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stomate_turnover.f90 @ 6737

Last change on this file since 6737 was 5149, checked in by chao.yue, 6 years ago
Add mass balance check for land use change
Property svn:keywords set to `HeadURL Date Author Revision`
File size: 47.3 KB

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1	! =================================================================================================================================
2	! MODULE : stomate_turnover.f90
3	!
4	! CONTACT : orchidee-help _at_ listes.ipsl.fr
5	!
6	! LICENCE : IPSL (2006)
7	! This software is governed by the CeCILL licence see ORCHIDEE/ORCHIDEE_CeCILL.LIC
8	!
9	!>\BRIEF This module manages the end of the growing season and calculates herbivory and turnover of leaves, fruits, fine roots.
10	!!
11	!!\n DESCRIPTION: This subroutine calculates leaf senescence due to climatic conditions or as a
12	!! function of leaf age and new LAI, and subsequent turnover of the different plant biomass compartments (sections 1 to 6),
13	!! herbivory (section 7), fruit turnover for trees (section 8) and sapwood conversion (section 9).
14	!!
15	!! RECENT CHANGE(S): None
16	!!
17	!! SVN :
18	!! $HeadURL$
19	!! $Date$
20	!! $Revision$
21	!! \n
22	!_ ================================================================================================================================
23
24	MODULE stomate_turnover
25
26	! modules used:
27	USE xios_orchidee
28	USE ioipsl_para
29	USE stomate_data
30	USE constantes
31	USE pft_parameters
32
33	IMPLICIT NONE
34
35	! private & public routines
36
37	PRIVATE
38	PUBLIC turn, turn_clear
39
40	LOGICAL, SAVE :: firstcall_turnover = .TRUE. !! first call (true/false)
41	!$OMP THREADPRIVATE(firstcall_turnover)
42
43	CONTAINS
44
45
46	!! ================================================================================================================================
47	!! SUBROUTINE : turn_clear
48	!!
49	!>\BRIEF Set flag ::firstcall_turnover to .TRUE., and therefore activate section 1
50	!! of subroutine turn which writes a message to the output.
51	!!
52	!_ ================================================================================================================================
53
54	SUBROUTINE turn_clear
55	firstcall_turnover=.TRUE.
56	END SUBROUTINE turn_clear
57
58
59	!! ================================================================================================================================
60	!! SUBROUTINE : turn
61	!!
62	!>\BRIEF Calculate turnover of leaves, roots, fruits and sapwood due to aging or climatic
63	!! induced senescence. Calculate herbivory.
64	!!
65	!! DESCRIPTION : This subroutine determines the turnover of leaves and fine roots (and stems for grasses)
66	!! and simulates following processes:
67	!! 1. Mean leaf age is calculated from leaf ages of separate leaf age classes. Should actually
68	!! be recalculated at the end of the routine, but it does not change too fast. The mean leaf
69	!! age is calculated using the following equation:
70	!! \latexonly
71	!! \input{turnover_lma_update_eqn1.tex}
72	!! \endlatexonly
73	!! \n
74	!! 2. Meteorological senescence: the detection of the end of the growing season and shedding
75	!! of leaves, fruits and fine roots due to unfavourable meteorological conditions.
76	!! The model distinguishes three different types of "climatic" leaf senescence, that do not
77	!! change the age structure: sensitivity to cold temperatures, to lack of water, or both.
78	!! If meteorological conditions are fulfilled, a flag ::senescence is set to TRUE. Note
79	!! that evergreen species do not experience climatic senescence.
80	!! Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to cold temperatures where the critical
81	!! temperature for senescence is calculated using the following equation:
82	!! \latexonly
83	!! \input{turnover_temp_crit_eqn2.tex}
84	!! \endlatexonly
85	!! \n
86	!! Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to lack of water availability where the
87	!! moisture availability critical level is calculated using the following equation:
88	!! \latexonly
89	!! \input{turnover_moist_crit_eqn3.tex}
90	!! \endlatexonly
91	!! \n
92	!! Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to temperature or to lack of water where
93	!! critical temperature and moisture availability are calculated as above.\n
94	!! Trees in climatic senescence lose their fine roots at the same rate as they lose their leaves.
95	!! The rate of biomass loss of both fine roots and leaves is presribed through the equation:
96	!! \latexonly
97	!! \input{turnover_clim_senes_biomass_eqn4.tex}
98	!! \endlatexonly
99	!! \n
100	!! with ::leaffall(j) a PFT-dependent time constant which is given in
101	!! ::stomate_constants. In grasses, leaf senescence is extended to the whole plant
102	!! (all carbon pools) except to its carbohydrate reserve.
103	!! 3. Senescence due to aging: the loss of leaves, fruits and biomass due to aging
104	!! At a certain age, leaves fall off, even if the climate would allow a green plant
105	!! all year round. Even if the meteorological conditions are favorable for leaf maintenance,
106	!! plants, and in particular, evergreen trees, have to renew their leaves simply because the
107	!! old leaves become inefficient. Roots, fruits (and stems for grasses) follow leaves.
108	!! The ??senescence?? rate varies with leaf age. Note that plant is not declared senescent
109	!! in this case (wchich is important for allocation: if the plant loses leaves because of
110	!! their age, it can renew them). The leaf turnover rate due to aging of leaves is calculated
111	!! using the following equation:
112	!! \latexonly
113	!! \input{turnover_age_senes_biomass_eqn5.tex}
114	!! \endlatexonly
115	!! \n
116	!! Drop all leaves if there is a very low leaf mass during senescence. After this, the biomass
117	!! of different carbon pools both for trees and grasses is set to zero and the mean leaf age
118	!! is reset to zero. Finally, the leaf fraction and leaf age of the different leaf age classes
119	!! is set to zero. For deciduous trees: next to leaves, also fruits and fine roots are dropped.
120	!! For grasses: all aboveground carbon pools, except the carbohydrate reserves are affected:
121	!! 4. Update the leaf biomass, leaf age class fraction and the LAI
122	!! Older leaves will fall more frequently than younger leaves and therefore the leaf age
123	!! distribution needs to be recalculated after turnover. The fraction of biomass in each
124	!! leaf class is updated using the following equation:
125	!! \latexonly
126	!! \input{turnover_update_LeafAgeDistribution_eqn6.tex}
127	!! \endlatexonly
128	!! \n
129	!! 5. Simulate herbivory activity and update leaf and fruits biomass. Herbivore activity
130	!! affects the biomass of leaves and fruits as well as stalks (only for grasses).
131	!! However, herbivores do not modify leaf age structure.
132	!! 6. Calculates fruit turnover for trees. Trees simply lose their fruits with a time
133	!! constant ::tau_fruit(j), that is set to 90 days for all PFTs in ::stomate_constants
134	!! 7. Convert sapwood to heartwood for trees and update heart and sapwood above and
135	!! belowground biomass. Sapwood biomass is converted into heartwood biomass
136	!! with a time constant tau ::tau_sap(j) of 1 year. Note that this biomass conversion
137	!! is not added to "turnover" as the biomass is not lost. For the updated heartwood,
138	!! the sum of new heartwood above and new heartwood below after converting sapwood to
139	!! heartwood, is saved as ::hw_new(:). Creation of new heartwood decreases the age of
140	!! the plant ??carbon?? with a factor that is determined by: old heartwood ::hw_old(:)
141	!! divided by the new heartwood ::hw_new(:)
142	!!
143	!! RECENT CHANGE(S) : None
144	!!
145	!! MAIN OUTPUT VARIABLES: ::Biomass of leaves, fruits, fine roots and sapwood above (latter for grasses only),
146	!! ::Update LAI, ::Update leaf age distribution with new leaf age class fraction
147	!!
148	!! REFERENCE(S) :
149	!! - Krinner, G., N. Viovy, N. de Noblet-Ducoudre, J. Ogee, J. Polcher, P.
150	!! Friedlingstein, P. Ciais, S. Sitch and I.C. Prentice (2005), A dynamic global
151	!! vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global
152	!! Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, doi:10.1029/2003GB002199.
153	!! - McNaughton, S. J., M. Oesterheld, D. A. Frank and K. J. Williams (1989),
154	!! Ecosystem-level patterns of primary productivity and herbivory in terrestrial habitats,
155	!! Nature, 341, 142-144, 1989.
156	!! - Sitch, S., C. Huntingford, N. Gedney, P. E. Levy, M. Lomas, S. L. Piao, , Betts, R., Ciais, P., Cox, P.,
157	!! Friedlingstein, P., Jones, C. D., Prentice, I. C. and F. I. Woodward : Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon
158	!! cycle, future plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using 5 dynamic global vegetation
159	!! models (dgvms), Global Change Biology, 14(9), 2015â2039, 2008.
160	!!
161	!! FLOWCHART :
162	!! \latexonly
163	!! \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{turnover_flowchart_1.png}
164	!! \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{turnover_flowchart_2.png}
165	!! \endlatexonly
166	!! \n
167	!_ ================================================================================================================================
168
169	SUBROUTINE turn (npts, dt, PFTpresent, &
170	herbivores, &
171	maxmoiavail_lastyear, minmoiavail_lastyear, &
172	moiavail_week, moiavail_month, t2m_longterm, t2m_month, t2m_week, veget_cov_max, &
173	gdd_from_growthinit, leaf_age, leaf_frac, age, lai, biomass, &
174	turnover, senescence,turnover_time, &
175	!!! crops
176	nrec, c_export, &
177	!!! end crops, xuhui
178	!gmjc
179	sla_calc)
180	!end gmjc
181	!! 0. Variable and parameter declaration
182
183	!! 0.1 Input variables
184
185	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: npts !! Domain size - number of grid cells
186	!! (unitless)
187	REAL(r_std), INTENT(in) :: dt !! time step (dt_days)
188	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: PFTpresent !! PFT exists (true/false)
189	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: herbivores !! time constant of probability of a leaf to
190	!! be eaten by a herbivore (days)
191	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: maxmoiavail_lastyear !! last year's maximum moisture availability
192	!! (0-1, unitless)
193	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: minmoiavail_lastyear !! last year's minimum moisture availability
194	!! (0-1, unitless)
195	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: moiavail_week !! "weekly" moisture availability
196	!! (0-1, unitless)
197	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: moiavail_month !! "monthly" moisture availability
198	!! (0-1, unitless)
199	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_longterm !! "long term" 2 meter reference
200	!! temperatures (K)
201	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_month !! "monthly" 2-meter temperatures (K)
202	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_week !! "weekly" 2 meter temperatures (K)
203	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: veget_cov_max !! "maximal" coverage fraction of a PFT (LAI
204	!! -> infinity) on ground (unitless)
205	INTEGER(i_std), DIMENSION(npts, nvm), INTENT(in) :: nrec
206	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: gdd_from_growthinit !! gdd senescence for crop
207
208	!! 0.2 Output variables
209
210	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm,nparts,nelements), INTENT(out) :: turnover !! Turnover @tex ($gC m^{-2}$) @endtex
211	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(out) :: senescence !! is the plant senescent? (true/false)
212	!! (interesting only for deciduous trees:
213	!! carbohydrate reserve)
214	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm),INTENT(out) :: c_export !! c export (fruit & straws) from croplands
215	!! 0.3 Modified variables
216
217	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm,nleafages), INTENT(inout) :: leaf_age !! age of the leaves (days)
218	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm,nleafages), INTENT(inout) :: leaf_frac !! fraction of leaves in leaf age class
219	!! (0-1, unitless)
220	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: age !! age (years)
221	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: lai !! leaf area index @tex ($m^2 m^{-2}$)
222	!! @endtex
223	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm,nparts,nelements), INTENT(inout) :: biomass !! biomass @tex ($gC m^{-2}$) @endtex
224	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: turnover_time !! turnover_time of grasses (days)
225	!gmjc
226	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: sla_calc
227	!end gmjc
228	!! 0.4 Local variables
229
230	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm) :: leaf_meanage !! mean age of the leaves (days)
231	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: dturnover !! Intermediate variable for turnover ??
232	!! @tex ($gC m^{-2}$) @endtex
233	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: moiavail_crit !! critical moisture availability, function
234	!! of last year's moisture availability
235	!! (0-1, unitless)
236	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: tl !! long term annual mean temperature, (C)
237	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: t_crit !! critical senescence temperature, function
238	!! of long term annual temperature (K)
239	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts) :: shed_rest !! shed the remaining leaves? (true/false)
240	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: sapconv !! Sapwood conversion @tex ($gC m^{-2}$)
241	!! @endtex
242	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: hw_old !! old heartwood mass @tex ($gC m^{-2}$)
243	!! @endtex
244	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: hw_new !! new heartwood mass @tex ($gC m^{-2}$)
245	!! @endtex
246	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: lm_old !! old leaf mass @tex ($gC m^{-2}$) @endtex
247	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nleafages) :: delta_lm !! leaf mass change for each age class @tex
248	!! ($gC m^{-2}$) @endtex
249	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: turnover_rate !! turnover rate (unitless)
250	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm) :: leaf_age_crit !! critical leaf age (days)
251	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm) :: new_turnover_time !! instantaneous turnover time (days)
252	INTEGER(i_std) :: j,m,k !! Index (unitless)
253	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm) :: histvar !! controls the history output
254
255	!_ ================================================================================================================================
256
257	IF (printlev>=3) WRITE(numout,*) 'Entering turnover'
258
259	!! 1. first call - output messages
260
261	IF ( firstcall_turnover ) THEN
262
263	IF (printlev >=2 ) THEN
264	WRITE(numout,*) 'turnover:'
265	WRITE(numout,*) ' > minimum mean leaf age for senescence (days) (::min_leaf_age_for_senescence) : '&
266	,min_leaf_age_for_senescence
267	END IF
268	firstcall_turnover = .FALSE.
269
270
271	ENDIF
272
273	!! 2. Initializations
274
275	!! 2.1 set output to zero
276	turnover(:,:,:,:) = zero
277	c_export(:,:) = zero
278	new_turnover_time(:,:) = zero
279	senescence(:,:) = .FALSE.
280
281	!! 2.2 Recalculate mean leaf age
282	! Mean leaf age is recalculated from leaf ages of separate leaf age classes. Should actually be recalculated at the
283	! end of this routine, but it does not change too fast.
284	! The mean leaf age is calculated using the following equation:
285	! \latexonly
286	! \input{turnover_lma_update_eqn1.tex}
287	! \endlatexonly
288	! \n
289	leaf_meanage(:,:) = zero
290
291	DO m = 1, nleafages
292	leaf_meanage(:,:) = leaf_meanage(:,:) + leaf_age(:,:,m) * leaf_frac(:,:,m)
293	ENDDO
294
295	!! 3. Climatic senescence
296
297	! Three different types of "climatic" leaf senescence,
298	! that do not change the age structure.
299	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
300
301	!! 3.1 Determine if there is climatic senescence.
302	! The climatic senescence can be of three types:
303	! sensitivity to cold temperatures, to lack of water, or both. If meteorological conditions are
304	! fulfilled, a flag senescence is set to TRUE.
305	! Evergreen species do not experience climatic senescence.
306
307	SELECT CASE ( senescence_type(j) )
308
309
310	CASE ('crop' )!for crop senescence is based on a GDD criterium as in crop models
311	WHERE ( ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. &
312	( leaf_meanage(:,j) .GT. min_leaf_age_for_senescence(j) ) .AND. &
313	( gdd_from_growthinit(:,j) .GT. gdd_senescence(j)))
314	! note that orchidee-crop does not utilize this any longer, xuhui
315	senescence(:,j) = .TRUE.
316	ENDWHERE
317
318	CASE ( 'cold' )
319
320	!! 3.1.1 Summergreen species: Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to cold temperatures
321	! Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to cold temperatures as follows:
322	! If biomass is large enough (i.e. when it is greater than zero),
323	! AND (i.e. when leaf mean age is above a certain PFT-dependent treshold ::min_leaf_age_for_senescence,
324	! which is given in ::stomate_constants),
325	! AND the monthly temperature is low enough (i.e. when monthly temperature ::t2m_month(:) is below a critical
326	! temperature ::t_crit(:), which is calculated in this module),
327	! AND the temperature tendency is negative (i.e. when weekly temperatures ::t2m_week(:) are lower than monthly
328	! temperatures ::t2m_month(:))
329	! If these conditions are met, senescence is set to TRUE.
330	!
331	! The critical temperature for senescence is calculated using the following equation:
332	! \latexonly
333	! \input{turnover_temp_crit_eqn2.tex}
334	! \endlatexonly
335	! \n
336	!
337	! Critical temperature for senescence may depend on long term annual mean temperature
338	tl(:) = t2m_longterm(:) - ZeroCelsius
339	t_crit(:) = ZeroCelsius + senescence_temp(j,1) + &
340	tl(:) * senescence_temp(j,2) + &
341	tl(:)tl(:) senescence_temp(j,3)
342
343	WHERE ( ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. &
344	( leaf_meanage(:,j) .GT. min_leaf_age_for_senescence(j) ) .AND. &
345	( t2m_month(:) .LT. t_crit(:) ) .AND. ( t2m_week(:) .LT. t2m_month(:) ) )
346
347
348	senescence(:,j) = .TRUE.
349
350	ENDWHERE
351
352	CASE ( 'dry' )
353
354	!! 3.1.2 Raingreen species: Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to lack of water availability
355	! Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to lack of water availability as follows:
356	! If biomass is large enough (i.e. when it is greater than zero),
357	! AND (i.e. when leaf mean age is above a certain PFT-dependent treshold ::min_leaf_age_for_senescence,
358	! which is given in ::stomate_constants),
359	! AND the moisture availability drops below a critical level (i.e. when weekly moisture availability
360	! ::moiavail_week(:,j) is below a critical moisture availability ::moiavail_crit(:),
361	! which is calculated in this module),
362	! If these conditions are met, senescence is set to TRUE.
363	!
364	! The moisture availability critical level is calculated using the following equation:
365	! \latexonly
366	! \input{turnover_moist_crit_eqn3.tex}
367	! \endlatexonly
368	! \n
369	moiavail_crit(:) = &
370	MIN( MAX( minmoiavail_lastyear(:,j) + hum_frac(j) * &
371	( maxmoiavail_lastyear(:,j) - minmoiavail_lastyear(:,j) ), &
372	senescence_hum(j) ), &
373	nosenescence_hum(j) )
374
375	WHERE ( ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. &
376	( leaf_meanage(:,j) .GT. min_leaf_age_for_senescence(j) ) .AND. &
377	( moiavail_week(:,j) .LT. moiavail_crit(:) ) )
378
379	senescence(:,j) = .TRUE.
380
381	ENDWHERE
382
383	CASE ( 'mixed' )
384
385	!! 3.1.3 Mixed criterion: Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to temperature or to lack of water
386	! Climatic senescence is triggered by sensitivity to temperature or to lack of water availability as follows:
387	! If biomass is large enough (i.e. when it is greater than zero),
388	! AND (i.e. when leaf mean age is above a certain PFT-dependent treshold ::min_leaf_age_for_senescence,
389	! which is given in ::stomate_constants),
390	! AND the moisture availability drops below a critical level (i.e. when weekly moisture availability
391	! ::moiavail_week(:,j) is below a critical moisture availability ::moiavail_crit(:), calculated in this module),
392	! OR
393	! the monthly temperature is low enough (i.e. when monthly temperature ::t2m_month(:) is below a critical
394	! temperature ::t_crit(:), calculated in this module),
395	! AND the temperature tendency is negative (i.e. when weekly temperatures ::t2m_week(:) are lower than
396	! monthly temperatures ::t2m_month(:)).
397	! If these conditions are met, senescence is set to TRUE.
398	moiavail_crit(:) = &
399	MIN( MAX( minmoiavail_lastyear(:,j) + hum_frac(j) * &
400	(maxmoiavail_lastyear(:,j) - minmoiavail_lastyear(:,j) ), &
401	senescence_hum(j) ), &
402	nosenescence_hum(j) )
403
404	tl(:) = t2m_longterm(:) - ZeroCelsius
405	t_crit(:) = ZeroCelsius + senescence_temp(j,1) + &
406	tl(:) * senescence_temp(j,2) + &
407	tl(:)tl(:) senescence_temp(j,3)
408
409	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
410	! critical temperature for senescence may depend on long term annual mean temperature
411	WHERE ( ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. &
412	( leaf_meanage(:,j) .GT. min_leaf_age_for_senescence(j) ) .AND. &
413	( ( moiavail_week(:,j) .LT. moiavail_crit(:) ) .OR. &
414	( ( t2m_month(:) .LT. t_crit(:) ) .AND. ( t2m_week(:) .LT. t2m_month(:) ) ) ) )
415	senescence(:,j) = .TRUE.
416	ENDWHERE
417	ELSE
418
419	turnover_time(:,j) = max_turnover_time(j)
420
421	WHERE ( ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. &
422	( leaf_meanage(:,j) .GT. min_leaf_age_for_senescence(j) ) .AND. &
423	( ( moiavail_week(:,j) .LT. moiavail_crit(:) )))
424	turnover_time(:,j) = max_turnover_time(j) * &
425	(1.- (1.- (moiavail_week(:,j)/ moiavail_crit(:)))**2)
426	ENDWHERE
427	WHERE ( turnover_time(:,j) .LT. min_turnover_time(j) )
428	turnover_time(:,j) = min_turnover_time(j)
429	ENDWHERE
430
431	WHERE ((( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. &
432	( leaf_meanage(:,j) .GT. min_leaf_age_for_senescence(j) ) .AND. &
433	((t2m_month(:) .LT. t_crit(:)) .AND. (lai(:,j) .GT. lai_max(j)/4.) .OR. &
434	(t2m_month(:) .LT. ZeroCelsius)) .AND. ( t2m_week(:) .LT. t2m_month(:) )))
435	turnover_time(:,j)= leaffall(j)
436	ENDWHERE
437	!gmjc
438	IF (is_grassland_manag(j)) THEN
439	WHERE (lai(:,j) .LT. 0.5)
440	turnover_time(:,j)= max_turnover_time(j)
441	ENDWHERE
442	WHERE (lai(:,j) .GT. 2.5)
443	turnover_time(:,j)= MAX(45.0,(85.0-lai(:,j)*10.0))
444	ENDWHERE
445	ENDIF
446	!end gmjc
447	ENDIF
448	!! Evergreen species do not experience climatic senescence
449	CASE ( 'none' )
450
451
452	!! In case no climatic senescence type is recognized.
453	CASE default
454
455	WRITE(numout,*) ' turnover: don''t know how to treat this PFT.'
456	WRITE(numout,*) ' number (::j) : ',j
457	WRITE(numout,*) ' senescence type (::senescence_type(j)) : ',senescence_type(j)
458
459	CALL ipslerr_p(3,"turn","Dont know how to treat this PFT.","","")
460
461	END SELECT
462
463	!! 3.2 Drop leaves and roots, plus stems and fruits for grasses
464
465	! for the new routine of crop.
466	! xuhui: whatever the senescence_type is chosen, when initiated ORCHIDEE-crop
467	! the following turnover process will be used
468
469	IF (ok_LAIdev(j)) THEN ! using the new routine of crops
470
471	! for those pixels where harvesting, senescence occurs
472	WHERE ((nrec(:, j) .gt. 0)) ! where harvested
473	senescence(:, j) = .TRUE.
474	turnover_time(:, j) = dt !how many days for litters
475	ELSEWHERE
476	turnover_time(:, j) = max_turnover_time(j)
477	ENDWHERE
478	ENDIF
479
480	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
481
482	!! 3.2.1 Trees in climatic senescence lose their fine roots at the same rate as they lose their leaves.
483	! The rate of biomass loss of both fine roots and leaves is presribed through the equation:
484	! \latexonly
485	! \input{turnover_clim_senes_biomass_eqn4.tex}
486	! \endlatexonly
487	! \n
488	! with ::leaffall(j) a PFT-dependent time constant which is given in ::stomate_constants),
489	WHERE ( senescence(:,j) )
490
491	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * dt / leaffall(j)
492	turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) * dt / leaffall(j)
493
494	ENDWHERE
495
496	ELSEIF (ok_LAIdev(j)) THEN ! for STICS
497
498	WHERE (turnover_time(:,j) .LT. max_turnover_time(j))
499	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * dt / turnover_time(:,j)
500	turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) * dt / turnover_time(:,j)
501	turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) * dt / turnover_time(:,j)
502	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) * dt / turnover_time(:,j)
503	ELSEWHERE
504	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon)= zero
505	turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = zero
506	turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = zero
507	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = zero
508	ENDWHERE
509
510	IF ( ANY(biomass(1,j,:,icarbon)<0) ) THEN
511	WRITE(numout,*) 'biomass low0 in turnover '
512	WRITE(numout,*) 'biomass(1,j,:,icarbon): ',biomass(1,j,:,icarbon)
513	WRITE(numout,*) 'turnover(1,j,:,icarbon): ',turnover(1,j,:,icarbon)
514	ENDIF
515
516	ELSE !grass or super-grass
517
518	!! 3.2.2 In grasses, leaf senescence is extended to the whole plant
519	! In grasses, leaf senescence is extended to the whole plant (all carbon pools) except to its
520	! carbohydrate reserve.
521
522	IF (senescence_type(j) .EQ. 'crop') THEN
523	! 3.2.2.1 crops with 'crop' phenological model
524	WHERE ( senescence(:,j) )
525	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * dt / leaffall(j)
526	turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) * dt / leaffall(j)
527	turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) * dt / leaffall(j)
528	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) * dt /leaffall(j)
529	ENDWHERE
530	ELSE
531	! 3.2.2.2 grass or crops based on 'mixed' phenological model
532	WHERE (turnover_time(:,j) .LT. max_turnover_time(j))
533	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * dt / turnover_time(:,j)
534	turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) * dt / turnover_time(:,j)
535	turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) * dt / turnover_time(:,j)
536	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) * dt / turnover_time(:,j)
537	ENDWHERE
538	ENDIF
539	ENDIF ! tree/grass
540	biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) - turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon)
541	biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) - turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon)
542	biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) - turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon)
543	biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) - turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon)
544
545	IF (ok_LAIdev(j)) THEN
546	! part of the "turnovered" carbon ( 1-prc_residual of sapabove & leaf and all fruit) are exported from the ecosystem
547	c_export(:,j) = turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) + (1 - prc_residual) * &
548	(turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon)+turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon))
549	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = 0.
550	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = prc_residual * turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon)
551	turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = prc_residual * turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon)
552	ENDIF
553	ENDDO ! loop over PFTs
554
555	!! 4. Leaf fall
556	! At a certain age, leaves fall off, even if the climate would allow a green plant
557	! all year round. Even if the meteorological conditions are favorable for leaf maintenance,
558	! plants, and in particular, evergreen trees, have to renew their leaves simply because the
559	! old leaves become inefficient.
560	! Roots, fruits (and stems) follow leaves. The decay rate varies with leaf age.
561	! Note that plant is not declared senescent in this case (wchich is important for allocation:
562	! if the plant loses leaves because of their age, it can renew them).
563	!
564	! The leaf turnover rate due to aging of leaves is calculated using the following equation:
565	! \latexonly
566	! \input{turnover_age_senes_biomass_eqn5.tex}
567	! \endlatexonly
568	! \n
569	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
570
571	!! save old leaf mass
572	lm_old(:) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon)
573
574	!! initialize leaf mass change in age class
575	delta_lm(:,:) = zero
576
577	IF ( is_tree(j) .OR. (.NOT. natural(j)) ) THEN
578
579	!! 4.1 Trees: leaves, roots, fruits roots and fruits follow leaves.
580
581	!! 4.1.1 Critical age: prescribed for trees
582	leaf_age_crit(:,j) = leafagecrit(j)
583
584	ELSE
585
586	!! 4.2 Grasses: leaves, roots, fruits, sap follow leaves.
587
588	!! 4.2.1 Critical leaf age depends on long-term temperature
589	! Critical leaf age depends on long-term temperature
590	! generally, lower turnover in cooler climates.
591	leaf_age_crit(:,j) = &
592	MIN( leafagecrit(j) * leaf_age_crit_coeff(1) , &
593	MAX( leafagecrit(j) * leaf_age_crit_coeff(2) , &
594	leafagecrit(j) - leaf_age_crit_coeff(3) * &
595	( t2m_longterm(:)-ZeroCelsius - leaf_age_crit_tref ) ) )
596
597	END IF
598
599
600	IF (.NOT. ok_LAIdev(j)) THEN
601	! 4.2.2 Loop over leaf age classes
602	DO m = 1, nleafages
603
604	turnover_rate(:) = zero
605
606	WHERE ( leaf_age(:,j,m) .GT. leaf_age_crit(:,j)/2. )
607
608	turnover_rate(:) = &
609	MIN( 0.99_r_std, dt / ( leaf_age_crit(:,j) * &
610	( leaf_age_crit(:,j) / leaf_age(:,j,m) )**quatre ) )
611
612	ENDWHERE
613
614	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * leaf_frac(:,j,m) * turnover_rate(:)
615	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
616	biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
617
618	! save leaf mass change
619	delta_lm(:,m) = - dturnover(:)
620
621	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) * leaf_frac(:,j,m) * turnover_rate(:)
622	turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
623	biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
624
625	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) * leaf_frac(:,j,m) * turnover_rate(:)
626	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
627	biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
628
629	IF (.NOT. is_tree(j)) THEN
630	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) * leaf_frac(:,j,m) * turnover_rate(:)
631	turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
632	biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
633	ENDIF
634
635	ENDDO
636	ENDIF
637
638	!! 4.3 Recalculate the fraction of leaf biomass in each leaf age class.
639	! Older leaves will fall more fast than younger leaves and therefore
640	! the leaf age distribution needs to be recalculated after turnover.
641	! The fraction of biomass in each leaf class is updated using the following equation:
642	! \latexonly
643	! \input{turnover_update_LeafAgeDistribution_eqn6.tex}
644	! \endlatexonly
645	! \n
646	!
647	! new fraction = new leaf mass of that fraction / new total leaf mass
648	! = (old fraction*old total leaf mass ::lm_old(:) + biomass change of that fraction ::delta_lm(:,m) ) /
649	! new total leaf mass ::biomass(:,j,ileaf
650	DO m = 1, nleafages
651
652	WHERE ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. min_sechiba )
653	leaf_frac(:,j,m) = ( leaf_frac(:,j,m)*lm_old(:) + delta_lm(:,m) ) / biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon)
654	ELSEWHERE
655	leaf_frac(:,j,m) = zero
656	ENDWHERE
657
658	ENDDO
659
660	IF ( ANY(biomass(1,j,:,icarbon)<0) ) THEN
661	WRITE(numout,*) 'biomass low0 in turnover after leaf fall '
662	WRITE(numout,*) 'biomass(1,j,:,icarbon): ',biomass(1,j,:,icarbon)
663	WRITE(numout,*) 'turnover(1,j,:,icarbon): ',turnover(1,j,:,icarbon)
664	ENDIF
665	ENDDO ! loop over PFTs
666
667
668	!! 5. New (provisional) LAI
669	! ::lai(:,j) is determined from the leaf biomass ::biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) and the
670	! specific leaf surface :: sla(j) (m^2 gC^{-1})
671	! The leaf area index is updated using the following equation:
672	! \latexonly
673	! \input{turnover_update_LAI_eqn7.tex}
674	! \endlatexonly
675	! \n
676
677	! lai(:,ibare_sechiba) = zero
678	! DO j = 2, nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
679	! lai(:,j) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * sla(j)
680	! ENDDO
681
682	!! 6. Definitely drop all leaves if there is a very low leaf mass during senescence.
683
684	! Both for deciduous trees and grasses same conditions are checked:
685	! If biomass is large enough (i.e. when it is greater than zero),
686	! AND when senescence is set to true
687	! AND the leaf biomass drops below a critical minimum biomass level (i.e. when it is lower than half
688	! the minimum initial LAI ::lai_initmin(j) divided by the specific leaf area ::sla(j),
689	! ::lai_initmin(j) is set to 0.3 in stomate_data.f90 and sla is a constant that is set to 0.015366 m2/gC),
690	! If these conditions are met, the flag ::shed_rest(:) is set to TRUE.
691	!
692	! After this, the biomass of different carbon pools both for trees and grasses is set to zero
693	! and the mean leaf age is reset to zero.
694	! Finally, the leaf fraction and leaf age of the different leaf age classes is set to zero.
695	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
696
697	shed_rest(:) = .FALSE.
698
699	!! 6.1 For deciduous trees: next to leaves, also fruits and fine roots are dropped
700	! For deciduous trees: next to leaves, also fruits and fine roots are dropped: fruit ::biomass(:,j,ifruit)
701	! and fine root ::biomass(:,j,iroot) carbon pools are set to zero.
702	IF ( is_tree(j) .AND. ( senescence_type(j) .NE. 'none' ) .AND. (.NOT. ok_LAIdev(j)) ) THEN
703
704	! check whether we shed the remaining leaves
705	WHERE ( ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. senescence(:,j) .AND. &
706	!JCMODIF
707	! ( biomass(:,j,ileaf) .LT. (lai_initmin(j) / 2.)/sla(j) ) )
708	( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .LT. (lai_initmin(j) / 2.)/sla_calc(:,j) ) )
709	!ENDJCMODIF
710	shed_rest(:) = .TRUE.
711
712	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon)
713	turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon)
714	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon)
715
716	biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = zero
717	biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = zero
718	biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = zero
719
720	! reset leaf age and lai
721	leaf_meanage(:,j) = zero
722	lai(:,j) = zero
723	ENDWHERE
724
725	ENDIF
726
727	!! 6.2 For grasses: all aboveground carbon pools, except the carbohydrate reserves are affected:
728	! For grasses: all aboveground carbon pools, except the carbohydrate reserves are affected:
729	! fruit ::biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon), fine root ::biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) and sapwood above
730	! ::biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) carbon pools are set to zero.
731	IF (( .NOT. is_tree(j)) .AND. (.NOT. ok_LAIdev(j)) ) THEN
732
733	! Shed the remaining leaves if LAI very low.
734	WHERE ( ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero ) .AND. senescence(:,j) .AND. &
735	!JCMODIF
736	! ( biomass(:,j,ileaf) .LT. (lai_initmin(j) / 2.)/sla(j) ))
737	( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .LT. (lai_initmin(j) / 2.)/sla_calc(:,j) ))
738	!ENDJCMODIF
739	shed_rest(:) = .TRUE.
740
741	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon)
742	turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon)
743	turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,iroot,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon)
744	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon)
745
746	biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = zero
747	biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = zero
748	biomass(:,j,iroot,icarbon) = zero
749	biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = zero
750
751	! reset leaf age and lai
752	leaf_meanage(:,j) = zero
753	lai(:,j) = zero
754	ENDWHERE
755
756	ENDIF
757	IF (printlev>=4) THEN
758	IF ( ANY(biomass(1,j,:,icarbon)<0) ) THEN
759	WRITE(numout,*) 'biomass low0 in turnover after leaf drop '
760	WRITE(numout,*) 'biomass(1,j,:,icarbon): ',biomass(1,j,:,icarbon)
761	WRITE(numout,*) 'turnover(1,j,:,icarbon):',turnover(1,j,:,icarbon)
762	ENDIF
763	ENDIF
764	!! 6.3 Reset the leaf age structure: the leaf fraction and leaf age of the different leaf age classes is set to zero.
765
766	DO m = 1, nleafages
767
768	WHERE ( shed_rest(:) )
769
770	leaf_age(:,j,m) = zero
771	leaf_frac(:,j,m) = zero
772
773	ENDWHERE
774
775	ENDDO
776
777	ENDDO ! loop over PFTs
778
779	!! 7. Herbivore activity: elephants, cows, gazelles but no lions.
780
781	! Herbivore activity affects the biomass of leaves and fruits as well
782	! as stalks (only for grasses). Herbivore activity does not modify leaf
783	! age structure. Herbivores ::herbivores(:,j) is the time constant of
784	! probability of a leaf to be eaten by a herbivore, and is calculated in
785	! ::stomate_season. following Mc Naughton et al. [1989].
786
787	IF ( ok_herbivores ) THEN
788
789	! If the herbivore activity is allowed (if ::ok_herbivores is true, which is set in run.def),
790	! remove the amount of biomass consumed by herbivory from the leaf biomass ::biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) and
791	! the fruit biomass ::biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon).
792	! The daily amount consumed equals the biomass multiplied by 1 day divided by the time constant ::herbivores(:,j).
793	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
794
795	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
796
797	!! For trees: only the leaves and fruit carbon pools are affected
798
799	WHERE (biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero)
800	! added by shilong
801	WHERE (herbivores(:,j).GT. min_sechiba)
802	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * dt / herbivores(:,j)
803	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
804	biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
805
806	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) * dt / herbivores(:,j)
807	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
808	biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
809	ENDWHERE
810	ENDWHERE
811
812	ELSE
813
814	! For grasses: all aboveground carbon pools are affected: leaves, fruits and sapwood above
815	WHERE ( biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. zero )
816	! added by shilong
817	WHERE (herbivores(:,j) .GT. min_sechiba)
818	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) * dt / herbivores(:,j)
819	turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
820	biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ileaf,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
821
822	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) * dt / herbivores(:,j)
823	turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
824	biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
825
826	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) * dt / herbivores(:,j)
827	turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = turnover(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) + dturnover(:)
828	biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,icarbon) - dturnover(:)
829	ENDWHERE
830
831	ENDWHERE
832
833	ENDIF ! tree/grass?
834
835	ENDDO ! loop over PFTs
836
837	ENDIF ! end herbivores
838
839	!! 8. Fruit turnover for trees
840
841	! Fruit turnover for trees: trees simply lose their fruits with a time constant ::tau_fruit(j),
842	! that is set to 90 days for all PFTs in ::stomate_constants
843
844	DO k = 1,nelements
845	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
846	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
847
848	dturnover(:) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,k) * dt / tau_fruit(j)
849	turnover(:,j,ifruit,k) = turnover(:,j,ifruit,k) + dturnover(:)
850	biomass(:,j,ifruit,k) = biomass(:,j,ifruit,k) - dturnover(:)
851
852	ENDIF
853	ENDDO ! loop over PFTs
854	END DO
855
856	!! 9 Conversion of sapwood to heartwood both for aboveground and belowground sapwood and heartwood.
857
858	! Following LPJ (Sitch et al., 2003), sapwood biomass is converted into heartwood biomass
859	! with a time constant tau ::tau_sap(j) of 1 year.
860	! Note that this biomass conversion is not added to "turnover" as the biomass is not lost!
861	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
862
863	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
864
865	!! For the recalculation of age in 9.2 (in case the vegetation is not dynamic ie. ::ok_dgvm is FALSE),
866	!! the heartwood above and below is stored in ::hw_old(:).
867	IF ( .NOT. ok_dgvm ) THEN
868	hw_old(:) = biomass(:,j,iheartabove,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,iheartbelow,icarbon)
869	ENDIF
870
871	!! 9.1 Calculate the rate of sapwood to heartwood conversion
872	! Calculate the rate of sapwood to heartwood conversion with the time constant ::tau_sap(j)
873	! and update aboveground and belowground sapwood ::biomass(:,j,isapabove) and ::biomass(:,j,isapbelow)
874	! and heartwood ::biomass(:,j,iheartabove) and ::biomass(:,j,iheartbelow).
875
876	DO k = 1,nelements
877
878	! Above the ground
879	sapconv(:) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,k) * dt / tau_sap(j)
880	biomass(:,j,isapabove,k) = biomass(:,j,isapabove,k) - sapconv(:)
881	biomass(:,j,iheartabove,k) = biomass(:,j,iheartabove,k) + sapconv(:)
882
883	! Below the ground
884	sapconv(:) = biomass(:,j,isapbelow,k) * dt / tau_sap(j)
885	biomass(:,j,isapbelow,k) = biomass(:,j,isapbelow,k) - sapconv(:)
886	biomass(:,j,iheartbelow,k) = biomass(:,j,iheartbelow,k) + sapconv(:)
887
888	END DO
889
890	!! 9.2 If the vegetation is not dynamic, the age of the plant is decreased.
891	! The updated heartwood, the sum of new heartwood above and new heartwood below after
892	! converting sapwood to heartwood, is saved as ::hw_new(:) .
893	! Creation of new heartwood decreases the age of the plant with a factor that is determined by:
894	! old heartwood ::hw_old(:) divided by the new heartwood ::hw_new(:)
895	IF ( .NOT. ok_dgvm ) THEN
896
897	hw_new(:) = biomass(:,j,iheartabove,icarbon) + biomass(:,j,iheartbelow,icarbon)
898
899	WHERE ( hw_new(:) .GT. min_sechiba )
900
901	age(:,j) = age(:,j) * hw_old(:)/hw_new(:)
902
903	ENDWHERE
904
905	ENDIF
906
907	ENDIF
908
909	ENDDO ! loop over PFTs
910
911
912	CALL xios_orchidee_send_field("HERBIVORES",herbivores)
913	CALL xios_orchidee_send_field("LEAF_AGE",leaf_meanage)
914
915
916	! Write mean leaf age and time constant of probability of a leaf to be eaten by a herbivore
917	! to the stomate output file.
918	CALL histwrite_p (hist_id_stomate, 'LEAF_AGE', itime, &
919	leaf_meanage, npts*nvm, horipft_index)
920	CALL histwrite_p (hist_id_stomate, 'HERBIVORES', itime, &
921	herbivores, npts*nvm, horipft_index)
922	WHERE(senescence)
923	histvar=un
924	ELSEWHERE
925	histvar=zero
926	ENDWHERE
927	CALL histwrite_p (hist_id_stomate, 'SENESCENCE', itime, histvar, npts*nvm, horipft_index)
928	IF (printlev>=4) WRITE(numout,*) 'Leaving turnover'
929
930	END SUBROUTINE turn
931
932	END MODULE stomate_turnover

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