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1	! =================================================================================================================================
2	! MODULE : stomate_turnover.f90
3	!
4	! CONTACT : orchidee-help _at_ ipsl.jussieu.fr
5	!
6	! LICENCE : IPSL (2006)
7	! This software is governed by the CeCILL licence see ORCHIDEE/ORCHIDEE_CeCILL.LIC
8	!
9	!>\BRIEF This module manages the end of the growing season and calculates herbivory and turnover of leaves, fruits, fine roots.
10	!!
11	!!\n DESCRIPTION: This subroutine calculates leaf senescence due to climatic conditions or as a
12	!! function of leaf age and new LAI, and subsequent turnover of the different plant biomass compartments (sections 1 to 6),
13	!! herbivory (section 7), fruit turnover for trees (section 8) and sapwood conversion (section 9).
14	!!
15	!! RECENT CHANGE(S): None
16	!!
17	!! SVN :
18	!! $HeadURL$
19	!! $Date$
20	!! $Revision$
21	!! \n
22	!_ ================================================================================================================================
23
24	MODULE stomate_turnover
25
26	! modules used:
27	USE xios_orchidee
28	USE ioipsl_para
29	USE stomate_data
30	USE constantes
31	USE pft_parameters
32
33	IMPLICIT NONE
34
35	! private & public routines
36
37	PRIVATE
38	PUBLIC turn, turn_clear
39
40	LOGICAL, SAVE :: firstcall_turnover = .TRUE. !! first call (true/false)
41	!$OMP THREADPRIVATE(firstcall_turnover)
42
43	CONTAINS
44
45
46	!! ================================================================================================================================
47	!! SUBROUTINE : turn_clear
48	!!
49	!>\BRIEF Set flag ::firstcall_turnover to .TRUE., and therefore activate section 1
50	!! of subroutine turn which writes a message to the output.
51	!!
52	!_ ================================================================================================================================
53
54	SUBROUTINE turn_clear
55	firstcall_turnover=.TRUE.
56	END SUBROUTINE turn_clear
57
58
59	!! ================================================================================================================================
60	!! SUBROUTINE : turn
61	!!
62	!>\BRIEF Calculate turnover of leaves, roots, fruits and sapwood due to aging or climatic
63	!! induced senescence. Calculate herbivory.
64	!!
65	!! DESCRIPTION : This subroutine determines the turnover of leaves and fine roots (and stems for grasses)
66	!! and simulates following processes:
67	!! 1. Mean leaf age is calculated from leaf ages of separate leaf age classes. Should actually
68	!! be recalculated at the end of the routine, but it does not change too fast. The mean leaf
69	!! age is calculated using the following equation:
70	!! \latexonly
71	!! \input{turnover_lma_update_eqn1.tex}
72	!! \endlatexonly
73	!! \n
74	!! 2. Meteorological senescence: the detection of the end of the growing season and shedding
75	!! of leaves, fruits and fine roots due to unfavourable meteorological conditions.
76	!! The model distinguishes three different types of "climatic" leaf senescence, that do not
77	!! change the age structure: sensitivity to cold temperatures, to lack of water, or both.
78	!! If meteorological conditions are fulfilled, a flag ::senescence is set to TRUE. Note
79	!! that evergreen species do not experience climatic senescence.
80	!! Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to cold temperatures where the critical
81	!! temperature for senescence is calculated using the following equation:
82	!! \latexonly
83	!! \input{turnover_temp_crit_eqn2.tex}
84	!! \endlatexonly
85	!! \n
86	!! Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to lack of water availability where the
87	!! moisture availability critical level is calculated using the following equation:
88	!! \latexonly
89	!! \input{turnover_moist_crit_eqn3.tex}
90	!! \endlatexonly
91	!! \n
92	!! Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to temperature or to lack of water where
93	!! critical temperature and moisture availability are calculated as above.\n
94	!! Trees in climatic senescence lose their fine roots at the same rate as they lose their leaves.
95	!! The rate of biomass loss of both fine roots and leaves is presribed through the equation:
96	!! \latexonly
97	!! \input{turnover_clim_senes_biomass_eqn4.tex}
98	!! \endlatexonly
99	!! \n
100	!! with ::leaffall(j) a PFT-dependent time constant which is given in
101	!! ::stomate_constants. In grasses, leaf senescence is extended to the whole plant
102	!! (all carbon pools) except to its carbohydrate reserve.
103	!! 3. Senescence due to aging: the loss of leaves, fruits and biomass due to aging
104	!! At a certain age, leaves fall off, even if the climate would allow a green plant
105	!! all year round. Even if the meteorological conditions are favorable for leaf maintenance,
106	!! plants, and in particular, evergreen trees, have to renew their leaves simply because the
107	!! old leaves become inefficient. Roots, fruits (and stems for grasses) follow leaves.
108	!! The ??senescence?? rate varies with leaf age. Note that plant is not declared senescent
109	!! in this case (wchich is important for allocation: if the plant loses leaves because of
110	!! their age, it can renew them). The leaf turnover rate due to aging of leaves is calculated
111	!! using the following equation:
112	!! \latexonly
113	!! \input{turnover_age_senes_biomass_eqn5.tex}
114	!! \endlatexonly
115	!! \n
116	!! Drop all leaves if there is a very low leaf mass during senescence. After this, the biomass
117	!! of different carbon pools both for trees and grasses is set to zero and the mean leaf age
118	!! is reset to zero. Finally, the leaf fraction and leaf age of the different leaf age classes
119	!! is set to zero. For deciduous trees: next to leaves, also fruits and fine roots are dropped.
120	!! For grasses: all aboveground carbon pools, except the carbohydrate reserves are affected:
121	!! 4. Update the leaf biomass, leaf age class fraction and the LAI
122	!! Older leaves will fall more frequently than younger leaves and therefore the leaf age
123	!! distribution needs to be recalculated after turnover. The fraction of biomass in each
124	!! leaf class is updated using the following equation:
125	!! \latexonly
126	!! \input{turnover_update_LeafAgeDistribution_eqn6.tex}
127	!! \endlatexonly
128	!! \n
129	!! 5. Simulate herbivory activity and update leaf and fruits biomass. Herbivore activity
130	!! affects the biomass of leaves and fruits as well as stalks (only for grasses).
131	!! However, herbivores do not modify leaf age structure.
132	!! 6. Calculates fruit turnover for trees. Trees simply lose their fruits with a time
133	!! constant ::tau_fruit(j), that is set to 90 days for all PFTs in ::stomate_constants
134	!! 7. Convert sapwood to heartwood for trees and update heart and softwood above and
135	!! belowground biomass. Sapwood biomass is converted into heartwood biomass
136	!! with a time constant tau ::tau_sap(j) of 1 year. Note that this biomass conversion
137	!! is not added to "turnover" as the biomass is not lost. For the updated heartwood,
138	!! the sum of new heartwood above and new heartwood below after converting sapwood to
139	!! heartwood, is saved as ::hw_new(:). Creation of new heartwood decreases the age of
140	!! the plant ??carbon?? with a factor that is determined by: old heartwood ::hw_old(:)
141	!! divided by the new heartwood ::hw_new(:)
142	!!
143	!! RECENT CHANGE(S) : None
144	!!
145	!! MAIN OUTPUT VARIABLES: ::Biomass of leaves, fruits, fine roots and sapwood above (latter for grasses only),
146	!! ::Update LAI, ::Update leaf age distribution with new leaf age class fraction
147	!!
148	!! REFERENCE(S) :
149	!! - Krinner, G., N. Viovy, N. de Noblet-Ducoudre, J. Ogee, J. Polcher, P.
150	!! Friedlingstein, P. Ciais, S. Sitch and I.C. Prentice (2005), A dynamic global
151	!! vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global
152	!! Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, doi:10.1029/2003GB002199.
153	!! - McNaughton, S. J., M. Oesterheld, D. A. Frank and K. J. Williams (1989),
154	!! Ecosystem-level patterns of primary productivity and herbivory in terrestrial habitats,
155	!! Nature, 341, 142-144, 1989.
156	!! - Sitch, S., C. Huntingford, N. Gedney, P. E. Levy, M. Lomas, S. L. Piao, , Betts, R., Ciais, P., Cox, P.,
157	!! Friedlingstein, P., Jones, C. D., Prentice, I. C. and F. I. Woodward : Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon
158	!! cycle, future plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using 5 dynamic global vegetation
159	!! models (dgvms), Global Change Biology, 14(9), 2015â2039, 2008.
160	!!
161	!! FLOWCHART :
162	!! \latexonly
163	!! \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{turnover_flowchart_1.png}
164	!! \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{turnover_flowchart_2.png}
165	!! \endlatexonly
166	!! \n
167	!_ ================================================================================================================================
168
169	SUBROUTINE turn (npts, dt, PFTpresent, &
170	herbivores, &
171	maxmoiavail_lastyear, minmoiavail_lastyear, &
172	moiavail_week, moiavail_month, t2m_longterm, t2m_month, t2m_week, veget_max, &
173	gdd_from_growthinit, leaf_age, leaf_frac, age, lai, biomass, &
174	turnover, senescence,turnover_time, &
175	!gmjc
176	sla_calc)
177	!end gmjc
178	!! 0. Variable and parameter declaration
179
180	!! 0.1 Input variables
181
182	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: npts !! Domain size - number of grid cells
183	!! (unitless)
184	REAL(r_std), INTENT(in) :: dt !! time step (dt_days)
185	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: PFTpresent !! PFT exists (true/false)
186	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: herbivores !! time constant of probability of a leaf to
187	!! be eaten by a herbivore (days)
188	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: maxmoiavail_lastyear !! last year's maximum moisture availability
189	!! (0-1, unitless)
190	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: minmoiavail_lastyear !! last year's minimum moisture availability
191	!! (0-1, unitless)
192	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: moiavail_week !! "weekly" moisture availability
193	!! (0-1, unitless)
194	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: moiavail_month !! "monthly" moisture availability
195	!! (0-1, unitless)
196	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_longterm !! "long term" 2 meter reference
197	!! temperatures (K)
198	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_month !! "monthly" 2-meter temperatures (K)
199	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_week !! "weekly" 2 meter temperatures (K)
200	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: veget_max !! "maximal" coverage fraction of a PFT (LAI
201	!! -> infinity) on ground (unitless)
202	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: gdd_from_growthinit !! gdd senescence for crop
203
204	!! 0.2 Output variables
205
206	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm,nparts,nelements), INTENT(out) :: turnover !! Turnover @tex ($gC m^{-2}$) @endtex
207	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(out) :: senescence !! is the plant senescent? (true/false)
208	!! (interesting only for deciduous trees:
209	!! carbohydrate reserve)
210	!! 0.3 Modified variables
211
212	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm,nleafages), INTENT(inout) :: leaf_age !! age of the leaves (days)
213	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm,nleafages), INTENT(inout) :: leaf_frac !! fraction of leaves in leaf age class
214	!! (0-1, unitless)
215	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: age !! age (years)
216	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: lai !! leaf area index @tex ($m^2 m^{-2}$)
217	!! @endtex
218	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm,nparts,nelements), INTENT(inout) :: biomass !! biomass @tex ($gC m^{-2}$) @endtex
219	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: turnover_time !! turnover_time of grasses (days)
220	!gmjc
221	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: sla_calc
222	!end gmjc
223	!! 0.4 Local variables
224
225	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm) :: leaf_meanage !! mean age of the leaves (days)
226	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: dturnover !! Intermediate variable for turnover ??
227	!! @tex ($gC m^{-2}$) @endtex
228	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: moiavail_crit !! critical moisture availability, function
229	!! of last year's moisture availability
230	!! (0-1, unitless)
231	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: tl !! long term annual mean temperature, (C)
232	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: t_crit !! critical senescence temperature, function
233	!! of long term annual temperature (K)
234	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts) :: shed_rest !! shed the remaining leaves? (true/false)
235	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: sapconv !! Sapwood conversion @tex ($gC m^{-2}$)
236	!! @endtex
237	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: hw_old !! old heartwood mass @tex ($gC m^{-2}$)
238	!! @endtex
239	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: hw_new !! new heartwood mass @tex ($gC m^{-2}$)
240	!! @endtex
241	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: lm_old !! old leaf mass @tex ($gC m^{-2}$) @endtex
242	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nleafages) :: delta_lm !! leaf mass change for each age class @tex
243	!! ($gC m^{-2}$) @endtex
244	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: turnover_rate !! turnover rate (unitless)
245	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm) :: leaf_age_crit !! critical leaf age (days)
246	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm) :: new_turnover_time !! instantaneous turnover time (days)
247	INTEGER(i_std) :: j,m,k !! Index (unitless)
248
249	!_ ================================================================================================================================
250
251	IF (printlev>=3) WRITE(numout,*) 'Entering turnover'
252
253	!! 1. first call - output messages
254
255	IF ( firstcall_turnover ) THEN
256
257	WRITE(numout,*) 'turnover:'
258
259	WRITE(numout,*) ' > minimum mean leaf age for senescence (days) (::min_leaf_age_for_senescence) : '&
260	,min_leaf_age_for_senescence
261
262	firstcall_turnover = .FALSE.
263
264
265	ENDIF
266
267	!! 2. Initializations
268
269	!! 2.1 set output to zero
270	turnover(:,:,:,:) = zero
271	new_turnover_time(:,:) = zero
272	senescence(:,:) = .FALSE.
273
274	!! 2.2 Recalculate mean leaf age
275	! Mean leaf age is recalculated from leaf ages of separate leaf age classes. Should actually be recalculated at the
276	! end of this routine, but it does not change too fast.
277	! The mean leaf age is calculated using the following equation:
278	! \latexonly
279	! \input{turnover_lma_update_eqn1.tex}
280	! \endlatexonly
281	! \n
282	leaf_meanage(:,:) = zero
283
284	DO m = 1, nleafages
285	leaf_meanage(:,:) = leaf_meanage(:,:) + leaf_age(:,:,m) * leaf_frac(:,:,m)
286	ENDDO
287
288	!! 3. Climatic senescence
289
290	! Three different types of "climatic" leaf senescence,
291	! that do not change the age structure.
292	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
293
294	!! 3.1 Determine if there is climatic senescence.
295	! The climatic senescence can be of three types:
296	! sensitivity to cold temperatures, to lack of water, or both. If meteorological conditions are
297	! fulfilled, a flag senescence is set to TRUE.
298	! Evergreen species do not experience climatic senescence.
299
300	SELECT CASE ( senescence_type(j) )
301
302
303	CASE ('crop' )!for crop senescence is based on a GDD criterium as in crop models
304	WHERE ( ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. &
305	( leaf_meanage(:,j) .GT. min_leaf_age_for_senescence(j) ) .AND. &
306	( gdd_from_growthinit(:,j) .GT. gdd_senescence(j)))
307	senescence(:,j) = .TRUE.
308	ENDWHERE
309
310	CASE ( 'cold' )
311
312	!! 3.1.1 Summergreen species: Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to cold temperatures
313	! Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to cold temperatures as follows:
314	! If biomass is large enough (i.e. when it is greater than zero),
315	! AND (i.e. when leaf mean age is above a certain PFT-dependent treshold ::min_leaf_age_for_senescence,
316	! which is given in ::stomate_constants),
317	! AND the monthly temperature is low enough (i.e. when monthly temperature ::t2m_month(:) is below a critical
318	! temperature ::t_crit(:), which is calculated in this module),
319	! AND the temperature tendency is negative (i.e. when weekly temperatures ::t2m_week(:) are lower than monthly
320	! temperatures ::t2m_month(:))
321	! If these conditions are met, senescence is set to TRUE.
322	!
323	! The critical temperature for senescence is calculated using the following equation:
324	! \latexonly
325	! \input{turnover_temp_crit_eqn2.tex}
326	! \endlatexonly
327	! \n
328	!
329	! Critical temperature for senescence may depend on long term annual mean temperature
330	tl(:) = t2m_longterm(:) - ZeroCelsius
331	t_crit(:) = ZeroCelsius + senescence_temp(j,1) + &
332	tl(:) * senescence_temp(j,2) + &
333	tl(:)tl(:) senescence_temp(j,3)
334
335	WHERE ( ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. &
336	( leaf_meanage(:,j) .GT. min_leaf_age_for_senescence(j) ) .AND. &
337	( t2m_month(:) .LT. t_crit(:) ) .AND. ( t2m_week(:) .LT. t2m_month(:) ) )
338
339	senescence(:,j) = .TRUE.
340
341	ENDWHERE
342
343	CASE ( 'dry' )
344
345	!! 3.1.2 Raingreen species: Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to lack of water availability
346	! Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to lack of water availability as follows:
347	! If biomass is large enough (i.e. when it is greater than zero),
348	! AND (i.e. when leaf mean age is above a certain PFT-dependent treshold ::min_leaf_age_for_senescence,
349	! which is given in ::stomate_constants),
350	! AND the moisture availability drops below a critical level (i.e. when weekly moisture availability
351	! ::moiavail_week(:,j) is below a critical moisture availability ::moiavail_crit(:),
352	! which is calculated in this module),
353	! If these conditions are met, senescence is set to TRUE.
354	!
355	! The moisture availability critical level is calculated using the following equation:
356	! \latexonly
357	! \input{turnover_moist_crit_eqn3.tex}
358	! \endlatexonly
359	! \n
360	moiavail_crit(:) = &
361	MIN( MAX( minmoiavail_lastyear(:,j) + hum_frac(j) * &
362	( maxmoiavail_lastyear(:,j) - minmoiavail_lastyear(:,j) ), &
363	senescence_hum(j) ), &
364	nosenescence_hum(j) )
365
366	WHERE ( ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. &
367	( leaf_meanage(:,j) .GT. min_leaf_age_for_senescence(j) ) .AND. &
368	( moiavail_week(:,j) .LT. moiavail_crit(:) ) )
369
370	senescence(:,j) = .TRUE.
371
372	ENDWHERE
373
374	CASE ( 'mixed' )
375
376	!! 3.1.3 Mixed criterion: Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to temperature or to lack of water
377	! Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to temperature or to lack of water availability as follows:
378	! If biomass is large enough (i.e. when it is greater than zero),
379	! AND (i.e. when leaf mean age is above a certain PFT-dependent treshold ::min_leaf_age_for_senescence,
380	! which is given in ::stomate_constants),
381	! AND the moisture availability drops below a critical level (i.e. when weekly moisture availability
382	! ::moiavail_week(:,j) is below a critical moisture availability ::moiavail_crit(:), calculated in this module),
383	! OR
384	! the monthly temperature is low enough (i.e. when monthly temperature ::t2m_month(:) is below a critical
385	! temperature ::t_crit(:), calculated in this module),
386	! AND the temperature tendency is negative (i.e. when weekly temperatures ::t2m_week(:) are lower than
387	! monthly temperatures ::t2m_month(:)).
388	! If these conditions are met, senescence is set to TRUE.
389	moiavail_crit(:) = &
390	MIN( MAX( minmoiavail_lastyear(:,j) + hum_frac(j) * &
391	(maxmoiavail_lastyear(:,j) - minmoiavail_lastyear(:,j) ), &
392	senescence_hum(j) ), &
393	nosenescence_hum(j) )
394
395	tl(:) = t2m_longterm(:) - ZeroCelsius
396	t_crit(:) = ZeroCelsius + senescence_temp(j,1) + &
397	tl(:) * senescence_temp(j,2) + &
398	tl(:)tl(:) senescence_temp(j,3)
399
400	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
401	! critical temperature for senescence may depend on long term annual mean temperature
402	WHERE ( ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. &
403	( leaf_meanage(:,j) .GT. min_leaf_age_for_senescence(j) ) .AND. &
404	( ( moiavail_week(:,j) .LT. moiavail_crit(:) ) .OR. &
405	( ( t2m_month(:) .LT. t_crit(:) ) .AND. ( t2m_week(:) .LT. t2m_month(:) ) ) ) )
406	senescence(:,j) = .TRUE.
407	ENDWHERE
408	ELSE
409
410	turnover_time(:,j) = max_turnover_time(j)
411
412	WHERE ( ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. &
413	( leaf_meanage(:,j) .GT. min_leaf_age_for_senescence(j) ) .AND. &
414	( ( moiavail_week(:,j) .LT. moiavail_crit(:) )))
415	turnover_time(:,j) = max_turnover_time(j) * &
416	(1.- (1.- (moiavail_week(:,j)/ moiavail_crit(:)))**2)
417	ENDWHERE
418
419	WHERE ( turnover_time(:,j) .LT. min_turnover_time(j) )
420	turnover_time(:,j) = min_turnover_time(j)
421	ENDWHERE
422
423	WHERE ((( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. &
424	( leaf_meanage(:,j) .GT. min_leaf_age_for_senescence(j) ) .AND. &
425	((t2m_month(:) .LT. t_crit(:)) .AND. (lai(:,j) .GT. lai_max(j)/4.) .OR. &
426	(t2m_month(:) .LT. ZeroCelsius)) .AND. ( t2m_week(:) .LT. t2m_month(:) )))
427	turnover_time(:,j)= leaffall(j)
428	ENDWHERE
429	!gmjc
430	IF (is_grassland_manag(j)) THEN
431	WHERE (lai(:,j) .LT. 0.5)
432	turnover_time(:,j)= max_turnover_time(j)
433	ENDWHERE
434	WHERE (lai(:,j) .GT. 2.55)
435	turnover_time(:,j)= MAX(45.0,(85.0-lai(:,j)*10.0))
436	ENDWHERE
437	ENDIF
438	!end gmjc
439	ENDIF
440
441
442	!! Evergreen species do not experience climatic senescence
443	CASE ( 'none' )
444
445
446	!! In case no climatic senescence type is recognized.
447	CASE default
448
449	WRITE(numout,*) ' turnover: don''t know how to treat this PFT.'
450	WRITE(numout,*) ' number (::j) : ',j
451	WRITE(numout,*) ' senescence type (::senescence_type(j)) : ',senescence_type(j)
452
453	CALL ipslerr_p(3,"turn","Dont know how to treat this PFT.","","")
454
455	END SELECT
456
457	!! 3.2 Drop leaves and roots, plus stems and fruits for grasses
458
459	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
460
461	!! 3.2.1 Trees in climatic senescence lose their fine roots at the same rate as they lose their leaves.
462	! The rate of biomass loss of both fine roots and leaves is presribed through the equation:
463	! \latexonly
464	! \input{turnover_clim_senes_biomass_eqn4.tex}
465	! \endlatexonly
466	! \n
467	! with ::leaffall(j) a PFT-dependent time constant which is given in ::stomate_constants),
468	WHERE ( senescence(:,j) )
469
470	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * dt / leaffall(j)
471	turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) * dt / leaffall(j)
472
473	ENDWHERE
474
475	ELSE
476
477	!! 3.2.2 In grasses, leaf senescence is extended to the whole plant
478	! In grasses, leaf senescence is extended to the whole plant (all carbon pools) except to its
479	! carbohydrate reserve.
480
481	IF (senescence_type(j) .EQ. 'crop') THEN
482	! 3.2.2.1 crops with 'crop' phenological model
483	WHERE ( senescence(:,j) )
484	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * dt / leaffall(j)
485	turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) * dt / leaffall(j)
486	turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) * dt / leaffall(j)
487	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) * dt /leaffall(j)
488	ENDWHERE
489	ELSE
490	! 3.2.2.2 grass or crops based on 'mixed' phenological model
491	WHERE (turnover_time(:,j) .LT. max_turnover_time(j))
492	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * dt / turnover_time(:,j)
493	turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) * dt / turnover_time(:,j)
494	turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) * dt / turnover_time(:,j)
495	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) * dt / turnover_time(:,j)
496	ENDWHERE
497	ENDIF
498	ENDIF ! tree/grass
499	biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) - turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon)
500	biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) - turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon)
501	biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) - turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon)
502	biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) - turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon)
503	ENDDO ! loop over PFTs
504
505	!! 4. Leaf fall
506	! At a certain age, leaves fall off, even if the climate would allow a green plant
507	! all year round. Even if the meteorological conditions are favorable for leaf maintenance,
508	! plants, and in particular, evergreen trees, have to renew their leaves simply because the
509	! old leaves become inefficient.
510	! Roots, fruits (and stems) follow leaves. The decay rate varies with leaf age.
511	! Note that plant is not declared senescent in this case (wchich is important for allocation:
512	! if the plant loses leaves because of their age, it can renew them).
513	!
514	! The leaf turnover rate due to aging of leaves is calculated using the following equation:
515	! \latexonly
516	! \input{turnover_age_senes_biomass_eqn5.tex}
517	! \endlatexonly
518	! \n
519	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
520
521	!! save old leaf mass
522	lm_old(:) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon)
523
524	!! initialize leaf mass change in age class
525	delta_lm(:,:) = zero
526
527	IF ( is_tree(j) .OR. (.NOT. natural(j)) ) THEN
528
529	!! 4.1 Trees: leaves, roots, fruits roots and fruits follow leaves.
530
531	!! 4.1.1 Critical age: prescribed for trees
532	leaf_age_crit(:,j) = leafagecrit(j)
533
534	ELSE
535
536	!! 4.2 Grasses: leaves, roots, fruits, sap follow leaves.
537
538	!! 4.2.1 Critical leaf age depends on long-term temperature
539	! Critical leaf age depends on long-term temperature
540	! generally, lower turnover in cooler climates.
541	leaf_age_crit(:,j) = &
542	MIN( leafagecrit(j) * leaf_age_crit_coeff(1) , &
543	MAX( leafagecrit(j) * leaf_age_crit_coeff(2) , &
544	leafagecrit(j) - leaf_age_crit_coeff(3) * &
545	( t2m_longterm(:)-ZeroCelsius - leaf_age_crit_tref ) ) )
546
547	END IF
548
549	! 4.2.2 Loop over leaf age classes
550	DO m = 1, nleafages
551
552	turnover_rate(:) = zero
553
554	WHERE ( leaf_age(:,j,m) .GT. leaf_age_crit(:,j)/2. )
555
556	turnover_rate(:) = &
557	MIN( 0.99_r_std, dt / ( leaf_age_crit(:,j) * &
558	( leaf_age_crit(:,j) / leaf_age(:,j,m) )**quatre ) )
559
560	ENDWHERE
561
562	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * leaf_frac(:,j,m) * turnover_rate(:)
563	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
564	biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
565
566	! save leaf mass change
567	delta_lm(:,m) = - dturnover(:)
568
569	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) * leaf_frac(:,j,m) * turnover_rate(:)
570	turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
571	biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
572
573	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) * leaf_frac(:,j,m) * turnover_rate(:)
574	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
575	biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
576
577	IF (.NOT. is_tree(j)) THEN
578	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) * leaf_frac(:,j,m) * turnover_rate(:)
579	turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
580	biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
581	ENDIF
582
583	ENDDO
584
585	!! 4.3 Recalculate the fraction of leaf biomass in each leaf age class.
586	! Older leaves will fall more fast than younger leaves and therefore
587	! the leaf age distribution needs to be recalculated after turnover.
588	! The fraction of biomass in each leaf class is updated using the following equation:
589	! \latexonly
590	! \input{turnover_update_LeafAgeDistribution_eqn6.tex}
591	! \endlatexonly
592	! \n
593	!
594	! new fraction = new leaf mass of that fraction / new total leaf mass
595	! = (old fraction*old total leaf mass ::lm_old(:) + biomass change of that fraction ::delta_lm(:,m) ) /
596	! new total leaf mass ::biomass(:,j,ileaf
597	DO m = 1, nleafages
598
599	WHERE ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero )
600	leaf_frac(:,j,m) = ( leaf_frac(:,j,m)*lm_old(:) + delta_lm(:,m) ) / biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon)
601	ELSEWHERE
602	leaf_frac(:,j,m) = zero
603	ENDWHERE
604
605	ENDDO
606
607	ENDDO ! loop over PFTs
608
609	!! 5. New (provisional) LAI
610	! ::lai(:,j) is determined from the leaf biomass ::biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) and the
611	! specific leaf surface :: sla(j) (m^2 gC^{-1})
612	! The leaf area index is updated using the following equation:
613	! \latexonly
614	! \input{turnover_update_LAI_eqn7.tex}
615	! \endlatexonly
616	! \n
617
618	! lai(:,ibare_sechiba) = zero
619	! DO j = 2, nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
620	! lai(:,j) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * sla(j)
621	! ENDDO
622
623	!! 6. Definitely drop all leaves if there is a very low leaf mass during senescence.
624
625	! Both for deciduous trees and grasses same conditions are checked:
626	! If biomass is large enough (i.e. when it is greater than zero),
627	! AND when senescence is set to true
628	! AND the leaf biomass drops below a critical minimum biomass level (i.e. when it is lower than half
629	! the minimum initial LAI ::lai_initmin(j) divided by the specific leaf area ::sla(j),
630	! ::lai_initmin(j) is set to 0.3 in stomate_data.f90 and sla is a constant that is set to 0.015366 m2/gC),
631	! If these conditions are met, the flag ::shed_rest(:) is set to TRUE.
632	!
633	! After this, the biomass of different carbon pools both for trees and grasses is set to zero
634	! and the mean leaf age is reset to zero.
635	! Finally, the leaf fraction and leaf age of the different leaf age classes is set to zero.
636	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
637
638	shed_rest(:) = .FALSE.
639
640	!! 6.1 For deciduous trees: next to leaves, also fruits and fine roots are dropped
641	! For deciduous trees: next to leaves, also fruits and fine roots are dropped: fruit ::biomass(:,j,ifruit)
642	! and fine root ::biomass(:,j,iroot) carbon pools are set to zero.
643	IF ( is_tree(j) .AND. ( senescence_type(j) .NE. 'none' ) ) THEN
644
645	! check whether we shed the remaining leaves
646	WHERE ( ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. senescence(:,j) .AND. &
647	( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .LT. (lai_initmin(j) / 2.)/sla_calc(:,j) ) )
648
649	shed_rest(:) = .TRUE.
650
651	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon)
652	turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon)
653	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon)
654
655	biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = zero
656	biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = zero
657	biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = zero
658
659	! reset leaf age
660	leaf_meanage(:,j) = zero
661
662	ENDWHERE
663
664	ENDIF
665
666	!! 6.2 For grasses: all aboveground carbon pools, except the carbohydrate reserves are affected:
667	! For grasses: all aboveground carbon pools, except the carbohydrate reserves are affected:
668	! fruit ::biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon), fine root ::biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) and sapwood above
669	! ::biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) carbon pools are set to zero.
670	IF ( .NOT. is_tree(j) ) THEN
671
672	! Shed the remaining leaves if LAI very low.
673	WHERE ( ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. senescence(:,j) .AND. &
674	( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .LT. (lai_initmin(j) / 2.)/sla_calc(:,j) ))
675
676	shed_rest(:) = .TRUE.
677
678	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon)
679	turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon)
680	turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon)
681	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon)
682
683	biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = zero
684	biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = zero
685	biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = zero
686	biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = zero
687
688	! reset leaf age
689	leaf_meanage(:,j) = zero
690
691	ENDWHERE
692
693	ENDIF
694
695	!! 6.3 Reset the leaf age structure: the leaf fraction and leaf age of the different leaf age classes is set to zero.
696
697	DO m = 1, nleafages
698
699	WHERE ( shed_rest(:) )
700
701	leaf_age(:,j,m) = zero
702	leaf_frac(:,j,m) = zero
703
704	ENDWHERE
705
706	ENDDO
707
708	ENDDO ! loop over PFTs
709
710	!! 7. Herbivore activity: elephants, cows, gazelles but no lions.
711
712	! Herbivore activity affects the biomass of leaves and fruits as well
713	! as stalks (only for grasses). Herbivore activity does not modify leaf
714	! age structure. Herbivores ::herbivores(:,j) is the time constant of
715	! probability of a leaf to be eaten by a herbivore, and is calculated in
716	! ::stomate_season. following Mc Naughton et al. [1989].
717
718	IF ( ok_herbivores ) THEN
719
720	! If the herbivore activity is allowed (if ::ok_herbivores is true, which is set in run.def),
721	! remove the amount of biomass consumed by herbivory from the leaf biomass ::biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) and
722	! the fruit biomass ::biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon).
723	! The daily amount consumed equals the biomass multiplied by 1 day divided by the time constant ::herbivores(:,j).
724	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
725
726	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
727
728	!! For trees: only the leaves and fruit carbon pools are affected
729
730	WHERE (biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero)
731	! added by shilong
732	WHERE (herbivores(:,j).GT. zero)
733	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * dt / herbivores(:,j)
734	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
735	biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
736
737	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) * dt / herbivores(:,j)
738	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
739	biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
740	ENDWHERE
741	ENDWHERE
742
743	ELSE
744
745	! For grasses: all aboveground carbon pools are affected: leaves, fruits and sapwood above
746	WHERE ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero )
747	! added by shilong
748	WHERE (herbivores(:,j) .GT. zero)
749	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * dt / herbivores(:,j)
750	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
751	biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
752
753	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) * dt / herbivores(:,j)
754	turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
755	biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
756
757	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) * dt / herbivores(:,j)
758	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
759	biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
760	ENDWHERE
761
762	ENDWHERE
763
764	ENDIF ! tree/grass?
765
766	ENDDO ! loop over PFTs
767
768	ENDIF ! end herbivores
769
770	!! 8. Fruit turnover for trees
771
772	! Fruit turnover for trees: trees simply lose their fruits with a time constant ::tau_fruit(j),
773	! that is set to 90 days for all PFTs in ::stomate_constants
774
775	DO k = 1,nelements
776	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
777	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
778
779	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,k) * dt / tau_fruit(j)
780	turnover(:,j,ifruit,k) = turnover(:,j,ifruit,k) + dturnover(:)
781	biomass(:,j,ifruit,k) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,k) - dturnover(:)
782
783	ENDIF
784	ENDDO ! loop over PFTs
785	END DO
786
787	!! 9 Conversion of sapwood to heartwood both for aboveground and belowground sapwood and heartwood.
788
789	! Following LPJ (Sitch et al., 2003), sapwood biomass is converted into heartwood biomass
790	! with a time constant tau ::tau_sap(j) of 1 year.
791	! Note that this biomass conversion is not added to "turnover" as the biomass is not lost!
792	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
793
794	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
795
796	!! For the recalculation of age in 9.2 (in case the vegetation is not dynamic ie. ::ok_dgvm is FALSE),
797	!! the heartwood above and below is stored in ::hw_old(:).
798	IF ( .NOT. ok_dgvm ) THEN
799	hw_old(:) = biomass(:,j,iheartabove,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,iheartbelow,icarbon)
800	ENDIF
801
802	!! 9.1 Calculate the rate of sapwood to heartwood conversion
803	! Calculate the rate of sapwood to heartwood conversion with the time constant ::tau_sap(j)
804	! and update aboveground and belowground sapwood ::biomass(:,j,isapabove) and ::biomass(:,j,isapbelow)
805	! and heartwood ::biomass(:,j,iheartabove) and ::biomass(:,j,iheartbelow).
806
807	DO k = 1,nelements
808
809	! Above the ground
810	sapconv(:) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,k) * dt / tau_sap(j)
811	biomass(:,j,isapabove,k) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,k) - sapconv(:)
812	biomass(:,j,iheartabove,k) = biomass(:,j,iheartabove,k) + sapconv(:)
813
814	! Below the ground
815	sapconv(:) = biomass(:,j,isapbelow,k) * dt / tau_sap(j)
816	biomass(:,j,isapbelow,k) = biomass(:,j,isapbelow,k) - sapconv(:)
817	biomass(:,j,iheartbelow,k) = biomass(:,j,iheartbelow,k) + sapconv(:)
818
819	END DO
820
821	!! 9.2 If the vegetation is not dynamic, the age of the plant is decreased.
822	! The updated heartwood, the sum of new heartwood above and new heartwood below after
823	! converting sapwood to heartwood, is saved as ::hw_new(:) .
824	! Creation of new heartwood decreases the age of the plant with a factor that is determined by:
825	! old heartwood ::hw_old(:) divided by the new heartwood ::hw_new(:)
826	IF ( .NOT. ok_dgvm ) THEN
827
828	hw_new(:) = biomass(:,j,iheartabove,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,iheartbelow,icarbon)
829
830	WHERE ( hw_new(:) .GT. zero )
831
832	age(:,j) = age(:,j) * hw_old(:)/hw_new(:)
833
834	ENDWHERE
835
836	ENDIF
837
838	ENDIF
839
840	ENDDO ! loop over PFTs
841
842
843	CALL xios_orchidee_send_field("HERBIVORES",herbivores)
844	CALL xios_orchidee_send_field("LEAF_AGE",leaf_meanage)
845
846
847	! Write mean leaf age and time constant of probability of a leaf to be eaten by a herbivore
848	! to the stomate output file.
849	CALL histwrite_p (hist_id_stomate, 'LEAF_AGE', itime, &
850	leaf_meanage, npts*nvm, horipft_index)
851	CALL histwrite_p (hist_id_stomate, 'HERBIVORES', itime, &
852	herbivores, npts*nvm, horipft_index)
853
854	IF (printlev>=4) WRITE(numout,*) 'Leaving turnover'
855
856	END SUBROUTINE turn
857
858	END MODULE stomate_turnover

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