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1	! =================================================================================================================================
2	! MODULE : stomate_resp
3	!
4	! CONTACT : orchidee-help _at_ ipsl.jussieu.fr
5	!
6	! LICENCE : IPSL (2006)
7	! This software is governed by the CeCILL licence see ORCHIDEE/ORCHIDEE_CeCILL.LIC
8	!
9	!>\BRIEF Calculates maintenance respiration for different plant components
10	!!
11	!!\n DESCRIPTION : None
12	!!
13	!! RECENT CHANGE(S): None
14	!!
15	!! REFERENCE(S) :
16	!!- McCree KJ. An equation for the respiration of white clover plants grown under controlled conditions.
17	!! In: Setlik I, editor. Prediction and measurement of photosynthetic productivity. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Pudoc; 1970. p. 221-229.
18	!! - Krinner G, Viovy N, de Noblet-Ducoudre N, Ogee J, Polcher J, Friedlingstein P,
19	!! Ciais P, Sitch S, Prentice I C (2005) A dynamic global vegetation model for studies
20	!! of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, GB1015,
21	!! doi: 10.1029/2003GB002199.\n
22	!! Ruimy A., Dedieu G., Saugier B. (1996), TURC: A diagnostic model
23	!! of continental gross primary productivity and net primary productivity,
24	!! Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 10, 269-285.\n
25
26	!! SVN :
27	!! $HeadURL$
28	!! $Date$
29	!! $Revision$
30	!! \n
31	!_ ================================================================================================================================
32
33	MODULE stomate_resp
34
35	! modules used:
36	USE stomate_data
37	USE pft_parameters
38	USE constantes
39	USE constantes_soil
40
41	IMPLICIT NONE
42
43	! private & public routines
44	PRIVATE
45	PUBLIC maint_respiration,maint_respiration_clear
46
47	LOGICAL, SAVE :: firstcall_resp = .TRUE. !! first call
48	!$OMP THREADPRIVATE(firstcall_resp)
49
50	CONTAINS
51
52
53	!! ================================================================================================================================
54	!! SUBROUTINE : maint_respiration_clear
55	!!
56	!>\BRIEF : Set the flag ::firstcall_resp to .TRUE. and as such activate section
57	!! 1.1 of the subroutine maint_respiration (see below).
58	!_ ================================================================================================================================
59
60	SUBROUTINE maint_respiration_clear
61	firstcall_resp=.TRUE.
62	END SUBROUTINE maint_respiration_clear
63
64
65	!! ================================================================================================================================
66	!! SUBROUTINE : maint_respiration
67	!!
68	!>\BRIEF Calculate PFT maintenance respiration of each living plant part by
69	!! multiplying the biomass of plant part by maintenance respiration coefficient which
70	!! depends on long term mean annual temperature. PFT maintenance respiration is carbon flux
71	!! with the units @tex $(gC.m^{-2}dt_sechiba^{-1})$ @endtex, and the convention is from plants to the
72	!! atmosphere.
73	!!
74	!! DESCRIPTION : The maintenance respiration of each plant part for each PFT is the biomass of the plant
75	!! part multiplied by maintenance respiration coefficient. The biomass allocation to different
76	!! plant parts is done in routine stomate_alloc.f90. The maintenance respiration coefficient is
77	!! calculated in this routine.\n
78	!!
79	!! The maintenance respiration coefficient is the fraction of biomass that is lost during
80	!! each time step, which increases linearly with temperature (2-meter air temperature for aboveground plant
81	!! tissues; root-zone temperature for below-ground tissues). Air temperature is an input forcing variable.
82	!! Root-zone temperature is a convolution of root and soil temperature profiles and also calculated
83	!! in this routine.\n
84	!!
85	!! The calculation of maintenance respiration coefficient (fraction of biomass respired) depends linearly
86	!! on temperature:
87	!! - the relevant temperature for different plant parts (air temperature or root-zone temperature)\n
88	!! - intercept: prescribed maintenance respiration coefficients at 0 Degree Celsius for
89	!! different plant parts for each PFT in routine stomate_constants.f90\n
90	!! - slope: calculated with a quadratic polynomial with the multi-annual mean air temperature
91	!! (the constants are in routine stomate_constants.f90) as follows\n
92	!! \latexonly
93	!! \input{resp3.tex}
94	!! \endlatexonly
95	!! Where, maint_resp_slope1, maint_resp_slope2, maint_resp_slope3 are constant in stomate_constants.f90.
96	!! Then coeff_maint is calculated as follows:\n
97	!! \latexonly
98	!! \input{resp4.tex}
99	!! \endlatexonly
100	!! If the calculation result is negative, maintenance respiration coefficient will take the value 0.
101	!! Therefore the maintenance respiration will also be 0.\n
102	!!
103	!! RECENT CHANGE(S): None
104	!!
105	!! MAIN OUTPUT VARIABLE(S): PFT maintenance respiration of different plant parts (::resp_maint_part_radia)
106	!!
107	!! REFERENCE(S) :
108	!! McCree KJ. An equation for the respiration of white clover plants grown under controlled conditions. In:
109	!! Setlik I, editor. Prediction and measurement of photosynthetic productivity. Wageningen,
110	!! The Netherlands: Pudoc; 1970. p. 221-229.
111	!! Krinner G, Viovy N, de Noblet-Ducoudre N, Ogee J, Polcher J, Friedlingstein P,
112	!! Ciais P, Sitch S, Prentice I C (2005) A dynamic global vegetation model for studies
113	!! of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, GB1015,
114	!! doi: 10.1029/2003GB002199.\n
115	!! Ruimy A., Dedieu G., Saugier B. (1996), TURC: A diagnostic model
116	!! of continental gross primary productivity and net primary productivity,
117	!! Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 10, 269-285.\n
118	!! FLOWCHART : None
119	!! \n
120	!_ ================================================================================================================================
121
122	SUBROUTINE maint_respiration ( npts,lai, t2m,t2m_longterm,stempdiag,height,veget_max,&
123	rprof,biomass,resp_maint_part_radia, &
124	!gmjc
125	sla_calc)
126	!end gmjc
127	!! 0. Variable and parameter declaration
128
129	!! 0.1 Input variables
130
131	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: npts !! Domain size - number of grid cells (unitless)
132	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m !! 2 meter air temperature - forcing variable (K)
133	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_longterm !! Long term annual mean 2 meter reference air temperatures
134	!! calculated in stomate_season.f90 (K)
135	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nbdl), INTENT (in) :: stempdiag !! Soil temperature of each soil layer (K)
136	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: height !! height of vegetation (m)
137	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: veget_max !! PFT "maximal" coverage fraction of a PFT (unitless)
138	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: rprof !! PFT root depth as calculated in stomate.f90 from parameter
139	!! humcste which is root profile for different PFTs
140	!! in slowproc.f90 (m)
141	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm,nparts,nelements),INTENT(in) :: biomass !! PFT total biomass calculated in stomate_alloc.f90
142	!! @tex $(gC.m^{-2})$ @endtex
143
144	!! 0.2 Output variables
145
146	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(out) :: lai !! PFT leaf area index @tex $(m^2 m^{-2})$ @endtex
147
148	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm,nparts), INTENT(out) :: resp_maint_part_radia !! PFT maintenance respiration of different plant
149	!! parts @tex $(gC.m^{-2}dt_sechiba^{-1} )$ @endtex
150	!gmjc
151	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: sla_calc
152	!end gmjc
153	!! 0.3 Modified variables
154
155	!! 0.4 Local variables
156
157	REAL(r_std), SAVE, ALLOCATABLE, DIMENSION(:) :: z_soil !! Variable to store depth of the different soil layers (m)
158	!$OMP THREADPRIVATE(z_soil)
159	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm) :: t_root !! PFT root temperature (convolution of root and soil
160	!! temperature profiles) (K)
161	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm,nparts) :: coeff_maint !! PFT maintenance respiration coefficients of different
162	!! plant compartments at 0 deg C
163	!! @tex $(g.g^{-1}dt_sechiba^{-1})$ @endtex
164	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: rpc !! Scaling factor for integrating vertical soil
165	!! profiles (unitless)
166	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nparts) :: t_maint_radia !! Temperature which is pertinent for maintenance respiration,
167	!! which is air/root temperature for above/below-ground
168	!! compartments (K)
169	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: tl !! Long term reference temperature in degrees Celcius
170	!! (= t2m_longterm - 273.15) (C)
171	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: slope !! slope of the temperature dependence of maintenance
172	!! respiration coefficient (1/K)
173	INTEGER(i_std) :: i,j,k,l,m !! Indeces (unitless)
174	INTEGER(i_std) :: ier !! Error handling
175
176	!_ ================================================================================================================================
177
178
179	IF (printlev>=3) WRITE(numout,*) 'Entering respiration'
180
181	!! 1. Initializations
182
183	IF ( firstcall_resp ) THEN
184
185	!! 1.1. Soil levels (first call only)
186	! Set the depth of the different soil layers (number of layers: nbdl)
187	! previously calculated as variable diaglev in routines sechiba.f90 and slowproc.f90
188	ALLOCATE(z_soil(0:nbdl), stat=ier)
189	IF ( ier /= 0 ) CALL ipslerr_p(3,'maint_respiration','Pb in allocate of z_soil','','')
190	z_soil(0) = zero
191	z_soil(1:nbdl) = diaglev(1:nbdl)
192
193	!! 1.1.2. Write message
194	! Notify user of the start of this subroutine
195	WRITE(numout,*) 'respiration:'
196
197	firstcall_resp = .FALSE.
198
199	ENDIF
200
201
202
203	!! 1.2. Calculate root temperature
204	! Calculate root temperature as the convolution of root and soil temperature profiles
205	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
206
207	!! 1.2.1 Calculate rpc
208	! - rpc is an integration constant to make the integral over the root profile is equal 'one',
209	! calculated as follows:\n
210	! \latexonly
211	! \input{resp1.tex}
212	! \endlatexonly
213	rpc(:) = un / ( un - EXP( -z_soil(nbdl) / rprof(:,j) ) )
214
215	!! 1.2.2 Calculate root temperature
216	! - Integrate root profile temperature (K) over soil layers (number of layers = nbdl)
217	! with rpc and soil temperature (K) of each soil layer as follows:\n
218	! \latexonly
219	! \input{resp2.tex}
220	! \endlatexonly
221	! Where, stempdiag is diagnostic temperature profile of soil (K)\n
222	t_root(:,j) = zero
223
224	DO l = 1, nbdl ! Loop over # soil layers
225
226	t_root(:,j) = &
227	t_root(:,j) + stempdiag(:,l) * rpc(:) * &
228	( EXP( -z_soil(l-1)/rprof(:,j) ) - EXP( -z_soil(l)/rprof(:,j) ) )
229
230	ENDDO ! Loop over # soil layers
231
232	ENDDO ! Loop over # PFTs
233
234	!! 2. Define maintenance respiration coefficients
235
236	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
237
238	!! 2.1 Temperature for maintenanace respiration
239	! Temperature which is used to calculate maintenance respiration for different plant compartments
240	! (above- and belowground)\n
241	! - for aboveground parts, we use 2-meter air temperature, t2m\n
242	! - for belowground parts, we use root temperature calculated in section 1.2 of this subroutine\n
243
244	! 2.1.1 Aboveground biomass
245	t_maint_radia(:,ileaf) = t2m(:)
246	t_maint_radia(:,isapabove) = t2m(:)
247	t_maint_radia(:,ifruit) = t2m(:)
248
249	! 2.1.2 Belowground biomass
250	t_maint_radia(:,isapbelow) = t_root(:,j)
251	t_maint_radia(:,iroot) = t_root(:,j)
252
253	!! 2.1.3 Heartwood biomass
254	! Heartwood does does not respire (coeff_maint_zero is set to zero)
255
256	t_maint_radia(:,iheartbelow) = t_root(:,j)
257	t_maint_radia(:,iheartabove) = t2m(:)
258
259	!! 2.1.4 Reserve biomass
260	! Use aboveground temperature for trees and belowground temeperature for grasses
261	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
262	t_maint_radia(:,icarbres) = t2m(:)
263	ELSE
264	t_maint_radia(:,icarbres) = t_root(:,j)
265	ENDIF
266
267
268	!! 2.2 Calculate maintenance respiration coefficients (coeff_maint)
269	! Maintenance respiration is a fraction of biomass defined by the coefficient
270	! coeff_maint [Mc Cree, 1969]. Coeff_maint is defined through a linear relationship of temperature [Ruimy et al, 1996]
271	! which slope is the coefficient 'slope' and which intercept is 'coeff_maint_zero'.
272	! - Coeff_maint_zero is defined in stomate_data to cm_zero_plantpartname
273	! - Slope is calculated here through a second-degree polynomial [Krinner et al, 2005]
274	! equation that makes it dependent on the long term temperature (to represent adaptation
275	! of the ecosystem to long term temperature).
276	! \latexonly
277	! \input{resp3.tex}
278	! \endlatexonly
279	! Where, maint_resp_slope1, maint_resp_slope2, maint_resp_slope3 are constant in stomate_constants.f90.
280	! Then coeff_maint is calculated as follows:\n
281	! \latexonly
282	! \input{resp4.tex}
283	! \endlatexonly
284	! If the calculation result is negative, coeff_maint will take the value 0.\n
285	tl(:) = t2m_longterm(:) - ZeroCelsius
286	slope(:) = maint_resp_slope(j,1) + tl(:) * maint_resp_slope(j,2) + &
287	tl(:)tl(:) maint_resp_slope(j,3)
288
289	DO k = 1, nparts ! Loop over # plant parts
290
291	coeff_maint(:,j,k) = &
292	MAX( (coeff_maint_zero(j,k)dt_sechiba/one_day) &
293	( un + slope(:) * (t_maint_radia(:,k)-ZeroCelsius) ), zero )
294
295	ENDDO ! Loop over # plant parts
296
297	ENDDO ! Loop over # PFTs
298
299	!! 3. Calculate maintenance respiration
300
301	! The maintenance respiration @tex $(gC.m^{-2}dt_sechiba^{-1})$ @endtex of each plant compartment for each PFT is
302	! the biomass @tex $(gC.m^{-2})$ @endtex of the plant part multiplied by maintenance respiration
303	! coefficient @tex $(g.g^{-1}dt_sechiba^{-1})$ @endtex, except that the maintenance respiration of leaves is
304	! corrected by leaf area index (LAI) as follows:\n
305	! \latexonly
306	! \input{resp5.tex}
307	! \endlatexonly
308
309	! ibare_sechiba = 1, which means the there is only bare soil but not any PFT, consequently no LAI and
310	! maintenance respiration
311	lai(:,ibare_sechiba) = zero
312	resp_maint_part_radia(:,ibare_sechiba,:) = zero
313
314	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
315
316	! 3.1 Maintenance respiration of the different plant parts
317	!gmjc
318	lai(:,j) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * sla_calc(:,j)
319	! lai(:,j) = biomass(:,j,ileaf) * sla(j)
320	!end gmjc
321	DO k = 1, nparts ! Loop over # plant parts
322
323	IF ( k .EQ. ileaf ) THEN
324
325	! Leaves: respiration depends on leaf mass AND LAI.
326	!!$ WHERE ( (biomass(:,j,ileaf) > min_stomate) .AND. (lai(:,j) > 0.0) .AND. (lai(:,j) < val_exp) )
327	!!$ resp_maint_part_radia(:,j,k) = coeff_maint(:,j,k) * biomass(:,j,k) * &
328	!!$ ( .3lai(:,j) + 1.4(1.-exp(-.5*lai(:,j))) ) / lai(:,j)
329	!!$ ELSEWHERE
330	!!$ resp_maint_part_radia(:,j,k) = 0.0
331	!!$ ENDWHERE
332	DO i = 1, npts ! Loop over # pixels
333	IF ( (biomass(i,j,ileaf,icarbon) > min_stomate) .AND. (lai(i,j) > min_stomate) ) THEN
334
335	!$ IF (lai(i,j) < 100._r_std) THEN
336	!$ resp_maint_part_radia(i,j,k) = coeff_maint(i,j,k) * biomass(i,j,k,icarbon) * &
337	!$ ( .3lai(i,j) + 1.4(1.-exp(-.5*lai(i,j))) ) / lai(i,j)
338	!$ ELSE
339	!$ resp_maint_part_radia(i,j,k) = coeff_maint(i,j,k) * biomass(i,j,k,icarbon) * &
340	!$ ( .3*lai(i,j) + 1.4 ) / lai(i,j)
341	!$ ENDIF
342
343	! Maintenance respiration is calculated as a fraction of biomass as defined by coeff_maint and
344	! is adjusted for the nitrogen effect through a third factor depending on LAI. The hypothesis
345	! here is that the vcmax (i.e. the nitrogen distribution) in the canopy decreases exponentially
346	! with LAI following the Beer-Lambert law with an asymptote defining the minimum of the function
347	! at 30% of the LAI. The 1.4 parameter is an integration constant.
348	! This method is also used in diffuco_trans_co2 2.4.1 for scaling vmax based on nitrogen reduction
349	! in the canopy.
350
351	resp_maint_part_radia(i,j,k) = coeff_maint(i,j,k) * biomass(i,j,k,icarbon) * &
352	( maint_resp_min_vmaxlai(i,j) + maint_resp_coeff(un - exp(-ext_coeff(j)*lai(i,j))) ) / lai(i,j)
353	ELSE
354	resp_maint_part_radia(i,j,k) = zero
355	ENDIF
356	ENDDO ! Loop over # pixels
357	ELSE
358
359	resp_maint_part_radia(:,j,k) = coeff_maint(:,j,k) * biomass(:,j,k,icarbon)
360
361	ENDIF
362
363	ENDDO ! Loop over # plant parts
364
365	! 3.2 Total maintenance respiration of the plant
366	! VPP killer:
367	! resp_maint(:,j) = SUM( resp_maint_part(:,:), DIM=2 )
368
369	ENDDO ! Loop over # PFTs
370
371
372	END SUBROUTINE maint_respiration
373
374	END MODULE stomate_resp

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