk algorithm + cool-skin/warm-layer 711 parametrizations'': COARE 3.6 and ECMWF.} 712 \label{fig:SBC_dT_skin-SST} 713 \end{figure} 714 715 716 % 717 718 719 720 \subsection{Appropriate use of each bulk parametrization} 721 722 \subsubsection{NCAR} 723 724 NCAR bulk parametrizations (formerly known as CORE) is meant to be used with the 725 CORE II atmospheric forcing \citep{large.yeager_CD09}. The expected sea surface 726 temperature is the bulk SST. Hence the following namelist parameters must be 727 set: 728 % 729 \begin{verbatim} 730 ... 731 ln_NCAR = .true. 732 ... 733 rn_zqt = 10. ! Air temperature & humidity reference height (m) 734 rn_zu = 10. ! Wind vector reference height (m) 735 ... 736 ln_skin_cs = .false. ! use the cool-skin parameterization 737 ln_skin_wl = .false. ! use the warm-layer parameterization 738 ... 739 ln_humi_sph = .true. ! humidity "sn_humi" is specific humidity [kg/kg] 740 \end{verbatim} 741 742 743 \subsubsection{ECMWF} 744 % 745 With an atmospheric forcing based on a reanalysis of the ECMWF, such as the 746 Drakkar Forcing Set \citep{brodeau.barnier.ea_OM10}, we strongly recommend to 747 use the ECMWF bulk parametrizations with the cool-skin and warm-layer 748 parametrizations activated. In ECMWF reanalyzes, since air temperature and 749 humidity are provided at the 2\,m height, and given that the humidity is 750 distributed as the dew-point temperature, the namelist must be tuned as follows: 751 % 752 \begin{verbatim} 753 ... 754 ln_ECMWF = .true. 755 ... 756 rn_zqt = 2. ! Air temperature & humidity reference height (m) 757 rn_zu = 10. ! Wind vector reference height (m) 758 ... 759 ln_skin_cs = .true. ! use the cool-skin parameterization 760 ln_skin_wl = .true. ! use the warm-layer parameterization 761 ... 762 ln_humi_dpt = .true. ! humidity "sn_humi" is dew-point temperature [K] 763 ... 764 \end{verbatim} 765 % 766 Note: when \np{ln_ECMWF}{ln\_ECMWF} is selected, the selection 767 of \np{ln_skin_cs}{ln\_skin\_cs} and \np{ln_skin_wl}{ln\_skin\_wl} implicitly 768 triggers the use of the ECMWF cool-skin and warm-layer parametrizations, 769 respectively (found in \textit{sbcblk\_skin\_ecmwf.F90}). 770 771 772 \subsubsection{COARE 3.x} 773 % 774 Since the ECMWF parametrization is largely based on the COARE* parametrization, 775 the two algorithms are very similar in terms of structure and closure 776 approach. As such, the namelist tuning for COARE 3.x is identical to that of 777 ECMWF: 778 % 779 \begin{verbatim} 780 ... 781 ln_COARE3p6 = .true. 782 ... 783 ln_skin_cs = .true. ! use the cool-skin parameterization 784 ln_skin_wl = .true. ! use the warm-layer parameterization 785 ... 786 \end{verbatim} 787 788 Note: when \np[=T]{ln_COARE3p0}{ln\_COARE3p0} is selected, the selection 789 of \np{ln_skin_cs}{ln\_skin\_cs} and \np{ln_skin_wl}{ln\_skin\_wl} implicitly 790 triggers the use of the COARE cool-skin and warm-layer parametrizations, 791 respectively (found in \textit{sbcblk\_skin\_coare.F90}). 792 793 794 %lulu 795 796 797 798 % In a typical bulk algorithm, the BTCs under neutral stability conditions are 799 % defined using \emph{in-situ} flux measurements while their dependence on the 800 % stability is accounted through the \emph{Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory} and 801 % the \emph{flux-profile} relationships \citep[\eg{}][]{Paulson_1970}. BTCs are 802 % functions of the wind speed and the near-surface stability of the atmospheric 803 % surface layer (hereafter ASL), and hence, depend on $U_B$, $T_s$, $T_z$, $q_s$ 804 % and $q_z$. 805 806 807 808 \subsection{Prescribed near-surface atmospheric state} 809 810 The atmospheric fields used depend on the bulk formulae used. In forced mode, 811 when a sea-ice model is used, a specific bulk formulation is used. Therefore, 812 different bulk formulae are used for the turbulent fluxes computation over the 813 ocean and over sea-ice surface. 814 % 815 816 %The choice is made by setting to true one of the following namelist 817 %variable: \np{ln_NCAR}{ln\_NCAR}, \np{ln_COARE_3p0}{ln\_COARE\_3p0}, \np{ln_COARE_3p6}{ln\_COARE\_3p6} 818 %and \np{ln_ECMWF}{ln\_ECMWF}. 545 819 546 820 Common options are defined through the \nam{sbc_blk}{sbc\_blk} namelist variables. … … 553 827 Variable description & Model variable & Units & point \\ 554 828 \hline 555 i-component of the 10m air velocity & utau& $m.s^{-1}$ & T \\829 i-component of the 10m air velocity & wndi & $m.s^{-1}$ & T \\ 556 830 \hline 557 j-component of the 10m air velocity & vtau& $m.s^{-1}$ & T \\831 j-component of the 10m air velocity & wndj & $m.s^{-1}$ & T \\ 558 832 \hline 559 10m air temperature & tair & \r{}$K$& T \\833 10m air temperature & tair & $K$ & T \\ 560 834 \hline 561 Specific humidity & humi & \% & T \\ 835 Specific humidity & humi & $-$ & T \\ 836 Relative humidity & ~ & $\%$ & T \\ 837 Dew-point temperature & ~ & $K$ & T \\ 562 838 \hline 563 Incoming long wave radiation& qlw & $W.m^{-2}$ & T \\839 Downwelling longwave radiation & qlw & $W.m^{-2}$ & T \\ 564 840 \hline 565 Incoming short wave radiation& qsr & $W.m^{-2}$ & T \\841 Downwelling shortwave radiation & qsr & $W.m^{-2}$ & T \\ 566 842 \hline 567 843 Total precipitation (liquid + solid) & precip & $Kg.m^{-2}.s^{-1}$ & T \\ … … 584 860 585 861 \np{cn_dir}{cn\_dir} is the directory of location of bulk files 586 \np{ln_taudif}{ln\_taudif} is the flag to specify if we use HightFrequency (HF) tau information (.true.) or not (.false.)862 %\np{ln_taudif}{ln\_taudif} is the flag to specify if we use High Frequency (HF) tau information (.true.) or not (.false.) 587 863 \np{rn_zqt}{rn\_zqt}: is the height of humidity and temperature measurements (m) 588 864 \np{rn_zu}{rn\_zu}: is the height of wind measurements (m) … … 595 871 Its range must be between zero and one, and it is recommended to set it to 0 at low-resolution (ORCA2 configuration). 596 872 597 As for the flux formulation, information about the input data required by the model is provided in873 As for the flux parametrization, information about the input data required by the model is provided in 598 874 the namsbc\_blk namelist (see \autoref{subsec:SBC_fldread}). 599 875 600 %% ================================================================================================= 601 \subsection[Ocean-Atmosphere Bulk formulae (\textit{sbcblk\_algo\_coare.F90, sbcblk\_algo\_coare3p5.F90, sbcblk\_algo\_ecmwf.F90, sbcblk\_algo\_ncar.F90})]{Ocean-Atmosphere Bulk formulae (\mdl{sbcblk\_algo\_coare}, \mdl{sbcblk\_algo\_coare3p5}, \mdl{sbcblk\_algo\_ecmwf}, \mdl{sbcblk\_algo\_ncar})} 602 \label{subsec:SBC_blk_ocean} 603 604 Four different bulk algorithms are available to compute surface turbulent momentum and heat fluxes over the ocean. 605 COARE 3.0, COARE 3.5 and ECMWF schemes mainly differ by their roughness lenghts computation and consequently 606 their neutral transfer coefficients relationships with neutral wind. 607 \begin{itemize} 608 \item NCAR (\np[=.true.]{ln_NCAR}{ln\_NCAR}): The NCAR bulk formulae have been developed by \citet{large.yeager_rpt04}. 609 They have been designed to handle the NCAR forcing, a mixture of NCEP reanalysis and satellite data. 610 They use an inertial dissipative method to compute the turbulent transfer coefficients 611 (momentum, sensible heat and evaporation) from the 10m wind speed, air temperature and specific humidity. 612 This \citet{large.yeager_rpt04} dataset is available through 613 the \href{http://nomads.gfdl.noaa.gov/nomads/forms/mom4/NCAR.html}{GFDL web site}. 614 Note that substituting ERA40 to NCEP reanalysis fields does not require changes in the bulk formulea themself. 615 This is the so-called DRAKKAR Forcing Set (DFS) \citep{brodeau.barnier.ea_OM10}. 616 \item COARE 3.0 (\np[=.true.]{ln_COARE_3p0}{ln\_COARE\_3p0}): See \citet{fairall.bradley.ea_JC03} for more details 617 \item COARE 3.5 (\np[=.true.]{ln_COARE_3p5}{ln\_COARE\_3p5}): See \citet{edson.jampana.ea_JPO13} for more details 618 \item ECMWF (\np[=.true.]{ln_ECMWF}{ln\_ECMWF}): Based on \href{https://www.ecmwf.int/node/9221}{IFS (Cy31)} implementation and documentation. 619 Surface roughness lengths needed for the Obukhov length are computed following \citet{beljaars_QJRMS95}. 620 \end{itemize} 876 877 \subsubsection{Air humidity} 878 879 Air humidity can be provided as three different parameters: specific humidity 880 [kg/kg], relative humidity [\%], or dew-point temperature [K] (LINK to namelist 881 parameters)... 882 883 884 ~\\ 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 %% ================================================================================================= 896 %\subsection[Ocean-Atmosphere Bulk formulae (\textit{sbcblk\_algo\_coare3p0.F90, sbcblk\_algo\_coare3p6.F90, %sbcblk\_algo\_ecmwf.F90, sbcblk\_algo\_ncar.F90})]{Ocean-Atmosphere Bulk formulae (\mdl{sbcblk\_algo\_coare3p0}, %\mdl{sbcblk\_algo\_coare3p6}, \mdl{sbcblk\_algo\_ecmwf}, \mdl{sbcblk\_algo\_ncar})} 897 %\label{subsec:SBC_blk_ocean} 898 899 %Four different bulk algorithms are available to compute surface turbulent momentum and heat fluxes over the ocean. 900 %COARE 3.0, COARE 3.6 and ECMWF schemes mainly differ by their roughness lenghts computation and consequently 901 %their neutral transfer coefficients relationships with neutral wind. 902 %\begin{itemize} 903 %\item NCAR (\np[=.true.]{ln_NCAR}{ln\_NCAR}): The NCAR bulk formulae have been developed by \citet{large.yeager_rpt04}. 904 % They have been designed to handle the NCAR forcing, a mixture of NCEP reanalysis and satellite data. 905 % They use an inertial dissipative method to compute the turbulent transfer coefficients 906 % (momentum, sensible heat and evaporation) from the 10m wind speed, air temperature and specific humidity. 907 % This \citet{large.yeager_rpt04} dataset is available through 908 % the \href{http://nomads.gfdl.noaa.gov/nomads/forms/mom4/NCAR.html}{GFDL web site}. 909 % Note that substituting ERA40 to NCEP reanalysis fields does not require changes in the bulk formulea themself. 910 % This is the so-called DRAKKAR Forcing Set (DFS) \citep{brodeau.barnier.ea_OM10}. 911 %\item COARE 3.0 (\np[=.true.]{ln_COARE_3p0}{ln\_COARE\_3p0}): See \citet{fairall.bradley.ea_JC03} for more details 912 %\item COARE 3.6 (\np[=.true.]{ln_COARE_3p6}{ln\_COARE\_3p6}): See \citet{edson.jampana.ea_JPO13} for more details 913 %\item ECMWF (\np[=.true.]{ln_ECMWF}{ln\_ECMWF}): Based on \href{https://www.ecmwf.int/node/9204}{IFS (Cy40r1)} %implementation and documentation. 914 % Surface roughness lengths needed for the Obukhov length are computed 915 % following \citet{beljaars_QJRMS95}. 916 %\end{itemize} 621 917 622 918 %% ================================================================================================= 623 919 \subsection{Ice-Atmosphere Bulk formulae} 624 920 \label{subsec:SBC_blk_ice} 921 922 923 \texttt{\#out\_of\_place:} 924 For sea-ice, three possibilities can be selected: 925 a constant transfer coefficient (1.4e-3; default 926 value), \citet{lupkes.gryanik.ea_JGR12} (\np{ln_Cd_L12}{ln\_Cd\_L12}), 927 and \citet{lupkes.gryanik_JGR15} (\np{ln_Cd_L15}{ln\_Cd\_L15}) parameterizations 928 \texttt{\#out\_of\_place.} 929 930 931 625 932 626 933 Surface turbulent fluxes between sea-ice and the atmosphere can be computed in three different ways:
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